Arctic lamprey
| Arctic lamprey | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Infraphylum: | Agnatha |
| Class: | Petromyzontida |
| Order: | Petromyzontiformes |
| Family: | Petromyzontidae |
| Genus: | Lethenteron |
| Species: | L. camtschaticum
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| Binomial name | |
| Lethenteron camtschaticum (Tilesius, 1811)
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| Synonyms[2][3] | |
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The Arctic lamprey (Lethenteron camtschaticum), also known as the Japanese river lamprey or Japanese lampern (Petromyzon japonicus Martens 1868, Lampetra fluviatilis japonica (Martens 1868), Lampetra japonica (Martens 1868), Lethenteron japonicum (Martens 1868) ), is a species of lamprey, a jawless fish in the order Petromyzontiformes. It inhabits coastal freshwater habitat types in the Arctic.[4] Some populations are anadromous, spending part of their lives in the ocean. It is the most common and widespread lamprey in the Arctic region.[5]
Description
[edit]This lamprey is usually about 13 to 32 centimetres (5.1 to 12.6 in) long, but specimens have been known to reach 63 centimetres (25 in) and 200 grams (7.1 oz) in weight. Non-anadromous individuals are rarely over 18 centimetres (7.1 in) long.[4] It is brown, gray, or olive in color with a paler belly. There are two dorsal fins located near the tail, the posterior one larger than the anterior. Males are larger than females. The caudal fin has two lobes, the lower longer than the upper. It is continuous with the dorsal and anal fins. The anal fin of the male takes the form of a small ridge.[4]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The Arctic lamprey is a circumpolar species. Its range extends from Lapland eastward to Kamchatka and southward to Japan and Korea. It also inhabits the Arctic and Pacific drainages of Alaska and northwestern Canada. Arctic lampreys exhibit remarkable adaptability through a combination of extensive gene flow[6] among populations, morphobiological flexibility in response to varying environments,[7] and evolutionary conservation of neuropeptide Y receptors,[8] which together support their survival across diverse and changing arctic habitats. The adults live in freshwater habitat near the coast, such as rivers and lakes. It can be found over stony and sandy substrates, and shelters under vegetation.[1]
Behaviour
[edit]The adult Arctic lamprey spawns in the gravel of riffles. The ammocoetes, as the lamprey larvae are known, are found in muddy freshwater habitats where they burrow in the mud and feed on detritus. It is generally an anadromous species, living in the ocean before migrating to fresh water to spawn, but some populations are permanent residents of fresh water.[4]
The adult is generally a parasitic feeder that attaches to any of a number of other fish species,[4] including salmon, lake trout, and lake whitefish.[9] The smaller, non-migratory form is not parasitic.[9] The juvenile consumes aquatic invertebrates, algae, and organic debris.[4] This species is prey for other fish such as inconnu, northern pike, and burbot, and gulls feed on spawning aggregations. The eggs and larvae are food for sculpins.[9]
Status
[edit]The Arctic lamprey is a commercially important edible fish with fatty flesh. It is reared in aquaculture.[4] The ammocoetes are used as bait. Threats to the spawning habitat of this species include pollution and the regulation of water flow by damming. Nevertheless, the IUCN has assessed this species as being of "Least Concern".[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c NatureServe (2013). "Lethenteron camtschaticum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T135719A18232889. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T135719A18232889.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ Van Der Laan, Richard; Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ronald (11 November 2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (1): 1–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
- ^ Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). "Petromyzontidae". FishBase version (02/2017). Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g Froese, R. and D. Pauly. (Eds.) Lethenteron camtschaticum. FishBase. 2011.
- ^ Arctic Lamprey: Lethenteron camtschaticum. Arctic Ocean Diversity.
- ^ Novoselov, A. P.; Imant, E. N. (December 2022). "Morphobiological Characteristic of the Arctic Lamprey Lethenteron camtchaticum (Petromyzontidae) in the Basins of Large Rivers of the Arkhangelsk Region, Russia". Journal of Ichthyology. 62 (7): 1237–1244. Bibcode:2022JIch...62.1237N. doi:10.1134/S0032945222070049. ISSN 0032-9452.
- ^ Yamazaki, Yuji; Yokoyama, Ryota; Nagai, Terumi; Goto, Akira (January 2014). "Population structure and gene flow among anadromous arctic lamprey (Lethenteron camtschaticum) populations deduced from polymorphic microsatellite loci". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 97 (1): 43–52. Bibcode:2014EnvBF..97...43Y. doi:10.1007/s10641-013-0121-y. ISSN 0378-1909.
- ^ Xu, Bo; Lagman, David; Sundström, Görel; Larhammar, Dan (October 2015). "Neuropeptide Y family receptors Y1 and Y2 from sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 222: 106–115. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.08.005.
- ^ a b c Arctic Lamprey, Lampetra japonica. Canada's Polar Life.