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List of aviation pioneers

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Aviation pioneers are people directly and indirectly responsible for the advancement of flight, including people who worked to achieve manned flight before the invention of aircraft, as well as others who achieved significant "firsts" in aviation after heavier-than-air flight became routine. Pioneers of aviation have contributed to the development of aeronautics in one or more ways: through science and theory, theoretical or applied design, by constructing models or experimental prototypes, the mass production of aircraft for commercial and government request, achievements in flight, and providing financial resources and publicity to expand the field of aviation.

The Wright brothers' first powered, controlled, and sustained flight (12 seconds covering 37 meters), captured on film on December 17, 1903

Table key

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Pioneer type

[edit]
  • Science: Contributions to aerodynamic theory, aviation principles, discoveries advancing aircraft development, etc.
  • Design: Original or derivative ideas or drawings for conceptual/experimental/practical methods of air travel
  • Construction: Building prototypes/experimental/practical aircraft
  • Manufacture: Building aircraft to fill commercial or government requests
  • Aviator: International firsts, major records, major awards received
  • Support: Significant industrial endorsements, philanthropic, founding of relevant organizations, etc.
  • (†) : A dagger following the pioneer's name indicates they died in or as a result of an aircraft accident. When available, the aircraft type/model and the place of the accident are included in the text.

Sorting

[edit]

The table is organized by pioneer name in alphabetical order. Columns for Name, Date of birth/Date of death, Country and Achievement can be sorted in either ascending or descending order. If two pioneers are paired together, sorting by DOB or Country uses the information for the first of the pair. The Achievement column will sort according to the date of the pioneer's earliest significant contribution to aviation.

Inclusion criteria

[edit]

The list is of outright records, irrespective of race, nationality or gender, and in which at least one of the following criteria is met:

  • Scientific contribution to theory and principles (whether correct or not) that were used as contemporary resources, building blocks, or influenced period thought, significant scientific or theoretical achievements with model aircraft;
  • Designing any aircraft (pre-1910), or a distinct/innovative new design;
  • Constructing a prototype aircraft (pre-1910);
  • Manufacturing aircraft (including some direct or supervisory control over design) for commercial and/or military contracts (intended to represent founders of the aviation industry);
  • Flying (Aviator) solo in an aircraft and receiving a relevant flying certificate (pre-1910); or any significant national (e.g., a flight representing a country's first) or international achievement, or flight award (initial record holders or demolishing existing records, but not simply breaking established records);
  • Supporting aviation (e.g., positive publicity; personal, corporate and/or philanthropic sponsorship, education).

Table

[edit]

† indicates died in an air accident

List of aviation pioneers
Name Date of birth
Date of death 		Country
birth
(work) 		Pioneer Type Achievements
Clément Ader 4 Feb 1841
5 Mar 1925 		France Science
Design
Construction
Manufacture
Aviator 		Propeller First brief uncontrolled powered flight (“hop”) for 50 m (160 ft), 20 cm (8 in) from the ground in steam-powered Éole (9 Oct 1890),[1][2] designed, constructed and tested Ader Avion II (1893) and Ader Avion III (14 Oct 1897).[3][4][nb 1]
Amelia Earhart† 24 Jul 1897
7 Jul 1937 		United States Aviator
Support 		Propeller First female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean and set many other records; she was one of the first aviators to promote commercial air travel, wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences, and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines, an organization for female pilots. Disappeared during a flight on a Lockheed Electra 10E from Lae Airfield to Howland Island.
Diego Marín Aguilera 1757
1799 		Spain Science
Design
Construction 		Glider Reportedly glided c. 400 m distance at c. 5 m height using his own invention (15 May 1793).[6][7]
John Alcock†
and
Arthur Brown 		5 Nov 1892
18 Dec 1919
and
23 Jul 1886
4 Oct 1948 		England
(Great Britain)
Scotland
(Great Britain) 		Aviator Propeller First non-stop transatlantic flight in a modified Vickers Vimy (14/15 June 1919);[8][9] (†) Vickers Viking, Rouen, France, en route to Paris.
Aldasoro brothers
Juan Pablo
and
Eduardo 		14 Sep 1893
4 Oct 1962
and
27 Oct 1894
10 Nov 1968 		Mexico Science
Design
Construction 		Glider
Propeller 		First Mexican aviators to graduate from the Moissant School; Juan Pablo was the first to fly over the Statue of Liberty (12 Mar 1913).[nb 2] They also helped contribute to improve aerodynamics by designing a "thick wing" long before other inventors.[citation needed]
Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari† unk
c. 1005 		Kazakhstan Design
Construction
Aviator 		Pre-history
Glider 		(†) attempted flight from the roof of the Nishapur Mosque in Khorosan (c. 1005).[10]
Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin 2 Jan 1882
7 Aug 1948 		Canada Design
Construction
Manufacture
Aviator 		Propeller Chief Engineer, Aerial Experiment Association (1907–09);[11] first powered flight by a Canadian in the Red Wing (12 Mar 1909);[12][13] co-designer Red Wing (1908), White Wing (1908), and Silver Dart (1909);[14] with J.A.D. McCurdy (and financial support from Alexander Graham Bell) formed the Canadian Aerodrome Company (1909), Canada's first aircraft manufacturing company.[15]
Joaquín Loriga 1895
1927 		Spain Aviator Breguet XIX First raid between Spain and Philippines (5 May 1926).[16]
Juan de la Cierva 21 Sep 1895
9 Dec 1936 		Spain Aviator and aeronautical engineer Autogyro or gyrocopter Invented the autogyro, the predecessor of the modern helicopter (9 Jan 1923).[17][18] De la Cierva's flapping hinge overcame the problems of early rotor-winged flight, and is the basis of the modern helicopter rotor.
Alexander Graham Bell 3 Mar 1847
2 Aug 1922 		Scotland
(United States)
(Canada) 		Science
Design
Construction
Support 		Glider
Propeller 		Founder and chair, Canadian-American aeronautical research group Aerial Experiment Association (AEA) (30 Sep 1907 – 31 Mar 1909);[11] in 1908 and 1909, the AEA designed, constructed, and flew four powered aircraft: the Red Wing, White Wing, June Bug, and Silver Dart; technical innovations include the tricycle landing gear[19] [nb 3] and the wingtip aileron.[12]
Mabel Bell 25 Nov 1857
3 Jan 1923 		United States
(United States)
(Canada) 		Support n/a Financial sponsorship, Aerial Experiment Association (1907–09).[12][21]
Giuseppe Mario Bellanca 19 Mar 1886
26 Dec 1960 		Italy
(Italy)
(United States) 		Design
Construction
Manufacture 		Propeller Bellanca Flying School (1912–16);[nb 4] designed first enclosed monoplane cabin (1917);[23] founded Bellanca Aircraft Company (1927).[24]
Oskar Bider† 12 Jul 1891
7 Jul 1919 		Switzerland Aviator
Support 		Propeller First crossing of the Pyrenees (24 Jan 1913);[nb 5] Swiss airmail flight (9 Mar 1913);[nb 6] first crossing of the Alps (13 May 1913);[nb 7][27] (†) Nieuport 21, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
Bladud 9th Century BC unk Design
Construction
Aviator 		Pre-history
Glider 		According to Historia Regum Britanniae (written c. 1138 by Geoffrey of Monmouth), Bladud, a legendary King of Britain, made wings from feathers and attempted a flight (852 BC).[28][29][nb 8]
Louis Blériot 1 Jul 1872
1 Aug 1936 		France Design
Construction
Manufacture
Aviator 		Propeller First airplane (Blériot VII) with a modern layout : monoplane, conventional tail, fully covered fuselage, front propeller / enclosed engine (1907).[31][32] First to use a combination of hand/arm-operated joystick and foot-operated rudder control.[33] First heavier-than-air crossing of the English Channel in a Blériot XI (25 Jul 1909).[34] First actual industrial aircraft manufacturer - By the end of September 1909, orders had been received for 103 Blériot type XI.[35] Just two years later 500 Blériots has been sold.[36]
Enea Bossi, Sr. 29 Mar 1888
9 Jan 1963 		Italy
(United States) 		Science
Design
Construction
Manufacture 		Propeller
Rotor 		Founder, American Aeronautical Corporation (1928); designer, Budd BB-1 Pioneer (1931), the first stainless-steel airplane;[37] co-designer of the Pedaliante ("Pedal Glider") (1936), the first human-powered aircraft;[38][39][nb 9] subsequent improvements (combined with a catapult-assisted launch) led to a 1 km (0.62 mi) flight 9 m (29.5 ft) from the ground (18 Mar 1937).[41]
Herbert G. Brackley 4 Oct 1894
15 Nov 1948 		England
United States
Japan 		Aviator Propeller First flight from Newfoundland to New York (1919);[42] organised the Japanese Naval Air Arm (1921-1924);[43] first Air Superintendent of Imperial Airways (1924);[44]
Eduardo Bradley 9 Apr 1887
3 Jun 1951 		Argentina Design
Construction
Aviator 		Balloon First crossing of the Andes in a (coal gas-filled) balloon (24 Jun 1916);[45][nb 10] set numerous ballooning records: duration (28 hours 10 minutes); distance 900 km (559 mi).[nb 11][citation needed]
Marcel Brindejonc des Moulinais† 18 Feb 1892
18 Aug 1916 		France Aviator Propeller Finished first (but did not win) the Geisler Challenge Trophy (1913);[nb 12] long distance champion ;[48] (†), Vadelaincourt, France (shot down).
Artur de Sacadura Cabral† 23 May 1881
15 Nov 1924 		Portugal Aviator Propeller Director, Naval Aviation Services (1918); first aerial crossing of the South Atlantic with Gago Coutinho using a Fairey III-D[49] (30 Mar – 17 Jun 1922);[nb 13] († disappeared) , English Channel crossing.
George Cayley 27 Dec 1773
15 Dec 1857 		England Science
Design
Construction 		Glider
Propeller
Rotor 		Experimented in aeronautics at age 13 with a Chinese top (1796);[28] first design of a fixed-wing aircraft (1799);[51] used a whirling arm to test aerofoils at varying angles (1804);[51] presented a paper outlining specific design parameters for building a glider (1810);[51] designed, constructed, and had flown (short hop) a tri-plane (1849). Cayley was one of the most significant pioneers in aviation history.[nb 14]
Giuseppe Cei† 25 Jan 1889
28 Mar 1911 		Italy
(Italy)
(France) 		Aviator Propeller Flew around the Eiffel tower (19 Mar 1911);[52][citation needed] (†) (Bleriot airplane), near Puteaux, France.[citation needed]
Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi 1609
1640 		Turkey Design
Construction
Aviator 		Glider Reportedly achieved sustained unpowered flight for 3.36 km (2 mi) (c. 1638).[53][nb 15]
Lagari Hasan Çelebi 17th century Turkey Design
Construction
Aviator 		Rocket Reported to have achieved flight (20 seconds to an elevation of roughly 300 meters) using a winged rocket powered by gunpowder (c. 1630s).[53]
Henri Coandă 7 Jun 1886
25 Nov 1972 		Romania
(France)
(Great Britain)
(Romania) 		Science
Design
Construction 		Glider
Propeller
Jet 		Designed Coandă-1910 with a propeller-less aero-reactive engine, exhibited Paris Air Show (Oct 1910),[55][56] followed by a claimed but generally discounted first flight (16 Dec 1910);[57] before WWI designed the Bristol-Coanda Monoplanes in Great Britain; discovered Coandă effect (1930).[58][nb 16]
Samuel Franklin Cody† 6 Mar 1867
7 Aug 1913 		United States
(United States)
(Great Britain) 		Design
Construction
Aviator 		Glider
Propeller 		Developed and flew human-lifting kites; kite instructor for the Royal Engineers (1904); contributed to the development of the British Army Dirigible No 1 Nulli Secundus (1907);[60] first flight of a piloted airplane in Great Britain (16 Oct 1908, 1,390 ft);[61][62] issued Royal Aero Club certificate No.10 (14 Jun 1910); (†) Cody Floatplane, with passenger William Evans, Aldershot, England.
Alfred Comte 4 Jun 1895
1 Nov 1965 		Switzerland Design
Manufacture 		Propeller Swiss pilot's license (1908); partner and chief pilot Ad Astra Aero (1920); designed and built aircraft (1923–35);[63] established an aviation school (1946–50).[64]
Gago Coutinho 17 Feb 1869
18 Feb 1959 		Portugal Aviator Propeller First aerial crossing of the South Atlantic using a Fairey III-D[65] with Artur de Sacadura Cabral (30 Mar – 17 Jun 1922);[nb 17] developed a sextant-type instrument to create an artificial horizon.[67]
Glenn Curtiss 21 May 1878
23 Jul 1930 		United States
(United States)
(Canada) 		Design
Construction
Manufacture
Aviator 		Propeller
Rotor 		Director of Experiments, Aerial Experiment Association (1907–09);[11] designed the June Bug (1908) and won the Scientific American Trophy (4 Jul 1908) by making the first official one-kilometer flight in North America;[68] co-designer Red Wing (1908), White Wing (1908), and Silver Dart (1909); founded his own company (1909) which became the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company (1916); designed, built, and flew the first successful flying-boat (12 Jan 1912);[69] established Canada's first aviation training school in Toronto (1915);[70] awarded the Langley Gold Medal (1913).[71]
Giacomo D'Angelis 1844 France
(India) 		Design
Construction
Aviator 		Propeller First reported flight in Asia (Madras, India) (10 Mar 1910)[72] in a self-constructed biplane.[73]
Félix du Temple 18 Jul 1823
4 Nov 1890 		France Science(?)
Design
Construction
Aviator 		Propeller With his brother, built a monoplane which (accelerating down a slope) “staggered briefly into the air” (1874),[2] considered by some to be the powered take-off[74] or hop of a powered fixed-wing aircraft.[75][76]
Bertram Dickson 21 Dec 1873
28 Sep 1913 		United Kingdom Aviator Propeller First British serviceman to fly [1910]; gained Aero-Club de France license no. 81 on 12 April.[77]

Dickson took part in the Lanark flying meet in August 1910, where he won the £400 prize for the greatest aggregate distance flown.;[78] died 1913 of injuries from 1910 midair collision

Armand Dufaux
and
Henri Dufaux 		13 Jan 1883
17 Jul 1941
and
18 Sep 1879
25 Dec 1980 		Switzerland Design
Construction
Aviator 		Propeller
Rotor 		Working together patented a design for a helicopter (1904), constructed and demonstrated a working model (13–17 Apr 1905);[79][80] designed and built the first Swiss airplanes,[81] including the biplane Dufaux 4 and Dufaux 5; Armand set a new over-water distance record of 66 km (41 mi) crossing Lake Geneva (28 Aug 1910).[82]
J. W. Dunne 1875
24 Aug 1949 		Ireland Science
Design
Construction
Aviator 		Glider(?)
Propeller 		Discussed aeronautics and aviation with H.G. Wells (c. 1901);[83] member Royal Engineers, working on design and construction of the first British military airplane (1906–08);[83] in secret military trials, and with a career goal of improving stability during flight,[84] Dunne's aircraft flew approximately 40 meters (1908);[83] development of his V-shaped swept wing design significantly advanced flight stability.[nb 18]
Eilmer of Malmesbury c. 984
unk 		unk Design
Construction
Aviator 		Pre-history
Glider 		Reportedly flew 200 meters from a tower[28] using rigid wings (c. 1005).[10]
Eugene Ely† 21 Oct 1886
19 Oct 1911 		United States Aviator Propeller First airplane (Curtiss Model D) take-off from a ship (USS Birmingham (14 Nov 1910);[nb 19][86] first landing (Curtiss Model D) on a ship (USS Pennsylvania) using a tailhook (18 Jan 1911);[nb 20] (†) , Macon, Georgia, flight exhibition.
August Euler 20 Nov 1868
1 Jul 1957 		Germany Design
Manufacture
Aviator 		Propeller Built Voisin Freres aircraft (1908); first German pilot's license (1909);[88] German flight duration record (3hr 6min 18sec) (1910).[89]
Ernest Failloubaz 27 Jul 1892
14 May 1919 		Switzerland Construction
Aviator
Support 		Propeller Constructed and piloted the first aircraft in Switzerland (10 May 1910);[90] first Swiss pilot's license (10 Oct 1910).[90]
Henry Farman 26 May 1874
17 Jul 1958 		France [nb 21] Design
Construction
Manufacture
Aviator 		Propeller Winner (in the Voisin-Farman No.1) of the Deutsch-Archdeacon Prize (13 Jan 1908);[nb 22] with brothers Richard and Maurice founded Farman Aviation Works (1908).[91]
Ferdinand Ferber† 8 Feb 1862
22 Sep 1909 		France Design
Construction
Aviator
Support 		Glider
Propeller 		Attempted (unsuccessfully) to replicate the Wright 1901 Glider from photographs; designed a series of aircraft (Ferber I through Ferber IX) for the Antoinette Company; designed, constructed, and flew the first tractor configuration biplane (May 1905);[93] (†) Voisin biplane, Boulogne, France.[94]
Anton “Anthony” Fokker 6 Apr 1890
23 Dec 1939 		Dutch East Indies
(Germany)
(Netherlands)
(United States) 		Design
Construction
Manufacture
Aviator(?) 		Propeller Designed, built, and flew the "Spin" (31 Aug 1911);[95] involved with the Luftstreitkräfte during WWI; constructed[nb 23] a machine gun synchronizer (22 Apr 1915),[97] leading to an aviation period known as the Fokker Scourge;[97] founded the US-based Atlantic Aircraft Corporation (1924) to manufacture his product in the United States.[nb 24]
Gerrit Johannes Geysendorffer† 1 April 1892
26 Jan 1947 		Netherlands Aviator Propeller First Dutch licensed airline transport pilot (1921);[99] awarded the 1926 Harmon National Trophy for the Netherlands;[100] captain of the first intercontinental charter flight (1927).[101] Died in the 1947 KLM Douglas DC-3 Copenhagen disaster.[99]
Lyman Gilmore Jr 11 Jun 1874
18 Feb 1951 		United States Design
Construction 		Propeller (Based largely on self-report and a 1936 interview) Tethered glider flight (1893);[102] free glider flight (1894);[102] (claimed in 1927) controlled steam-powered aircraft flight (15 May 1902);[102] all records, papers, and aircraft were destroyed in a fire;[103] opened first commercial airfield (15 Mar 1907).[104]
Tryggve Gran 20 Jan 1888
8 Jan 1980 		Norway
(Norway)
(Great Britain) 		Aviator Propeller First flight across the North Sea (30 Jul 1914),[105] four hours ten minutes from Cruden Bay, Scotland to Klep (near Stavanger), Norway in a Blériot monoplane.
René Grandjean 12 Nov 1884
14 Apr 1963 		Switzerland Design
Construction
Aviator 		Propeller Designed and built aircraft for Ernest Failloubaz and his record-setting flight (1910);[106] first snow takeoff and landing using skis (2 Feb 1912);[107] first water takeoff in a Swiss seaplane (4 Aug 1912).[108]
Andrea Grimaldi c. 1701 Italy Design
Construction 		Glider Italian monk reported to have flown from Calais to London in a bird-shaped airship with a 22-foot wingspan (Oct 1751).[109][110]
Lawrence Hargrave 29 Jan 1850

6 July 1915

United Kingdom

(Australia)

Science

Design Construction Aviator

Glider Invented the Box Kite (1893), greatly improving lift to drag ratio. Reached lift of 16 feet under a train of four of his box kites (1894). Invented a rotary engine (1889), which was much used in early aviation.
Augustus Moore Herring 3 Aug 1867
17 Jul 1926 		United States Design
Construction 		Glider
Propeller 		Assisted S.P. Langley (May – Nov 1895);[111] test pilot for Octave Chanute;[112] designed the Herring regulator; designed and constructed a compressed-air motorized biplane and reported a 15-meter hop (10 Oct 1898) and a 22-meter hop (12 Oct 1898);[113] business partners with Glenn Curtiss (1909).
Howard Hughes 24 Dec 1905
5 Apr 1976 		United States Design
Manufacture
Aviator
Support 		Propeller Founded Hughes Aircraft (1932);[nb 25] set record for flying around the world (91 hours) in a Lockheed Super Electra (1938); received the Congressional Gold Medal (1939) for achievements in aviation; majority stockholder in TWA (1939). [citation needed]
Vecihi Hürkuş 6 Jan 1895
16 Jul 1969 		Turkey Design
Construction
Aviator 		Propeller Constructed and flew (15 minutes) the first airplane in Turkey (Vecihi K-VI) (28 Jan 1925);[114] founded Turkey's first flying school (27 Sep 1932).[114]
Abbas Ibn Firnas 810
887 		Spain Design
Construction
Aviator 		Pre-history
Glider 		A 9th-century polymath covered himself with feathers and wings,[28] and “flew faster than the phoenix in his flight when he dressed his body in the feathers of a vulture” (c. 875).[10]
Karl Jatho 3 Feb 1873
8 Dec 1933 		Germany Design
Construction
Aviator 		Propeller Made an “aerial leap” (18 meters) in a powered airplane (18 Aug 1903);[115][nb 26]
Hugo Junkers 3 Feb 1859
3 Feb 1935 		Germany Science
Design
Construction
Manufacture 		Propeller Engineer, thermodynamicist, pioneer developer of practical all-metal airframe structures, first used in the 1915-16 Junkers J 1, using all-cantilever structural concepts meant to place all strength-bearing components within an airframe's outer envelope and established all-metal aircraft manufacturing techniques later used by American designer William Bushnell Stout and Soviet designer Andrei Tupolev after World War I.[116]
Wilhelm Kress 29 Jul 1836
24 Feb 1913 		Russia
(Austria) 		Science
Design
Construction
Aviator 		Glider
Propeller 		Developed a successful rubber-band powered model of a hang glider (1877);[117] designed aircraft control stick (1900);[citation needed] executed short hops over water in his Drachenflieger (1901).[citation needed]
Francesco Lana de Terzi 1631
1687 		Italy Science
Design 		Pre-history
Balloon(?) 		Designed an airship based on the theory of using evacuated metal spheres to create a lighter-than-air vehicle (1670).[10][28]
Samuel Langley 22 Aug 1834
27 Feb 1906 		United States Science
Design
Construction 		Propeller Designed and developed the Aerodrome No. 5 as a successful steam engine powered model which flew for 90 seconds covering roughly 3,300 ft (6 May 1896);[118] conversion into a larger piloted aircraft was unsuccessful (1903).[119]
Stephen Latchford 4 Feb 1883
1 Oct 1974 		United States Science
Support 		n/a United States diplomat, head of State Department's early aviation committees; aviation specialist during Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman administrations. Also Chairman of United States Section at the International Technical Committee of Aerial Legal Experts.[citation needed]
Otto Lilienthal† 23 May 1848
10 Aug 1896 		Germany Science
Design
Construction
Manufacture
Aviator 		Glider Designed and constructed a monoplane Derwitzer Glider (1891);[120] after nearly 2,000 flights he constructed a two-surfaced glider (1895);[121] (†) Glider crash (9 Aug 1896), Gollenberg, Germany.[122]
Charles Lindbergh 4 Feb 1902
26 Aug 1974 		United States Aviator
Support 		Propeller First solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean from New York to Paris in the Spirit of St. Louis (20/21 May 1927).[9]
Ed Link 26 Jul 1904
7 Sep 1981 		United States Science
Design
Support 		n/a Inventor of the Link Trainer flight simulator (1929);[123] received Royal Aeronautical Society Wakefield Gold Medal (1947).[124]
Mikhail Lomonosov 19 Nov 1711
15 Apr 1765 		Russian Empire Science
Design
Construction 		Rotor Designed and constructed a model of a coaxial propeller helicopter (Jul 1754)[125] to lift meteorological instruments.[126]
Albin K. Longren 18 Jan 1882
19 Nov 1950 		United States Aviator
Design
Manufacture 		Propeller Early pilot (1911) and barnstormer. Designed and manufactured numerous airplane models including the Longren AK with the first semi-monocoque body.[127]
William S. Luckey† 15 Feb 1875
20 Dec 1915 		United States Aviator Propeller Began flying at age 52 (1912); Curtiss Exhibition Flyers (1913–15);[128] winner, Round-Manhattan Race (13 Oct 1913);[nb 27] (†) critically injured (6 Sep 1915) in Sturgeon Falls, ON, Canada.
Daniel J. Maloney† 1879
18 July 1906 		United States Aviator Glider American pioneering aviator and test pilot who made the first high-altitude flights by man using Montgomery gliders in 1905.[130] (†) Glider, Santa Clara, California.
Hiram Stevens Maxim 5 Feb 1840
24 Nov 1916 		United States
(United Kingdom) 		Science
Design
Construction 		Rotor
Propeller 		Patented a design for a steam-powered “flying machine” (1889, and refined in 1891);[131] successful track-tethered test of a steam-engine powered biplane (Jul 1894);[132] designed and constructed a biplane that never flew (1910)[133]
John Alexander Douglas McCurdy 2 Aug 1886
25 Jun 1961 		Canada Design
Construction
Manufacture
Aviator 		Glider
Propeller 		Treasurer & Assistant Engineer, Aerial Experiment Association (1907–09);[11] first controlled powered flight in Canada "Silver Dart" (23 Feb 1909);[12] with "Casey" Baldwin (and financial support from Alexander Graham Bell) formed the Canadian Aerodrome Company, Canada's first aircraft manufacturing company.[15]
Walter Mittelholzer 2 Apr 1894
9 May 1937 		Switzerland Science
Aviator
Support(?) 		Propeller Director and head pilot of Ad Astra Aero, later becoming Swissair;[134] first north-south crossing of Africa (7 Dec 1926 – 21 Feb 1927);[citation needed] pioneer of aerial photography (Spitsbergen, 1923; Mount Kilimanjaro, 1929);[citation needed] personally flew/delivered a Fokker to Emperor Haile Selassie I (1934).[135]
John Joseph Montgomery† 15 Feb 1858
31 Oct 1911 		United States Science
Design
Construction
Aviator 		Glider Designed and constructed a series of early gliders, first to achieve unpowered controlled flight in the United States (1884). Designed tandem-wing gliders flown from high-altitude balloon launches (1904–1905), including first public flight exhibition in United States (29 April 1905). Developed pitcheron systems for control (first developed and applied in 1886, re-applied in 1911);[130][136] (†) Glider, Evergreen, California.
Edwin Moon† 8 Jun 1886
29 Apr 1920 		England Design
Construction
Aviator 		Propeller Designed, constructed, and flew a monoplane ("Moonbeam") (early to mid-1910);[137] the meadows of North Stoneham Farm which he used to take-off and land[138] would later become Southampton Airport; (†) Flying boat, Felixstowe, England.
J. T. C. Moore-Brabazon 8 Feb 1884
17 May 1964 		England Aviator Propeller Holder of Royal Aero Club certificate No. 1.[139]

First United Kingdom citizen to make a flight in Britain.[140]

Alexander Mozhayskiy 21 Mar 1825
1 Apr 1890 		Finland Science
Design
Construction 		Glider
Propeller 		Designed and constructed a steam-engine powered airplane that reportedly flew (hopped) (20–30 meters) with the assistance of a ramp (1884).[141][142][143]
Clyde Pangborn 28 Oct 1895
29 Mar 1958 		United States Aviator Propeller First non-stop trans-Pacific flight (5 Oct 1931).[144]
Cecil Pashley 14 May 1891
1969 		Great Britain Flight trainer
Aviator 		Glider
Propeller 		Founded the South Coast Flying club. Trained British pilots during world War I and World War II.
Richard Pearse 3 Dec 1877
29 Jul 1953 		New Zealand Design
Construction
Aviator 		Propeller Reportedly achieved powered (but poorly controlled) flight (31 Mar 1903).[145][146][nb 28]
Horatio Phillips 1845
1924 		England Science
Design
Construction 		Glider
Propeller 		Aeronautic theory: advancement of wind-tunnel design (1880s),[147] development of aerofoil design,[148] patented as “blades for deflecting air” (1884[149] and 1891);[150] designed multiplanes with multiple sets of lifting surfaces, patented (1890),[151] constructed (1893);[152] first powered “hop-flight” (500 ft) in Great Britain (1907).[93]
Percy Pilcher† 16 Jan 1866
1 Oct 1899 		England Science
Design
Construction
Aviator 		Glider Designed and constructed hang-glider (The Bat), first to achieve unpowered controlled flight in Great Britain (12 Sep 1895);[153] (†) crash-related injuries suffered on 30 Sep 1899, glider (The Hawk), near Stanford Hall, England.[154]
John Cyril Porte 26 Feb 1884
22 Oct 1919 		Ireland
(Ireland)
(Great Britain) 		Design
Construction
Manufacture
Aviator 		Propeller Aero Club de France aviator certificate (28 Jul 1911); test pilot (1913–14);[69] began to design and construct (with Glen Curtiss) an aircraft capable of transatlantic flight (1914);[155] testing was successful, but the flight was cancelled due to the outbreak of World War I.[156] Royal Naval Air Service, Squadron Commander, RAF Hendon (1914); secret U.S. visit as an official envoy testing aircraft for the British Government (Sep 1915).[157] Commander, Royal Naval Airstation Felixstowe, conducted flying-boat research; designed and constructed the Porte Baby (1916).[69]
Augustus Post 25 Dec 1873
4 Oct 1952 		United States Flying
Supporting
 Propeller Original founder of Aero Club of America which later became the National Aeronautic Association.[158] Thirteenth man to fly solo, in 1908.[159] Served as aid to Glenn Curtiss and co-authored The Curtiss Aviation Book published in 1912.[160] Participated in Aerial Experiment Association.[161] Served as official timer for Orville Wright’s record setting 57 minute flight at Ft. Myer, Virginia on September 9, 1908.[162]
Edvard Rusjan† 6 Jun 1886
9 Jan 1911 		Austria-Hungary
(Slovenia)
(Croatia) 		Design
Construction
Aviator 		Propeller Designed, constructed, and flew the first airplane in Slovenia (25 Nov 1909);[163] (†) , Belgrade, Serbia; first Serbian air exposition.
Charles Samson 8 July 1883
5 Feb 1931 		United Kingdom Aviator Propeller One of the first four British naval officers to train as a pilot;[164] first to fly an airplane (a Short S.27 biplane) off a moving ship (HMS Hibernia (May 1912).[165]
Alberto Santos Dumont 20 Jul 1873
23 Jul 1932 		Brazil
(France) 		Science
Design
Construction
Manufacture
Aviator
Support 		Balloon
Airship
Propeller 		Winner, Deutsch Prize (19 Oct 1901);[166] first powered winged aircraft flight in Europe (13 Sep 1906);[167] winner, Archdeacon Cup (23 Oct 1906) and Aéro-Club de France Prize (12 Nov 1906);[167] designed a light-weight monoplane Demoiselle and released the second variant (No. 20) from copyright or license (late 1909).[168]
Ivan Sarić 27 Jun 1876
23 Aug 1966 		Austria-Hungary (Serbia) Design
Construction 		Propeller
Rotor 		First public flight in Serbia (then Austro-Hungary) (16 Oct 1910).[169][nb 29]
Thomas Selfridge† 8 Feb 1882
17 Sep 1908 		United States
(United States)
(Canada) 		Design
Construction
Aviator 		Airship
Propeller 		Secretary, Aerial Experiment Association (1907–09);[11] U.S. Army Lieutenant who assisted the AEA in engineering, designing and piloting the Red Wing; first U.S. Military officer to pilot a powered aircraft White Wing (19 May 1908);[citation needed] first fatality of powered flight (17 Sep 1908).[nb 30]
Igor Sikorsky 25 May 1889
26 Oct 1972 		Russian Empire
(Russia)
(United States) 		Science
Design
Construction
Manufacture
Aviator 		Propeller
Rotor 		Designed and constructed the first four-engine aircraft, the Russky Vityaz cabin biplane, flew (13 May 1913);[172] and the Ilya Muromets, prototype for a commercial airplane (1914); first brief flight in a practical helicopter (14 Sep 1939).[173]
Sir Charles Kingsford Smith† 9 Feb 1897
8 Nov 1935 		Australia
(Great Britain)
(United States)
(Australia) 		Aviator Propeller First transpacific flight from the United States to Australia in the Southern Cross (31 May – 9 Jun 1928);[174][nb 31] first non-stop Australian transcontinental flight (Aug 1928);[175] first trans-Tasman flight (10/11 Sep 1928);[175] († disappeared) Lady Southern Cross, over the Bay of Bengal.[176]
Sir Thomas Sopwith 18 Jan 1888
27 Jan 1989 		England Design(?)
Construction
Manufacture
Aviator 		Propeller Royal Aero Club license No. 31 (22 Nov 1910); won £4000 Baron de Forest prize for the longest flight from England to the Continent in a British-built aeroplane, (169 miles (272 km) in 3 hours 40 minutes) in a Howard Wright 1910 Biplane (18 Dec 1910); established the Sopwith Aviation Company with Fred Sigrist (1912); and a Sopwith floatplane won the secondSchneider Trophy race 1913). The company produced more than 18,000 aircraft during World War I, including the Sopwith Camel fighter. Post war co-founded Hawker Aircraft.[177]
Eduard Spelterini 2 Jun 1852
16 Jun 1931 		Switzerland
(France)
(Switzerland)
(Denmark) 		Science
Aviator 		Balloon Licensed by the Académie d'Aérostation météorologique de France as a balloon pilot (1877);[citation needed] Swiss pioneer of ballooning and aerial photography;[nb 32] multiple crossings of the Alps;[178] assisted in medical research (1902).[nb 33]
Emile Taddéoli† 8 Mar 1879
24 May 1920 		Switzerland Design
Construction
Aviator 		Propeller Swiss flight certificate No.2 (10 Oct 1910);[180] pioneer of flying boats (e.g., SIAI S.13); chief seaplane pilot for Ad Astra Aero;[citation needed] first seaplane crossing of the Alps (12 Jul 1919);[181] (†) (Savoia flying boat) demonstration flight, Romanshorn, Switzerland.[180]
Shivkar Bapuji Talpade 1864
1916 		India Design
Construction 		? Reportedly launched an unmanned airplane (Marutsakhā) (1895)[citation needed]
Czesław Tański 17 Jul 1862
24 Feb 1942 		Poland Science
Design
Construction
Aviator 		Glider
Rotor
Propeller 		First successful model glider in Poland (1894);[182] first glider flight in Poland (1896);[182] biplane flight (1911).[182]
Nicholas A. Teleshov
[nb 34] 		1828
1895 		Russia Science
Design
Construction 		Propeller Received patent (with Gustave de Struve) for a steam-engine powered “flying machine” capable of carrying 120 people (i.e., commercial passenger aircraft) (1864),[183] and for a navigable balloon (1883).[184]
E. Lilian Todd 1865
26 Sep 1937 		United States Designer
Construction 		Propeller First female aircraft designer (c. 1906).[185]
Juan Trippe 27 Jun 1899
3 Apr 1981 		United States Manufacture(?)
Support 		n/a Founded several airlines including Colonial Air Transport (1926) and the Aviation Corporation of the Americas (1927) which would become Pan American Airways; created economy class to encourage travel; proponent of jet aircraft ordering Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 aircraft; requested a larger airplane resulting in the Boeing 747; recipient, Tony Jannus Award (1965).
Jules Védrines 21 Dec 1881
21 Apr 1919 		France Aviator Propeller

First pilot to fly at more than 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) on 2 Feb 1912, won Gordon Bennett Trophy race in 1912 flying a Deperdussin Monocoque. †St Rambert d'Albon near Lyon en route for Rome flying a Caudron C-23.[186]

Alfred V. Verville 16 Nov 1890
10 Mar 1970 		United States Design
Manufacture
Support 		Propeller Designed the Verville-Packard R-1 (1919), which won the first Pulitzer Speed Trophy (1920); the M-1 Massenger (1921); the Verville-Sperry R-3 (1922), the second aircraft with retractable landing gear (after the Dayton-Wright RB-1 Racer); member, U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (1946–61).
Aurel Vlaicu† 19 Nov 1882
13 Sep 1913 		Romania Design
Construction
Aviator 		Glider
Propeller 		Designed, built, and flew a glider (1909); a powered airplane Vlaicu Nr. I (17 Jun 1910); (†) Vlaicu Nr. II, near Câmpina, attempting to cross the Carpathian Mountains in flight for the first time.[187] Vlaicu Nr. III, the world's first metal-built aircraft, was under construction at the time of his death, but was completed in early 1914 by his collaborators.[188]
Gabriel Voisin 5 Feb 1880
25 Dec 1973 		France Design
Construction
Manufacture
Aviator 		Glider
Propeller 		With brother Charles, built gliders for Ernest Archdeacon (1902);[189] designed and constructed the first French powered aircraft (Voisin 1907 biplane) to achieve sustained controlled flight (1 Oct 1907);[189][nb 35] founded Appareils d'Aviation Les Frères Voisin, the first aircraft manufacturing company (1906).[190]
Traian Vuia 17 Aug 1872
3 Sep 1950 		Romania
(France) 		Design
Construction
Aviator(?) 		Propeller
Rotor 		Flight in tractor monoplane (France) (6 Mar 1906).[55][93]
Preston Watson† 17 May 1880
30 Jun 1915 		Scotland Design
Construction
Aviator 		Glider
Propeller 		On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the Wright Brothers’ historic flight (1953) and thirty-eight years after Watson's death, his brother James claimed that Preston had achieved powered flight before the Wrights.[191] He recanted in 1955 stating he had never claimed it was powered flight.[93]
Francis Herbert Wenham 1824
1908 		United Kingdom Science
Constructor 		Glider The first scientist to deduce the main properties of cambered aerofoil.[192] Built gliders and with John Browning the world's first wind tunnel in 1871.[192]
John Weston 17 Jun 1872
24 Jul 1950 		South Africa Design
Construction
Flying
Support 		n/a Regarded as "the grandfather of South African aviation”[193] and “South Africa's first aviator”;[194] 1907 to 1909, designed and constructed first aircraft built in South Africa;[193] founder of Aeronautical Society of South Africa (AeSSA); 1911 to 1912, gave numerous flying demonstrations throughout southern Africa to popularise flight.[193][195]
Gustave Whitehead (Weißkopf) 1 Jan 1874
10 Oct 1927 		Germany
(United States) 		Design
Construction
Aviator 		Glider
Propeller 		Designed and constructed a powered airplane (mid 1901);[196] claims to have made the first (1899),[197] second (14 Aug 1901),[197] and third (17 Jan 1902)[197] controlled powered airplane flights. This claim has long since been in dispute.[1][198][199][200]
Jan Wnęk 1828
10 Jul 1869 		Poland Design
Construction 		Glider Allegedly designed, constructed, flew a controllable glider (1866).[citation needed]
Wright brothers
Orville
and
Wilbur 		19 Aug 1871
30 Jan 1948
and
16 Apr 1867
30 May 1912 		United States Science
Design
Construction
Manufacture
Aviator
Support 		Glider
Propeller 		Together, designed and constructed biplane kite (1899); invented wing warping for flight control (c. 1899) and the aeronautical concept of three-axis control.[201] designed and constructed the 1900, 1901, and 1902 Gliders; and the powered 1903 Flyer; used data from systematic wind tunnel testing to design efficient air foils and propellers; first powered, controlled, sustained flight (Orville) for 12 seconds covering 37 meters (17 Dec 1903) and documented; (Wilbur) first complete circle in a powered manned airplane (20 Sep 1904); (Wilbur) Wright Flyer III circular flight of 38.9 km (24 m) (23 Jun 1905).
Czesław Zbierański 6 Dec 1885
31 May 1982 		Poland
(Poland)
(United States) 		Design
Construction
Aviator(?) 		Propeller With Stanislaw Cywiński designed and constructed Poland's first airplane (May 1911), flown (25 Sep 1911).[202]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Ader was regarded by many to be the French "father of aviation".[5]
  2. ^ Wilbur Wright flew around the Statue of Liberty (29 September 1909) .
  3. ^ Bell's initial kite-like designs were built by McCurdy and Baldwin and could only sustain flight by being towed into the air.[20]
  4. ^ Taught Fiorello La Guardia how to fly in exchange for driving lessons.[22]
  5. ^ Crossing the Pyrenees from Pau to Madrid.[25]
  6. ^ airmail flight from Basel to Liestal.
  7. ^ Crossing the Alps from Bern to Sion.[26]
  8. ^ Geoffrey’s publication in 1138, almost 2,000 years after the alleged flight, is the first historical mention of Bladud.[30]
  9. ^ This claim is disputed since the test pilot was a seasoned cyclist and it has been claimed that only someone with extreme conditioning and/or endurance could fly the Pedaliante.[40]
  10. ^ From Santiago, Chile to Mendoza, Argentina, reaching an altitude of 8,100 m (26,575 ft).[46]
  11. ^ From Buenos Aires to Rio Grande do Sul.
  12. ^ See reference for disqualification details.[47]
  13. ^ From Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro in 79 days (with only 62 hours of flying time) using three different planes (two were lost at sea), and relying solely on astronomical navigation.[50]
  14. ^ Wilbur Wright, in 1909, commented on Cayley: “About 100 years ago an Englishman, Sir George Cayley, carried the science of flying to a point which it had never reached before and which it scarcely reached again during the last century”.[51]
  15. ^ Gliding from the Galata Tower, across the Bosphorus, landing at Doğancılar Square.[54]
  16. ^ Quote from Coanda: “A poet is a man who sees abstract worlds and tries to bring them in the concrete world. In this regard I believe that any inventor, engineer or scientist, regardless of the aria of his concerns, is also a poet.”[59]
  17. ^ From Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro in 79 days (with only 62 hours of flying time) using three different planes (two were lost at sea), and relying solely on astronomical navigation.[66]
  18. ^ In January of 1912, Dunne demonstrated improved flight stability by taking a full page of notes on paper during a 6 minute solo flight with two turns.[84]
  19. ^ Modifications for take-off required outfitting the ship with “an 83-foot-long ramp, sloping 5 degrees over the bow. The ramp’s forward edge was 37 feet above the water”.[85]
  20. ^ “The landing platform, constructed of pine planks, was 130 feet long by 32 feet wide. Ten feet of it hung at an angle -- with a drop of four feet -- over the stern of the ship. The arresting gear comprised 21 ropes -- each with 50-pound sandbags attached to either end -- laid across the runway. Each rope was suspended 8 inches above the deck. Three hooks had been affixed to the underside of the aircraft to catch on the ropes when the landing was made”.[87]
  21. ^ Born in France to a British family, Farman took French nationality in 1937.[91]
  22. ^ “Awarded to the inventor of a flying machine who shall first accomplish a flight of one kilometer in a closed circuit without touching the ground…”.[92]
  23. ^ The design was an adaptation of the device recovered by the Germans from the downed airplane of Roland Garros.[96]
  24. ^ The death of Knute Rockne in the 1931 crash of a Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F.10 was highly publicized and shook the public’s confidence in Fokker aircraft.[98]
  25. ^ Designed and manufactured aircraft (e.g., H-1 Racer (1935), Hughes H-4 Hercules or Spruce Goose), the AIM-4 Falcon air-to-air missile.
  26. ^ “German historians do not claim that he made proper flights, but only that he was the first in Germany to leave the ground in a powered aeroplane under its own power”.[93]
  27. ^ A 60-mile circuit around Manhattan Island which he completed in just under 53 minutes.[129]
  28. ^ Despite over 50 years of research on his achievements, no substantiated proof exists regarding the dates of his work.
  29. ^ It has been suggested that Sarić’s first unobserved flight may have been in late June 1910.[170]
  30. ^ While flying as a passenger with Orville Wright, Selfridge was the first to die in an aircraft accident.[171]
  31. ^ With intermediate stops at Hawaii and Fiji) covering roughly 11,566 km (7,187 mi).
  32. ^ Spelterini began aerial photography in approximately 1893 and began taking a camera on his flights. Some highlights include Egypt (1904) and South Africa (1911).[citation needed]
  33. ^ Took a Swiss professor to high altitude to conduct blood-related experiments (1902).[179]
  34. ^ AKA – Teleshova, Teleshev, Nicolas de Telescheff.[citation needed]
  35. ^ The Voisin 1907 biplane was flown by Henry Farman to win the Deutsch-Archdeacon Prize (13 January 1908).[189]

References

[edit]
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