1951 Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly election
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All 75 seats in Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly 38 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||
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Elections for the Constituent Assembly of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir were held in September–October 1951.[1] Sheikh Abdullah was appointed the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. Following frictions with various groups such as the Jammu Praja Parishad, Abdullah was dismissed in August 1953 and imprisoned. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad was appointed as the next prime minister.
Background
[edit]The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir acceded to the Union of India on 26 October 1947. Shortly afterwards, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir appointed Sheikh Abdullah as the Head of Emergency Administration, who ran the affairs in the Kashmir Valley during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Following the cease-fire achieved on 1 January 1948, Sheikh Abdullah was appointed the Prime Minister of the state on 5 March 1948. He chose an eight-member Cabinet, with the other members being:[2]
- Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad – Deputy Prime Minister
- Mirza Afzal Beg – Revenue
- Sardar Budh Singh – Health and Rehabilitation
- Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq – Development
- Shyam Lal Saraf – Civil Supplies and Local Self-Government
- Girdhari Lal Dogra – Finance
- Pir Mohammad Khan – Education
The Jammu & Kashmir National Conference, the party of Sheikh Abdullah, announced on 27 October 1950 its decision to convene a Constituent Assembly for the state of Jammu and Kashmir.[3]
Pakistan immediately raised a complaint in the United Nations Security Council stating that India was convening a Constituent Assembly to "ratify the formal accession of the State to India" in contravention of the Security Council resolutions.[4] India reassured all parties that the decision of the Constituent Assembly would not affect India's commitments in the Security Council.[5] The Security Council took note of the development in its 30 March 1951 resolution and reminded both the Indian and Pakistani governments of the past resolutions of the Security Council and affirmed that the decisions of the Constituent Assembly would not be binding.[6][7]
On 30 April, the Prince Regent Karan Singh issued a proclamation announcing the elections for the Constituent Assembly based on the adult franchise by secret ballot. The elections took place in September–October 1951.[5] The Constituent Assembly was to have a nominal membership of 100 members, of which 25 seats were allocated to Azad Kashmir under Pakistani control (which were never filled). Of the remaining 75 seats, Kashmir was allocated 43 seats, Ladakh 2 seats, and Jammu 30 seats.[5][8]
The election
[edit]The elections were conducted by the State's election and franchise commissioner.[9] The procedures of the election were highly irregular. All the 43 seats allocated to Kashmir went to the National Conference candidates, who were elected unopposed a week before the date of the elections. In Jammu, 13 candidates belonging to the Jammu Praja Parishad had their nominations rejected. The Praja Parishad then boycotted the elections, blaming the Government's illegal practices and official interference. Two independent candidates dropped out at the last moment, giving a clean sweep to the National Conference.[5][10] In Ladakh, the Head Lama, Kushak Bakula and an associate won seats, as nominal members of the National Conference.[11] Thus, the National Conference won all the 75 seats to the Constituent Assembly, which convened on 31 October 1951.[5]
Scholar Sumantra Bose states that the manner of elections indicated that the National Conference elites wanted to govern Jammu and Kashmir as a one party state. Their slogan was "One Leader, One Party, One Programme". Balraj Puri, a journalist and secular activist from Jammu, is said to have argued with Jawaharlal Nehru that Ghulam Mohiuddin Karra's group in the Kashmir Valley should be allowed to function as an opposition group in the state. While Nehru agreed with the principle, he stated that nothing should be done to weaken Sheikh Abdullah.[12]
The Jammu Praja Parishad, having been denied opportunities for the democratic opposition, took to the streets. It demanded full integration of the state with India to ensure the "legitimate democratic rights of the people" against the "anti-Dogra government of Sheikh Abdullah".[12] The conflict with the Praja Parishad eventually led to the termination of Sheikh Abdullah's rule.[13][14]
Results
[edit]The elected members of the assembly, according to data hosted by the South Asia Terrorism Portal, were:[15]
| No. | Member | Constituency |
| 1. | Maulana Mohammad Sayeed Masudi | Amira Kadal |
| 2. | Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah | Hazratbal |
| 3. | Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad | Safa Kadal |
| 4 | Mirza Mohammed Afzal Beg | Anantnag |
| 5 | Girdhari Lal Dogra | Jasmergarh |
| 6 | Shyam Lal Saraf | Habba Kadal |
| 7 | Abdul Aziz Shawl | Rajouri |
| 8 | Abdul Gani Trali | Rajpora |
| 9 | Abdul Gani Goni | Bhalesa |
| 10 | Syed Abdul Qudus | Beerwah |
| 11 | Bakshi Abdur Rashid | Charar-i-Sharief |
| 12 | Abdul Kabir Khan | Bandipora (Gurez) |
| 13 | Abdul Khaliq | Sonawari |
| 14 | Syed Allaudin Gilani | Handwara |
| 15 | Assad Ullah Mir | Ramban |
| 16 | Bhagat Ram | Lander Tikri (now part of Udhampur West) |
| 17 | Bhagat Chhajju Ram | Ranbirsinghpora |
| 18 | Sardar Chela Singh | Chhamb |
| 19 | Chuni Lal Kotwal | Bhaderwah |
| 20 | Durga Prasad Dhar | Kulgam |
| 21 | Ghulam Ahmad Mir | Dachinpara |
| 22 | Master Ghulam Ahmed | Haveli |
| 23 | Ghulam Ahmad Dev | Doda |
| 24 | Pirzada Ghulam Gilani | Pampore |
| 25 | Ghulam Hassan Khan | Narwah |
| 26 | Ghulam Hassan Bhat | Nandi (now part of Noorabad)[16] |
| 27 | Ghulam Hassan Malik | Devsar |
| 28 | Pir Ghulam Mohammad Masoodi | Tral |
| 29 | Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq | Tankipora (Fateh Kadal) |
| 30 | Mirza Ghulam Mohammad Beg | Naubag Brang Valley |
| 31 | Ghulam Mohammad Butt | Pattan |
| 32 | Ghulam Mohi-ud-Din Khan | Khansahib |
| 33 | Ghulam Mohi-ud-Din Hamdani | Khanyar |
| 34 | Mirwaiz Ghulam Nabi Hamdani | Zadibal |
| 35 | Ghulam Nabi Wani | Daragam (now part of Wagoora-Kreeri)[17] |
| 36 | Ghulam Nabi Wani | Lolab |
| 37 | Ghulam Qadir Bhat | Kangan |
| 38 | Ghulam Qadir Masala | Drugmulla (now part of Kupwara)[18] |
| 39 | Ghulam Rasool Sheikh | Shopian |
| 40 | Ghulam Rasool Kar | Hamal |
| 41 | Ghulam Rasool Kraipak | Kishtwar |
| 42 | Hakim Habibullah Khan | Sopore |
| 43 | Hem Raj Jandial | Ramnagar |
| 44 | Sardar Harbans Singh Azad | Baramulla |
| 45 | Syed Ibrahim Shah | Kargil |
| 46 | Ishar Devi Maini | Jammu North |
| 47 | Janki Nath Kakroo | Kothar (now part of Nagrota)[19] |
| 48 | Jamal-ud-Din | Darhal |
| 49 | Maulvi Jamaitali Shah | Mendhar |
| 50 | Kushak Bakula | Leh |
| 51 | Kishen Dev Sethi | Nowshera |
| 52 | Sardar Kulbir Singh | Poonch City |
| 53 | Mohammad Afzal Khan | Uri |
| 54 | Sheikh Mohammad Akbar | Tangmarg |
| 55 | Mohammad Anwar Shah | Karnah |
| 56 | Mohammad Ayub Khan | Arnas |
| 57 | Syed Mohammad Jalali | Badgam |
| 58 | Pir Mohammad Maqbool Shah | Ramhal (now part of Kupwara)[18] |
| 59 | Syed Mir Qasim | Doru Shahabad |
| 60 | Khwaja Mubarak Shah | Magam |
| 61 | Mansukh Rai | Reasi |
| 62 | Mahant Ram | Basohli |
| 63 | Moti Ram Baigra | Udhampur |
| 64 | Mahashay Nahar Singh | Bishnah |
| 65 | Noor Dar | Khowarpora (now part of Karnah)[20] |
| 66 | Noor-ud-Din Sufi | Ganderbal |
| 67 | Major Piara Singh | Kathua |
| 68 | Ram Chand Khajuria | Billawar |
| 69 | Lala Ram Piara Saraf | Samba |
| 70 | Ram Devi | Jammu South |
| 71 | Ram Rakha Mal | Kahanachak |
| 72 | Wazir Ram Saran | Jindrah Garota (now part of Nagrota)[19] |
| 73 | Ram Lal | Akhnoor |
| 74 | Sagar Singh | Purmandal |
| 75 | Sana Ullah Sheikh | Pulwama |
Government formation
[edit]Sheikh Abdullah ministry
[edit]Sheikh Abdullah continued as the Prime Minister of the State. Two members of the erstwhile Cabinet from the Jammu province, Sardar Budh Singh and Pir Mohammad Khan were dropped. Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq stepped down from his Cabinet duties to serve as the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly. The remaining members of the Cabinet were:
- Sheikh Abdullah – Prime Minister
- Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad – Deputy Prime Minister
- Mirza Afzal Beg
- Shyam Lal Saraf
- Girdhari Lal Dogra
Later on, D. P. Dhar, Khwaja Mubarak Shah, Major Piara Singh and Ghulam Mohiuddin Hamdani were appointed as Deputy Ministers.[21]
Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad ministry
[edit]Following intense frictions with the Jammu Praja Parishad in Jammu and the Head Lama Kushak Bakula of Ladakh, as well as ongoing frictions with the Union government, Sheikh Abdullah was dismissed from the post of prime minister by the Sadr-e-Riyasat (head of state) Karan Singh in August 1953. Abdullah was also arrested on conspiracy charges. The deputy prime minister Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad was sworn in as the next prime minister. His Cabinet members were:
- Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad – Prime minister
- Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq – Education
- Shyam Lal Saraf – Development
- Girdhari Lal Dogra – Finance
- Syed Mir Qasim – Revenue
The 19th Kushak Bakula was appointed as a deputy minister and he pledged his support for the new government.[22] Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad continued as the prime minister for the remaining six-year term of the Constituent Assembly. The Assembly continued with its mission of formulating the State Constitution, which was adopted on 17 November 1956, coming into effect on 26 January 1957.
References
[edit]- ^ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, p. 229.
- ^ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, p. 188.
- ^ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, p. 169.
- ^ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, pp. 163, 185.
- ^ a b c d e Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, p. 186.
- ^ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, pp. 168–169.
- ^ Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003, p. 54.
- ^ Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003, p. 55.
- ^ Ahuja, M. L. (1998). Electoral Politics and General Elections in India, 1952-1998. Mittal Publications. p. 101. ISBN 978-81-7099-711-5.
- ^ Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003, pp. 55–56.
- ^ van Beek, Martijn (2012). "Enlightened democracy: Normative secularism and spiritual authority on the margins of Indian politics". In Nils Ole Bubandt; Martijn Van Beek (eds.). Varieties of Secularism in Asia: Anthropological Explorations of Religion, Politics and the Spiritual. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-136-66864-7.
- ^ a b Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003, pp. 56–57.
- ^ Puri, Balraj (February 1974). "Schizophrenia in Jammu?". Economic and Political Weekly. 9 (6/8): 185–187. JSTOR 4363413.: "The agitation of the Jammu Praja Parishad in 1952-53 against the special status of the state is generally acknowledged to be the cause of Sheikh Abdullah's final breach with New Delhi."
- ^ Tillin, Asymmetry in Indian Federalism 2006, pp. 54–55: "It was partly in response to their campaign that Sheikh Abdullah began to emphasize the option of Kashmir’s independence, leading to his arrest in 1953 and the installation of a more pliant government which gave its consent to the extension of most of the Indian constitution to Jammu and Kashmir."
- ^ "Proclamation of May 1, 1951 on the Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 20 April 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
- ^ "The Journal of Parliamentary Information" (PDF). Parliament Digital Library. 4 December 2019. p. 86.
- ^ "Polling Station-Wise Data" (PDF). Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir. March 2024. p. 47.
- ^ a b "Election | District Kupwara,Goverment of Jammu & Kashmir | India". Retrieved 1 December 2024.
- ^ a b "The Journal of Parliamentary Information" (PDF). Parliament Digital Library. 4 December 2019. p. 90.
- ^ "Polling Booths in Karnah Assembly Constituency, Jammu and Kashmir". Elections.in. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
- ^ Qāsim, Sayyid Mīr (1992). My Life and Times. Allied Publishers. p. 53. ISBN 978-81-7023-355-8.
- ^ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, p. 209.
Bibliography
[edit]- Bose, Sumantra (2003). Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01173-2.
- Das Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan (2012) [first published 1968]. Jammu and Kashmir. Springer. ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6.
- Tillin, Louise (2006). "Unite in Diversity? Asymmetry in Indian Federalism". Publius: The Journal of Federalism. 37 (1): 45–67. doi:10.1093/publius/pjl017. hdl:10.1093/publius/pjl017.