Legislative Assembly of Queensland

Legislative Assembly
Legislative Assembly
58th Parliament
	Coat of Arms of Queensland
Type
Type	Lower house (1860–1922); since 1922 Unicameral; of the Parliament of Queensland
History
Founded	22 May 1860; 164 years ago
Leadership
Speaker	Curtis Pitt, Labor ; since 13 February 2018
Leader	Christian Rowan, Liberal National ; since 1 November 2024
Manager of Opposition Business	Mick de Brenni, Labor ; since 5 November 2024
Structure
Seats	93
Political groups	Government (52); Liberal National (52); Opposition (36) Labor (36); Crossbench (5) Katter's Australian (3); Greens (1); Independent (1);
Length of term	4 years
Elections
Voting system	Instant-runoff voting
First election	27 April – 11 May 1860
Last election	26 October 2024
Next election	28 October 2028
Meeting place
	Legislative Assembly Chamber,; Parliament House, Brisbane,; Queensland, Australia
Website
	parliament.qld.gov.au

The Legislative Assembly of Queensland is the sole chamber of the unicameral Parliament of Queensland established under the Constitution of Queensland. Elections are held every four years and are done by full preferential voting. The Assembly has 93 members, who have used the letters MP after their names since 2000 (previously they were styled MLAs).

There is approximately the same population in each electorate; however, that has not always been the case (in particular, a malapportionment system - not, strictly speaking, a gerrymander - dubbed the Bjelkemander was in effect during the 1970s and 1980s). The Assembly first sat in May 1860 and produced Australia's first Hansard in April 1864.

Following the outcome of the 2015 election, successful amendments to the electoral act in early 2016 include: adding an additional four parliamentary seats from 89 to 93, changing from optional preferential voting to full-preferential voting, and moving from unfixed three-year terms to fixed four-year terms.^[1] As of October 2024, the LNP (Liberal National Party) has 51/93 seats and formed majority government within the unicameral chamber.^[2]

History

1860–1948

Initially, the Legislative Assembly was the lower house of a bicameral parliament influenced by the Westminster system. The upper house was the Legislative Council, its members appointed for life by the governor, on advice of the government of the day. The first sitting, in May 1860, was held in the old converted convict barracks in Queen Street.^[3] It consisted of 26 members from 16 electorates, nearly half of whom were pastoralists or squatters. Early sessions dealt with issues of land, labour, railways, public works, immigration, education and gold discoveries.^[3]

In April 1864, Australia's first Hansard was produced. That year also saw member numbers increased to 32, and by 1868—as more redistributions occurred—the number grew to 42. Members were not paid until 1886, effectively excluding the working class from state politics.^[3]

The Assembly was elected under the first-past-the-post (plurality) system 1860 to 1892. From then until 1942 an unusual form of preferential voting called the contingent vote was used. This was introduced by a conservative government to hinder the emerging Labor Party from gaining seats with minority support.^[4]

In 1942 the plurality system was reintroduced. The Labor government then in power had seen its vote decline in the 1940s and sought to divide the opposition. In 1962, it was replaced with full preferential voting, as the governing conservatives wanted to take advantage of a split in Labor. In 1992, this was changed to the optional preferential system which was used until full preferential voting was reinstated in 2016.^[4]

After 1912, electorates elected only a single member to the Assembly.^[4] In 1922, the Legislative Council was abolished, with the help of members known as the suicide squad,^[5] who were specially appointed to vote the chamber out of existence. This left Queensland with a unicameral parliament—currently the only Australian state with this arrangement.

Queensland's gerrymander 1948–1989

From 1948 until the reforms following the end of the Bjelke-Petersen era, Queensland used an electoral zoning system that was tweaked by the government of the day to maximise its own voter support at the expense of the opposition. It has been called a form of gerrymander, dubbed the "Bjelkemander" however it is more accurately referred to as an electoral malapportionment. In a classic gerrymander, electoral boundaries are drawn to take advantage of known pockets of supporters and to isolate areas of opposition voters so as to maximise the number of seats for the government for a given number of votes and to cause opposition support to be "wasted" by concentrating their supporters in relatively fewer electorates.

The Queensland "gerrymander", first introduced by the Labor Party (ALP) government of Ned Hanlon in 1949 used a series of electoral zones based on their distance from Brisbane.

Initially Queensland was divided into three zones—the metropolitan zone (Brisbane), the provincial cities zone (which also included rural areas around provincial cities) and the rural zone. While the number of electors in each seat in a zone was roughly equal, there was considerable variation in the number of electors between zones. Thus an electorate in the remote zone might have as few as 5,000 electors, while a seat in the metropolitan zone might have as many as 25,000. Using this system the Labor government was able to maximise its vote, particularly in its power base of the provincial city zone.

With the split in the party in the late 1950s the ALP lost office and a conservative Coalition government led by the Country Party (later National Party) under Frank Nicklin came to power, which, as discussed above, initially modified the voting system to introduce preferential voting, to take advantage of Labor's split. It also separated the provincial cities from their hinterlands. The hinterlands were added to the rural zone, where new Country Party seats were created.

As the divisions in the ALP abated in the early 1970s, and tensions in the conservative coalition grew, (thus reducing the advantage to be gained by the use of preferential voting), the conservative government, now led by Joh Bjelke-Petersen, modified the zoning system to add a fourth zone—a remote zone, comprising seats with even fewer electors. Thus the conservative government was able to isolate Labor support in provincial cities and maximise its own rural power base. On average, the Country Party needed only 7,000 votes to win a seat, compared with 12,800 for a typical Labor seat.

The entrenchment of a Coalition government was also caused by socio-economic and demographic changes associated with mechanisation of farms and urbanisation which led to a drift of working class population from rural and remote electorates to the cities.

By the late 1980s the decline in the political fortunes of the National Party, together with rapid growth in south east Queensland meant that the zonal system was no longer able to guarantee a conservative victory.

In addition, in 1988 the Federal Labor Government held four constitutional referendums—one of which was for the adoption of fair electoral systems around Australia. Although the referendum did not succeed, it heightened public awareness of the issue. A large public interest non-partisan organisation, the Citizens for Democracy, lobbied extensively the Liberal and Labor parties to abolish the gerrymander and to make it a major issue in the lead up to the landmark 1989 Queensland election.

Despite the malapportionment, Labor was rarely able to garner a higher percentage of the vote than the Coalition for most of this period.

1989–present

In 1989 Labor won government, promising to implement the recommendations of the Fitzgerald Inquiry into police corruption, including the establishment of an Electoral and Administrative Reform Commission (EARC). EARC recommended the abolition of the zonal system in favour of a "modified one vote, one value" system. Under this proposal, subsequently adopted, most electorates consisted of approximately the same number of electors, but with a greater tolerance for fewer electors allowed in a limited number of remote electorates. This plan is still in use today. Presently, 42 seats are contested in Greater Brisbane and 47 in the rest of the state.

The youngest person ever elected to Queensland's Legislative Assembly was Lawrence Springborg, former Minister for Natural Resources and Leader of the Opposition.^[6] In 1989, he entered parliament aged 21.

Parliament House

The Queensland Legislative Assembly sits in Parliament House in the Brisbane central business district. The building was completed in 1891. The lower house chamber is decorated dark green in the traditional Westminster style. The chamber once featured central tables which divided two rows of elevated benches on each side. The room is now configured in a U-shape away from the Speaker's chair with three rows of benches that have their own desks and microphones.^[7]

Distribution of seats

As of October 2024, the LNP (Liberal National Party) has 52/93 seats and formed majority government within the unicameral chamber.^[8]

As of October 2024, the composition of Parliament is:

Party		Seats
Party			Current Assembly (Total 93 Seats)
	Liberal National	52	52
	Labor	36	36
	Katter's Australian	3	3
	Greens	1	1
	Independent	1	1

47 votes as a majority is required to pass legislation.

Notes

^ Sandy Bolton (Noosa)

References

^ "Electoral Law Ructions in the Queensland Parliament". Antony Green's Election Blog. 21 April 2016. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
^ [1]
^ ^a ^b ^c Armstrong, Lyn (1997), "'A somewhat rash experiment':Queensland Parliament as a microcosm of society", in Shaw, Barry (ed.), Brisbane:Corridors of Power, Papers, vol. 15, Brisbane: Brisbane History Group Inc, pp. 54–55, ISBN 0-9586469-1-0
^ ^a ^b ^c Wanna, John (2003). "Queensland". In Moon, Campbell; Sharman, Jeremy (eds.). Australian Politics and Government: The Commonwealth, the States and Territories. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–94. ISBN 0-521-82507-5. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016.
^ "Parliament and Government in Queensland: Information booklet for secondary schools" (PDF). Queensland Parliament. Parliament House, Brisbane. November 2022. p. 5. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
^ "Bligh calls early Queensland election". The Courier-Mail. News Limited. 22 February 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
^ Wanna, John; Tracy Arklay (2010). The Ayes Have it: The History of Queensland Parliament 1957–1989. Canberra: ANU E Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-921666-30-8. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018.
^ [2]

External links

Queensland Parliament official website

[1] Sandy Bolton (Noosa)

[2] "Electoral Law Ructions in the Queensland Parliament". Antony Green's Election Blog. 21 April 2016. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.

[3] [1]

[brcopo-4] Armstrong, Lyn (1997), "'A somewhat rash experiment':Queensland Parliament as a microcosm of society", in Shaw, Barry (ed.), Brisbane:Corridors of Power, Papers, vol. 15, Brisbane: Brisbane History Group Inc, pp. 54–55, ISBN 0-9586469-1-0

[apg-5] Wanna, John (2003). "Queensland". In Moon, Campbell; Sharman, Jeremy (eds.). Australian Politics and Government: The Commonwealth, the States and Territories. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–94. ISBN 0-521-82507-5. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016.

[6] "Parliament and Government in Queensland: Information booklet for secondary schools" (PDF). Queensland Parliament. Parliament House, Brisbane. November 2022. p. 5. Retrieved 2 May 2024.

[bceqe-7] "Bligh calls early Queensland election". The Courier-Mail. News Limited. 22 February 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2011.

[tahi-8] Wanna, John; Tracy Arklay (2010). The Ayes Have it: The History of Queensland Parliament 1957–1989. Canberra: ANU E Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-921666-30-8. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018.

[9] [2]

[a]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

v t e Members of the Parliament of Queensland
Legislative Assembly	1860–1863 1863–1867 1867–1868 1868–1870 1870–1871 1871–1873 1873–1878 1878–1883 1883–1888 1888–1893 1893–1896 1896–1899 1899–1902 1902–1904 1904–1907 1907–1908 1908–1909 1909–1912 1912–1915 1915–1918 1918–1920 1920–1923 1923–1926 1926–1929 1929–1932 1932–1935 1935–1938 1938–1941 1941–1944 1944–1947 1947–1950 1950–1953 1953–1956 1956–1957 1957–1960 1960–1963 1963–1966 1966–1969 1969–1972 1972–1974 1974–1977 1977–1980 1980–1983 1983–1986 1986–1989 1989–1992 1992–1995 1995–1998 1998–2001 2001–2004 2004–2006 2006–2009 2009–2012 2012–2015 2015–2017 2017–2020 2020–2024 2024–2028
Legislative Council	1860–1869 1870–1879 1880–1889 1890–1899 1900–1909 1910–1916 1917–1922

v t e Queensland Government
Executive	Monarchy Governor Executive Council Cabinet Premier Deputy Premier Treasurer Attorney-General Department of the Premier and Cabinet Queensland Treasury Department of Justice and Attorney-General Department of Education Queensland Health Queensland Police Service Queensland Fire Department Queensland Ambulance Service
Legislature	Parliament Legislative Assembly Electoral districts Members of Parliament Speaker of the Legislative Assembly Leader of the House Opposition Leader Deputy Opposition Leader Shadow Cabinet Manager of Opposition Business
Judiciary	Supreme Court Court of Appeal Court of Disputed Returns District Court Children's Court of Queensland Magistrates Court Coroners Court of Queensland Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal Other courts and tribunals