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American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

Coordinates: 40°46′48.0″N 73°56′44.5″W / 40.780000°N 73.945694°W / 40.780000; -73.945694
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For other societies with similar names, see Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
AbbreviationASPCA
FormationApril 10, 1866[1]
Legal statusFoundation
PurposeHumane care for animals
HeadquartersNew York City
Coordinates40°46′48.0″N 73°56′44.5″W / 40.780000°N 73.945694°W / 40.780000; -73.945694
Region served
United States
Membership
1.2 million+[2]
Official language
English
President & CEO
Matthew E. Bershadker[3]
Websitewww.aspca.org

The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to preventing animal cruelty. Based in New York City since its inception in 1866,[4] the organization's mission is "to provide effective means for the prevention of cruelty to animals throughout the United States."[1]

History

[edit]
The ASPCA headquarters on Madison Avenue in 1920
Miss Baker, a squirrel monkey, poses with the Certificate of Merit for Distinguished Service she was awarded by the ASPCA after her successful return to Earth, the associated medal, and the couch used for her 1959 flight (to the right). Baker and her traveling companion Able were the first animals to return alive from space.

Following the creation of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) in the United Kingdom in 1824 (given Royal status in 1840), Henry Bergh founded the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals on April 10, 1866, in New York City[4] on the belief that "animals are entitled to kind and respectful treatment at the hands of humans, and must be protected under the law". It is the oldest animal welfare organization in the United States. On February 8, 1866, Bergh pleaded on behalf of animals at a meeting at Clinton Hall in New York City. Some of the issues he discussed were cockfighting and the horrors of slaughterhouses.[5] After getting signatures for his "Declaration of the Rights of Animals," Bergh was given an official charter to incorporate the ASPCA on April 10, 1866.[6] On April 19, 1866, the first anti-cruelty law was passed in NY since the founding of ASPCA, and the organization was granted the right to enforce anti-cruelty laws. In 1867, ASPCA operated its first ambulance for injured horses and began advocating for more humane treatment of animals such as horses, live pigeons, cats, and dogs. Early goals of ASPCA focused on efforts for horses and livestock, since at the time they were used for a number of activities.[7]

In 1918, ASPCA veterinarians developed the use of anesthesia and as a result were able to work on a horse with a broken kneecap. In 1954, ASPCA hospitals added pathology and radiography laboratories and programs. In 1961, ASPCA veterinarians performed their first open-heart surgery on a dog.[8]

From 1894 to 1994, the ASPCA operated the municipal animal shelter system in New York City which euthanized unadopted animals. Starting in 1977, the ASPCA entered into a contract with the New York City Department of Health to receive municipal funding to operate the shelter system. The contract rendered the ASPCA increasingly reliant on government income rather than private donations, and subject to the effects of annual city budget appropriations. In 1993, the ASPCA decided not to renew its contract for operating the shelter system.[9][10] Operation of the shelter system was transferred to Center for Animal Care and Control, later renamed Animal Care Centers of NYC, in 1995.[11]

In 1996, ASPCA acquired the Animal Poison Control Center from the University of Illinois.[12] In 2013, the ASPCA made a $25 million commitment to assist at-risk animals and pet owners in the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area, including a fully subsidized spay/neuter facility in South Los Angeles operated by the ASPCA and a campaign to encourage the fostering of local vulnerable kittens.[13]

In 2014, ASPCA spoke out in support of New York City’s new mayor’s (Bill de Blasio) campaign to ban horse-drawn carriages in the city.[14]

In 2014, ASPCA opened the Gloria Gurney Canine Annex for Recovery & Enrichment (CARE) in NYC to house dogs brought by the NYPD to the ASPCA in connection with animal cruelty investigations.[15] In 2014, ASPCA also opened the ASPCA Kitten Nursery in NYC to care for neonate and very young homeless kittens until they are appropriate for adoption.[16]

In 2015, ASPCA acquired the Asheville, North Carolina–based Humane Alliance, now called the ASPCA Spay/Neuter Alliance.[17]

In 2018, ASPCA established the ASPCA Behavioral Rehabilitation Center. Located in Weaverville, North Carolina, the Center provides behavioral rehabilitation to canine victims of cruelty and neglect. The center's Learning Lab also disseminates rehabilitative aid and training to shelters around the country.[18][19][20]

In 2019, ASPCA opened the ASPCA Community Veterinary Center in Liberty City, Miami, Florida, to provide subsidized veterinary services for an undeserved community.[21] It also took over responsibility for The Right Horse Initiative as an official program of the ASPCA in 2019.[22]

In 2020, ASPCA opened the ASPCA Community Veterinary Center in the Bronx, New York.[23]

In 2020, ASPCA launched a series of programs in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on pets, owners, and communities including free pet food for dogs, cats, and horses in New York City, Los Angeles, Miami, and Asheville, grants to animal welfare organizations, emergency pet boarding services, a New York City COVID-19 Pet Hotline, and expanded stationary and mobile veterinary care.[24][25]

In 2021, the Society opened the ASPCA Community Veterinary Center supported by the Alex and Elisabeth Lewyt Charitable Trust, in NYC.[26]

As of 2023, ASPCA's New York hospital was treating 9,000–10,000 patients annually.[27]

In 2023, ASPCA began releasing an annual report that grades major grocery retailers in the United States on their policies around animal welfare, such as selling cage-free eggs and pork raised without gestation crates.[28]

Controversy

[edit]
ASPCA Humane Law Enforcement Division patch

An ASPCA fundraising commercial featuring Sarah McLachlan began airing in early 2007. By December 2008, it had raised more than $30 million for the ASPCA, becoming the organization's most successful fundraising campaign. The New York Times reported that the spot became known as "The Ad" in non-profit circles. [29]

In 2021, CBS News reported that the ad misled donors, who believed that their financial contributions supported local SPCAs and animal welfare charities. The CBS News investigation focused on "questions about whether the money is going where donors expect," reporting the ASPCA raised $2 billion for animal welfare between 2008 and 2019 and spent only $146 million in grants to local animal welfare groups. In response, a spokesperson for the ASPCA said that donors were aware that the ASPCA was not an umbrella organization for local organizations with SPCA in their names.[30]

After the CBS News piece aired, two widely-shared posts on Facebook claimed that the ASPCA's CEO was paid $600,000 annually, and that only three cents of each dollar donated were used "for veterinary supplies and for transporting the animals". USA Today fact-checked the posts and found that based on ASPCA tax filings, 34.4% of the ASPCA's budget was used for shelter and veterinary care, and an average of 75.1% of expenses were used to support its mission statement. [31]

Legislation and litigation

[edit]

In 2012, the ASPCA agreed to pay Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus $9.3 million to settle a lawsuit regarding the ASPCA's false allegations of animal cruelty by the circus. Courts found that ASPCA activists had paid the key witness, a former Ringling barn helper, at least $190,000, making him "essentially a paid plaintiff" who lacked credibility.[32] Edwin J. Sayres stepped down as CEO in 2012, and in 2013 longtime ASPCA staff member Matthew Bershadker was named president and CEO.[33]

The ASPCA's Government Relations, Legal Advocacy and Investigations departments work with state and federal lawmakers and engage in legislative and litigation efforts to secure stronger legal protections for animals.[34]

Some of the animal welfare issues the departments work on include ending puppy mills and breed-specific legislation.[35][36][37]

In 2019, the ASPCA sued the U.S. Department of Agriculture for access to animal breeder inspection records.[38]

ASPCA was among the animal welfare groups that supported the "puppy mill pipeline" bill in New York, which was signed by Governor Kathy Hochul on December 15, 2022. The law goes into effect in 2024 and will make it illegal to sell dogs, cats, and rabbits in pet stores in New York.[39] The organization's senior director of state legislation said the law is needed because many puppies are imported from other states where New York does not have jurisdiction to inspect the conditions in the breeding facility.[40]

National cruelty and field response

[edit]
Vehicle for pet adoption, in Brooklyn, New York

At the invitation of local agencies, ASPCA deploys to sites of large-scale animal abuse, animal neglect, natural disasters, or man-made disasters in which animals are at risk. Teams, including National Field Response, Legal Advocacy and Investigations, Forensic Sciences, the Cruelty Recovery Center, Relocation and the Behavioral Sciences team, engage in animal rescue efforts. They provide behavioral and medical treatment for the animals and support the prosecution of criminal cases with forensic science, evidence collection and analysis, and legal and expert testimony support.[41]

Cases involving torture, killings and mistreatment of animals are some examples of cases handled by the ASPCA. A common example was displayed in the news in October 2008, when ASPCA was in charge of an investigation involving the slaughtering of a beagle that lived in the Bronx.[42]

In 2016, ASPCA field deployment teams participated in a large animal cruelty rescue operation, rescuing nearly 700 animals from an unlicensed facility in North Carolina.[41]

Other large-scale ASPCA rescues included providing emergency sheltering and assistance for approximately 1,300 animals displaced during the Joplin tornado in 2011 and assisting with the care of 367 dogs in Alabama, Mississippi and Georgia in 2013, in what has been believed to be the second-largest dogfighting raid in U.S. history.[43][44]

In September 2013, after many years of providing humane law enforcement services in NYC, the ASPCA and the New York City Police Department announced a collaboration to provide enhanced protection to New York City's animals.[45] In this partnership, the NYPD responds to all animal cruelty complaints throughout New York City, while the ASPCA provides medical and behavioral care for animal cruelty victims and provides legal and forensic assistance in the prosecution of cases.[46][47] The ASPCA Community Engagement team also works closely with the NYPD to connect pets in need to services such as medical care, grooming and pet supplies.[48][49]

In 2020, ASPCA also opened the ASPCA Veterinary Forensic Science Center in Gainesville, Florida, to assist law enforcement with animal cruelty investigations and prosecutions.[50]

Welfare of farm animals and horses

[edit]

The ASPCA's Farm Animal Welfare Program features a “Shop With Your Heart” campaign that guides consumers on making animal welfare-conscious food buying decisions including seeking out meat, egg, and dairy products certified by one of three credible animal welfare certifications, including Global Animal Partnership (GAP), and exploring more plant-based food options.[51][52]

The ASPCA's Right Horse Initiative is focused on increasing the number of successful horse adoptions in the U.S. and improving the number of positive outcomes for horses in transition as they move from one home, career, or owner to the next.[53]

Animal relocation

[edit]

ASPCA works with other animal welfare organizations and rescue groups to relocate animals from areas with high rates of euthanasia in animal shelters to locations with higher adoption rates. Often, animals are moved from the southern to northern U.S. states. Animals may be transported using aircraft or vehicles, sometimes being relayed between transporters multiple times along the way. As of March 2022, ASPCA had a fleet of 18 vans used for transport. The organization relocated approximately 200,000 animals between 2017 and 2022.[54]

Behaviour rehabilitation centers

[edit]

ASPCA operates centers where dogs that have experienced abuse or trauma receive treatment and behavior rehabilitation before being cleared for adoption. As of 2022, the organization has committed $40 million to building and operating the centers, which are located in Weaverville, North Carolina,[55] Columbus, Ohio,[56] with another being developed in Pawling, New York.[55] The Weaverville center opened in 2020 and was the world's first clinic for treating dogs that have been severely traumatized. The concept was conceived in 2010 by two ASPCA behaviorists as a way to reduce the number of dogs that are euthanized in shelters for behavior issues. The organization piloted the program in 2013 at a temporary site in Madison, New Jersey and reported that approximately 90 percent of the dogs treated recovered enough to be adopted. In 2014, ASPCA purchased land in Weaverville where it built the center. As of July 2022, the Weaverville center had 35 full-time staff, and had rehabilitated 500 dogs since opening.[55]

Publications

[edit]
ASPCA's The Animal Kingdom magazine advert, 1874

The ASPCA published The Animal Kingdom magazine in the 1870s which became Our Animal Friends: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine in the 1890s. The magazine featured articles from well known authors of the day, including Louisa May Alcott and Harriet Beecher Stowe.[57] It was renamed Animal Protection (1947–1977) and later became ASPCA Bulletin (1977–1981), ASPCA Quarterly Report (1981–1989), ASPCA Report (1989–1992) and Animal Watch: The Magazine of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (1993–2004).[58][59] In 1964, Lloyd Alexander authored their history, Fifty Years in the Doghouse which was commissioned by the ASPCA.[60]

Copies of the ASPCA's magazine Animal Protection are digitized and stored at NC State University Libraries.[61] The ASPCA currently publishes the ASPCA Action magazine.[62]

Presidents and chairpersons

[edit]
ASPCA Presidents [63][64]
Henry Bergh 1866–1888
James M. Brown 1888–1889
John P. Haines 1889–1906
William K. Horton 1907–1929
William E. Bevan 1929–1937
Eugene Berlinghoff 1935–1953
Warren W. McSpadden 1953–1958
Arthur L. Amundsen 1958–1961
William Mapel 1960–1972
Encil E. Rains 1972–1977
Duncan Wright 1977–1978
John F. Kullberg, Ed.D. 1978–1991
Roger A. Caras 1991–1998
Larry M. Hawk, D.V.M. 1999–2003
Edwin J. Sayres 2003 – May 31, 2013
Matthew E. Bershadker From June 1, 2013
ASPCA Chairpersons
Henry Bergh 1866–1888
Henry Bergh Jr. 1888–1889
John P. Haines 1889–1906
Alfred Wagstaff 1906–1921
Frank K. Sturgis 1921–1931
George M. Woolsey 1931–1937
Alexander S. Webb 1937–1947
John D. Beals Jr. 1947–1952
Hugh E. Paine 1952–1955
William A. Rockefeller 1955–1963
James H. Jenkins 1963–1969
John F. Thompson Jr. 1969–1971
Charles S. Haines 1971–1973
Alastair B. Martin 1973–1976
Louis F. Bishop III 1976–1979
Marvin Schiller 1979–1981
George W. Gowen 1981–1983
Thomas N. McCarter III 1983–1995
James F. Stebbins 1995–1997
Steven M. Elkman 1997–2003
Hoyle C. Jones 2003–2009[65]
Marsha P. Perelman 2009–2011[66]
Mary Jo White 2011–2012[67]
Tim Wray 2012–2016[68]
Fred Tanne 2016–2020[69]
Sally Spooner From 2020[70]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
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  2. ^ "ASPCA Announces President and CEO Ed Sayres' Intention to Step Down" (Press release). ASPCA. 25 July 2012. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  3. ^ "ASPCA Board of Directors Names Matthew Bershadker President and CEO". Archived from the original on 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  4. ^ a b Eschner, Kat. "The ASPCA's Founder Was Known as "The Great Meddler"". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
  5. ^ "ASPCA is founded". HISTORY. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  6. ^ "The Development of the Anti-Cruelty Laws During the 1800's | Animal Legal & Historical Center". www.animallaw.info. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  7. ^ Priest, Claire (2019). "Enforcing Sympathy: Animal Cruelty Doctrine after the Civil War". Law & Social Inquiry. 44 (1): 136–169. doi:10.1017/lsi.2018.11. ISSN 0897-6546.
  8. ^ "ASPCA". ASPCA. Archived from the original on 2005-09-07. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  9. ^ Hicks, Jonathan P. (March 26, 1993). "A.S.P.C.A. Plans to Stop Killing Strays". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
  10. ^ Office Of Oversight and Investigations - New York City Council (June 1997). "Dying for homes: Animal care and control in New York City". Archived from the original on 2011-06-30.
  11. ^ "Audit Report on the Shelter Conditions and Adoption Efforts of the Center for Animal Care and Control" (PDF). comptroller.nyc.gov. 2002-06-06. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-10. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  12. ^ "Success, 150 Years In The Making The History of ASPCA' S Charitable Efforts". Pets Magazine in New York | Dogs Magazine | Cats Magazine. 2011-10-01. Archived from the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  13. ^ "Agency starts big pet-rescue project in California". Yahoo.com. 2014-05-06. Archived from the original on 2021-05-19. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
  14. ^ "Who Speaks for the Carriage Horses?". New York Times. 2014-01-17. Archived from the original on 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  15. ^ Charlesworth, Michelle (2015-10-05). "Rehab facility for abused dogs opens at Upper East Side ASPCA". ABC7 New York. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  16. ^ Kis, Eva (14 May 2018). "PHOTOS: Inside the ASPCA's Kitten Nursery, the cutest place in NYC - Metro US". www.metro.us. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
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  25. ^ "Coronavirus spurs surge in North Bay pet adoptions". The North Bay Business Journal. 2020-11-09. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  26. ^ "Around Brooklyn: Applications to community boards up". Brooklyn Eagle. 2021-04-09. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
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  28. ^ Rajagopal, Alarice (September 1, 2023). "Sprouts Farmers Market, Whole Foods receive 'A' grade for animal welfare". Supermarket News. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
  29. ^ Strom, Stephanie (2008-12-26). "Ad Featuring Singer Proves Bonanza for the A.S.P.C.A." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-03-30.
  30. ^ "ASPCA spending may not be what donors expect, CBS News investigation finds - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. 2021-08-02. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  31. ^ Wagner, Bayliss. "Fact check: Widely shared post on ASPCA distorts charity's spending". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2024-03-30.
  32. ^ "Animal rights group settles lawsuit with Ringling". Denver Post. Archived from the original on December 30, 2012. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
  33. ^ Bernstein, Jacob (28 June 2013). "Angst at the ASPCA". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-03-23. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
  34. ^ "Around Brooklyn: Applications to community boards up". Brooklyn Eagle. 2021-04-09. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-22.
  35. ^ "Survey shows the risk of buying a puppy from a pet store". WXMI. 2019-12-13. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  36. ^ "New York State lawmakers seek to stop puppy mill pipeline". NEWS10 ABC. 2020-07-23. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  37. ^ "Rethinking the Regulation of Dog Breeds | The Regulatory Review". www.theregreview.org. 2020-04-23. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  38. ^ "Adopt or Shop: This Dog Startup Says You Don't Have to Choose". www.bloomberg.com. 2019-05-03. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  39. ^ Harding, Robert (December 16, 2022). "NY law ends 'puppy mill pipeline,' bans pet stores from selling cats, dogs and rabbits". The Citizen. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  40. ^ Collins, Kate (December 15, 2022). "NY Puppy Mill Pipeline Bill signed into law by Gov. Hochul". Ithaca Journal. Archived from the original on December 26, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  41. ^ a b "Overview of ASPCA Field Investigations & Response and the Nuts and Bolts of Animals in Distress-Disasters". Maddie's Fund. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  42. ^ "Man Charged With Killing Wife's Dog". Irishabroad.com. 2008-11-05. Archived from the original on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  43. ^ "Pets rescued, treated after deadly tornado". American Veterinary Medical Association. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  44. ^ "ASPCA: 367 dogs rescued from 'horrendous conditions' in Alabama, Georgia (photos, video)". al. 2013-08-26. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  45. ^ Tracy, Thomas (13 November 2014). "NYPD Commissioner Bill Bratton awarded for fighting animal abuse in the city". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  46. ^ Toussaint, Kristin (30 January 2019). "ASPCA and NYPD continue their mission to protect the animals of NYC - Metro US". www.metro.us. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  47. ^ "NYPD Animal Cruelty Investigation Squad gets its own set of wheels". www.ny1.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  48. ^ Colangelo, Lisa L. (14 April 2013). "Intervention program helps pull animal hoarders from a downward spiral". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  49. ^ "Pups in Jamaica to Brave Cold in Free Doghouses, ASPCA Says". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  50. ^ Chernicoff, Michelle (2021-03-30). "ASPCA partnership brings new courses to FIU". CASE NEWS. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  51. ^ Chaker, Anne Marie (2018-07-31). "Have You Met This Cow? She's Delicious". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  52. ^ "Cafe Spice Joins ASPCA's Shop With Your Heart Program". Perishable News. 2019-04-08. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  53. ^ "My Right Horse Adoptable Horse of the Week - Shady". Horse Illustrated. 2021-03-29. Archived from the original on 2021-06-18. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  54. ^ Blum, Andrew (February 3, 2022). "How America Saved Millions of Dogs—By Moving Them". Time. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  55. ^ a b c Solotaroff, Paul (July 4, 2022). "1,000 Dogs Are Put Down Every Day. These Trainers Are Trying to Save Them". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  56. ^ Spears, Darcy (November 21, 2022). "More than 170 dogs euthanized in Nye County cruelty case". KTNV. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  57. ^ Alexander, Lloyd. (1964). Fifty Years in the Doghouse. Putnam. p. 201
  58. ^ Nyberg, Cheryl; Porta, Maria A; Boast, Carol. (1994). Laboratory Animal Welfare: A Guide to Reference Tools, Legal Materials, Organizations, Federal Agencies. BN Books. p. 38. ISBN 978-0961629397
  59. ^ Katz, William A; Katz, Bill; Katz, Linda Sternberg. (2003). Magazines for Libraries: For the General Reader and School, Junior College, College, University, and Public Libraries. Bowker. p. 130
  60. ^ Jacobs, James S; Tunnell, Michael O. (1991). Lloyd Alexander: A Bio-Bibliography. Bloomsbury. p. 37. ISBN 978-0313265860
  61. ^ "American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals". NC State University Libraries. 2024. Archived from the original on September 2, 2024.
  62. ^ "ASPCA Action". ASPCA. 2024. Archived from the original on September 2, 2024.
  63. ^ Miltenberger, Scott Anthony (2006). Promiscuously Mixed Together: New Yorkers and Domestic Animals in the Nineteenth-century Anthrozootic City. University of California. pp. 210–220.
  64. ^ Lane, Landon M.; Stephen L. Zawistowski Ph.D. (2007-12-30). Heritage of Care: The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Praeger. pp. 147–148. ISBN 978-0275990213.
  65. ^ "Hoyle C. Jones, Chairman and CEO of the ASPCA stands with Linda..." Getty Images. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  66. ^ "Philadelphian Marsha Perelman Joins The Humane Society of the United States Board of Directors". The Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  67. ^ "ASPCA Elects Mary Jo White to Chair of the Board". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  68. ^ "ASPCA Elects Tim F. Wray to Chair of the Board". ASPCA. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  69. ^ "ASPCA Elects Frederick Tanne to Chair of the Board of Leading National Animal Welfare Organization". ASPCA. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  70. ^ "ASPCA Elects Sally Spooner to Chair of the Board of Leading National Animal Welfare Organization". ASPCA. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.

References

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Much of the content of this article is based on information from the official ASPCA website: "ASPCA: The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals".

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