1936 Manitoba general election

1936 Manitoba general election
55 seats of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba; 27 seats needed for a majority
Premier before election; John Bracken; Liberal–Progressive	Premier after election ; John Bracken; Liberal–Progressive

The 1936 Manitoba general election was held July 27, 1936 to elect Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Manitoba, Canada. The Liberal-Progressives won minority government in this election, taking 23 seats out of 55 and 35 percent of the vote.

This was the second election in Manitoba after the formation of a Liberal-Progressive alliance in 1932. The Progressive Party, which had governed the province since 1922, forged an alliance with the Liberal Party just prior to the 1932 provincial election to prevent the Conservative Party from winning. This alliance won the 1932 election under Premier John Bracken's leadership, and the two parties had effectively become united by 1936.

The Liberal-Progressives faced opposition from a variety of parties in the 1936 election. The Conservative Party remained the dominant opposition group, and the most serious challenge to the government. On the left, the Independent Labour Party (ILP) formed an alliance with the national Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), and contested the election as the ILP-CCF. The Communist Party also fielded a strong candidate in Winnipeg, while the upstart Social Credit League also ran candidates, hoping to repeat William Aberhart's surprising victory in Alberta the previous year.

Despite economic hardships in the province, Bracken expected that his government would be returned with another majority. He was mistaken. Although the Liberal-Progressives won the election, they could claim only twenty-two seats out of 53 after the initial results were declared. The Conservative party, under its new leader, former federal Member of Parliament (MP) Errick Willis, finished a close second with sixteen. The ILP-CCF won seven seats, while the Social Credit League unexpectedly won five. One independent Liberal was also elected. A number of rural ridings, which had previously supported Liberal-Progressive candidates, shifted to the Conservatives or to Social Credit in this poll.

The greatest surprise of the election occurred in the Winnipeg constituency, which elected ten members via a single transferable ballot. Former judge Lewis Stubbs, an independent leftist, received an astounding 24,805 votes on the first ballot, almost 20,000 more than his nearest competitor. The second-place candidate, moreover, was James Litterick, the first openly declared communist to win election at the state or federal level in North America.

After the election, Bracken attempted to persuade Errick Willis to form a four-year alliance of the Liberal-Progressive and Conservative parties, so as to provide a stable government for the province. Willis rejected the offer the same day, claiming his caucus was unwilling to accept it.

The provincial impasse continued until August 13, when the Social Credit League unexpectedly announced that it would provide support to Bracken's government in the legislature. Social Credit did not formally join with the Liberal-Progressives in a coalition government, but provided critical support to Bracken's minority government for the next four years.

Ironically, Bracken's own constituency of The Pas was the site of one of the two deferred elections. He was re-elected, while a second Independent Liberal was returned in Rupertsland.

Including the Social Credit MLAs, Bracken's government could count on the support of only 28 members out of 55. He was nonetheless able to keep his government intact for four years, and in late 1940 formed a new wartime coalition government with the Conservatives, CCF and Social Credit. This coalition contested the 1941 election, and won a landslide majority.

The Communist Party was not included in this coalition, as it had been declared illegal after the start of World War II. James Litterick was expelled from the legislature in 1940 and went into hiding. He and CPC leader Tim Buck surrendered themselves to police in 1942 and spent time in the Don Jail, being released in 1942 or 1943. Litterick's whereabouts after the war are unknown. His disappearance has been the cause of speculation in the Canadian left. Some say that he was a spy for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and that he was killed as a traitor during the war by other members of the Communist Party. This has never been verified, however.

Like the previous Manitoba elections, all the voters cast preferential votes. Ten MLAs were elected in Winnipeg through Single transferable votes; all others were elected through Instant-runoff voting.

Results

Manitoba general election (July 27, 1936)^[1]
Party		Leader	First-preference votes		Seats
Party		Leader	Votes	% FPv	Cand.	1932	Elected	Change
	Liberal–Progressive	John Bracken	91,357	36.1	49	36	23	13
	Conservative	Errick Willis	71,927	28.4	37	10	16	6
	ILP-CCF	Seymour Farmer	30,983	17.3	13	5	7	2
	Independent		27,552	10.9	4	–	1	1
	Social Credit	–	23,413	9.2	12	–	5	5
	Communist	James Litterick	5,864	2.3	1	–	1	1
	Independent-Liberal		2,340	0.9	2	–	2	2
	Independent-LP		–	–	–	2	–	2
	Independent-Progressive		–	–	–	1	–	1
	Independent-Farmer-Labour		–	–	–	1	–	1
Valid			253,436	100.0	118	55	55	–
Rejected			5,524
Total votes cast			258,960
Registered voters/Turnout^{[a 1]}			391,902	66.1

^ Excludes constituencies where candidates returned by acclamation

Results by riding

Bold names indicate members returned by acclamation. Incumbents are marked with *.

Arthur: John R. Pitt*

Assiniboia: James Aiken

Beautiful Plains: John Poole

Birtle: Francis Bell

Brandon: George Dinsdale*

Carillon: Edmond Prefontaine*

Cypress: James Christie*

Dauphin: Robert Hawkins*

Deloraine: Errick Willis

Dufferin: John Munn*

Emerson: Herbert Wright (Ind-Lib)

Ethelbert: William Lisowsky

Fairford: Stuart Garson*

Fisher: Nicholas Bachynsky*

Gilbert Plains: Stanley Fox

Gimli: Joseph Wawrykow

Gladstone: William Morton*

Glenwood: James Breakey*

Hamiota: Norman Turnbull

Iberville: John Lamont

Kildonan & St. Andrews: James McLenaghen*

Killarney: John Laughlin

Lakeside: Douglas Campbell*

Lansdowne: Matthew Sutherland

La Verendrye: Sauveur Marcoux

Manitou: Hugh Morrison

Minnedosa: Earl Rutledge*

Morden & Rhineland: Wallace C. Miller

Morris: William Clubb*

Mountain: Ivan Schultz*

Norfolk: John Lawrie

Portage la Prairie: Toby Sexsmith*

Roblin: Sidney Rogers

Rockwood: Mungo Lewis

Rupertsland: Oddur Olafson (Ind-Lib)

Russell: Isaac Griffiths*

St. Boniface: Harold Lawrence*

St. Clements: Herbert Sulkers

St. George: Salome Halldorson

Ste. Rose: Maurice Dane MacCarthy*

Springfield: Evelyn Shannon

Swan River: George Renouf*

The Pas: John Bracken*

Turtle Mountain: Alexander Welch*

Virden: Robert Mooney*

Winnipeg: William Major*

Winnipeg: John Stewart McDiarmid*

Winnipeg: Seymour Farmer*

Winnipeg: Marcus Hyman*

Winnipeg: John Queen*

Winnipeg: James Barry

Winnipeg: Huntly Ketchen*

Winnipeg: Ralph Webb*

Winnipeg: Lewis Stubbs*

Winnipeg: James Litterick

Turnover on runoff

Among the single-member ridings, there was only one case where the first-place candidate in first-preference votes failed to win:

St. Boniface - Summary of results (1936)
Party		Candidate	First-preference votes		Maximum votes
Party		Candidate	Votes	% FPv	Votes	Round	Initial vs transfer votes mix
	Liberal–Progressive	L.P. Gagnon	3,630	32.22	4,235	3
	Independent Labour	Harold Lawrence*	3,157	28.03	4,620	3
	Conservative	G.C. McLean	2,747	24.39	2,890	2
	Social Credit	J.F. Jodoin	1,730	15.36	1,730	1
Total			11,264	100.00
Exhausted votes					2,409	21.39%

Winnipeg

Winnipeg:

Winnipeg MLAs returned by party
Party		MLAs
	Liberal–Progressive	2
	ILP-CCF	3
	Conservative	3
	Independent	1
	Communist	1
Total		10

Ten MLAs were elected through Single transferable vote.

Winnipeg (ten members)
Party		Candidate	FPv%	Count
Party		Candidate	FPv%	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17
	Independent	Lewis Stubbs	31.27	24,805
	Communist	James Litterick	7.39	5,864	7,971
	Conservative	Ralph Webb*^{[a 1]}	7.03	5,581	7,250
	Liberal–Progressive	William Major*	6.56	5,211	5,558	5,564	5,568	5,574	5,589	5,863	5,907	6,457	6,482	6,576	6,691	6,692	6,694	6,704	6,848	7,920
	Liberal–Progressive	John Stewart McDiarmid*	5.86	4,652	5,235	5,252	5,267	5,278	5,298	5,618	5,642	6,462	6,519	6,650	6,800	6,802	6,806	6,817	7,039	8,289
	Conservative	James Barry	5.11	4,055	4,702	4,713	4,724	4,735	4,747	4,817	4,867	4,964	4,999	5,411	5,551	5,559	5,566	5,587	7,251
	Liberal–Progressive	Mary Dyma	4.85	3,849	4,313	4,338	4,346	4,385	4,403	4,511	4,543	4,696	4,721	4,769	4,869	4,870	4,877	4,891	4,944
	Conservative	Huntly Ketchen*	4.76	3,775	4,471	4,485	4,490	4,505	4,546	4,598	4,626	4,760	4,803	5,507	5,713	5,727	5,730	5,750	7,771
	Co-operative Commonwealth	Marcus Hyman*	4.36	3,459	4,357	4,408	4,430	4,562	4,586	4,607	4,623	4,649	4,905	4,947	5,280	5,283	5,429	5,775	5,871	6,127
	Co-operative Commonwealth	John Queen*^{[a 2]}	3.41	2,709	5,754	5,949	6,027	6,216	6,264	6,381	6,476	6,596	7,386
	Conservative	R.W.B. Swail	3.15	2,500	3,106	3,110	3,117	3,123	3,141	3,169	3,197	3,275	3,300	4,577	4,739	4,746	4,749	4,760
	Conservative	Gunnar Thorvaldson	3.03	2,400	2,783	2,791	2,802	2,808	2,821	2,925	2,960	3,041	3,063
	Co-operative Commonwealth	Seymour Farmer*^{[a 3]}	2.48	1,969	4,533	4,704	4,812	5,250	5,338	5,408	5,493	5,555	6,596	6,692	7,647
	Social Credit	G.E. Smith	2.24	1,780	2,502	2,536	2,564	2,576	3,025	3,045	4,024	4,063	4,149	4,200
	Liberal–Progressive	C. Rice-Jones	2.23	1,767	2,124	2,133	2,142	2,147	2,157	2,349	2,375
	Liberal–Progressive	Paul Bardal	1.46	1,155	1,489	1,498	1,503	1,513	1,527
	Co-operative Commonwealth	William Ivens*	1.42	1,130	2,080	2,199	2,245	2,412	2,435	2,464	2,506	2,542
	Social Credit	H. Streuber	1.22	964	1,273	1,289	1,320	1,329	1,648	1,673
	Social Credit	A.C. Benjamin	0.99	788	1,147	1,167	1,182	1,188
	Co-operative Commonwealth	Beatrice A. Brigden	0.77	607	978	1,010	1,093
	Co-operative Commonwealth	C.G. Stewart	0.40	318	504	520
Exhausted ballots			—	—	–	–	34	65	141	238	427	606	743	951	2,990	2,990	2,990	2,990	3,550	5,916
Electorate: 133,666 Valid: 79,344 Spoilt: 1,486 Quota: 7,214 Turnout: 80,830 (60.47%)

* - Incumbent

^ Webb's surplus of 36 votes was not transferred until the 13th count
^ Queen's surplus of 172 votes was not transferred until the 14th count
^ Farmer's surplus of 433 votes was not transferred until the 15th count

Winnipeg (analysis of transferred votes, ranked in order of 1st preference votes)
Party		Candidate	Maximum round	Maximum votes	Share in maximum round
	Independent	Lewis Stubbs	1	24,805	31.27%
	Communist	James Litterick	2	7,971	10.05%
	Conservative	Ralph Webb	2	7,250	9.14%
	Liberal-Progressive	William Major	17	7,920	10.79%
	Liberal-Progressive	John Stewart McDiarmid	17	8,289	11.29%
	Conservative	James Barry	16	7,251	9.57%
	Liberal-Progressive	Mary Dyma	16	4,944	5.08%
	Conservative	Huntly Ketchen	16	7,771	10.25%
	ILP-CCF	Marcus Hyman	17	6,127	8.34%
	ILP-CCF	John Queen	10	7,386	9.40%
	Conservative	R.W.B. Swail	15	4,760	6.23%
	Conservative	Gunnar Thorvaldson	10	3,063	3.90%
	ILP-CCF	Seymour Farmer	12	7,647	10.41%
	Social Credit	G.E. Smith	11	4,200	5.36%
	Liberal-Progressive	C. Rice-Jones	8	2,375	3.01%
	Liberal-Progressive	Paul Bardal	6	1,527	1.93%
	ILP-CCF	William Ivens	9	2,542	3.23%
	Social Credit	H. Streuber	7	1,673	2.11%
	Social Credit	A.C. Benjamin	5	1,188	1.50%
	ILP-CCF	Beatrice A. Brigden	4	1,093	1.38%
	ILP-CCF	C.G. Stewart	3	520	0.66%
Exhausted votes				5916	7.46%

Sources

The first ballot results for Winnipeg and results for all other constituencies are taken from an official Manitoba government publication entitled "Manitoba elections, 1920-1941", cross-referenced with an appendix to the government's report of the 2003 provincial election. The Canadian parliamentary guide lists slightly different results for Glenwood, but the other two sources are more comprehensive and may be taken as more reliable.

All ballot results for Winnipeg after the first count are taken from reports in the Winnipeg Free Press newspaper. It is possible that some errors appeared in the original publication.

Post-election changes

The ILP-CCF parliamentary group became known as CCF after the election.

Winnipeg (dec. Marcus Hyman, 1938).

Winnipeg (James Litterick disqualified from the legislature, 1940).

Lewis Stubbs was initially the only member of the legislature to remain in opposition when a four-party coalition was formed in 1940. He was later joined by Salome Halldorson of Social Credit, as well as John Poole and Huntly Ketchen of the Conservatives.