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Ballona Wetlands

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Ballona Wetlands Ecological Reserve
Map
LocationLos Angeles County, California, United States
Coordinates33°57′37″N 118°26′54″W / 33.960295°N 118.448211°W / 33.960295; -118.448211
Area577 acres (234 ha)
OperatorCalifornia Department of Fish and Wildlife

Ballona Wetlands Ecological Reserve (pronunciation: "Bah-yo-nuh"[1] or "Buy-yo-nah"[2]) is a protected area that once served as the natural estuary for neighboring Ballona Creek. The 577-acre (2.34 km2)[3] site is located in Los Angeles County, California, just south of Marina del Rey. Ballona—the second-largest open space within the city limits of Los Angeles, behind Griffith Park[4]—is owned by the state of California and managed by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. The preserve is bisected generally east-west by the Ballona Creek channel and bordered by the 90 Marina freeway to the east.

Ballona Wetlands Ecological Reserve is one of the last significant wetlands or marshes left in Los Angeles County, wetlands being "areas that are periodically, seasonally or perennially flooded that also have specific types of vegetation."[2] Ballona is a "fragile, self-sustaining bog, fed by both fresh and salt water…This and other major wetlands of the Los Angeles Basin, including Bixby Slough…have been largely filled in for urban development."[5] The value of Ballona is that "wetlands teem with life and are among the earth's most productive environments."[6]

Geography

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The original extent of Ballona Wetlands likely ranged between 1,500 acres (6.1 km2)[7] and 2,100 acres (8.5 km2).[8] The wetlands can be roughly divided into five ecologically distinct areas: saltwater marsh (wetland fed by the ocean), freshwater marsh (wetland fed by creeks and streams), riparian corridor (creek bottomland), sand dunes and bluffs.

Area B

Habitat types present in the wetlands include coastal prairie, coastal willow woodland, coastal shrubland, salt pannes and pools, vernal pools, and coastal urban forests.[9]

In addition to functioning as a tidal river estuary, Ballona Creek also acts as a flood control channel, and the construction of an estuarine harbor and port called Marina del Rey in the late 1950s, increased the 2,100-acre (8.5 km2) urbanized estuary by 700 acres (2.8 km2).[10]

Additional open space east of the wetlands was converted to agricultural uses by the early 20th century. Many of these farm fields became the private Hughes Airport with other fields staying under cultivation continuing well into the 1990s, when they became some of the last farm fields in the Los Angeles Basin. In the first decade of the 21st century the Hughes Airport land was developed as Playa Vista, a neighborhood east of Lincoln Boulevard.

Land rights

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Tongva people called this land Pwinukipar, meaning "it is filled with water"

The remaining open space of what was once the vast Rancho la Ballona has been the subject of a battle between developers and environmentalists that has been ongoing for decades.

Eighty-three acres (340,000 m2) of estuarine wetland were included in the state acquisition, previously privately owned by Howard Hughes, his corporate heirs and the subsequent developers of Playa Vista. Numerous environmental lawsuits and the acquisition of a part of the Wetlands by the State of California has helped to protect nearly all the open space west of Lincoln Blvd. (including all of the remaining tidal wetlands).[11]

Southern California Gas Company has a facility in Area B related to underground natural gas; oil drilling of the land took place in the 20th century and infrastructure from that era remains.[12]

Ballona Freshwater Marsh

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Ballona Freshwater Marsh (BFM) is a 26.1-acre (106,000 m2) marsh fed by water from the nearby Bluff Creek, a remnant of Centinela Creek. The freshwater marsh, located on the corner of Lincoln and Jefferson, was built in 2003 by the corporation that was building the adjacent Playa Vista neighborhood.[13]

The land had previously been a derelict celery field that supported approximately 50 bird species.[3] The creation of the Freshwater Marsh has been described as "wildly successful, providing rich native habitat and regulated access for people, where degraded land once dominated."[14] Some 250 species of birds have now been recorded at the Freshwater Marsh.[15]

Subdivisions

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Ballona Wetlands in 1959 before creation of Marina del Rey small boat harbor, facing the Venice Grand Canal and Ballona Lagoon (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)

The Ballona Wetlands are typically divided into four sections for planning and study purposes.[12]

Ecology and biodiversity

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"These marshes are more than for just the birds. They're also fish nurseries, water and air filtration systems, places for groundwater to refill aquifers, and buffer zones that help protect human homes and other property from floods."[9]

Spring blossoms of Ballona Wetlands Ecological Reserve

Wetland flora includes pickleweed, alkali heath, saltgrass, salt marsh dodder, arrowgrass, glasswort, and upland species like coyote bush and goldenbush.[17]

Common introduced species in the wetlands are crown daisy, Canary Island palm, ice plant, pampas grass, castor bean, ripgut brome, myoporum, wild mustard and wild radish.[18]

Eight acres (32,000 m2) of sand dune habitat has been restored by Friends of Ballona Wetlands volunteers.[19]

Orcutt's yellow pincushion (Chaenactis glabriuscula var. orcuttiana) is a rare native plant endemic to the coastal dunes of southern California that was newly discovered at Ballona in 2010.[20][21]

Wildlife

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Ballona is recognized as an Important Birding Area by the Audubon Society[22] and nearly 260 bird species across almost 50 taxonomical families have been observed visiting Ballona freshwater marsh alone.[23] The total bird count for the immediate area hits 320 species when the survey area includes the wetlands, the nearby bluffs, parks and residential neighborhoods.[9]

A newspaper mentioned seals, curlew and clams as 19th-century attractions of the once much-larger Ballona lagoon ("Our Sea-Side Resorts: Tell's Retreat" Los Angeles Daily Star, August 23, 1871)

The Ballona Wetlands and the adjacent city-owned lagoons are a stop along the migratory Pacific Flyway.[24] Migratory birds "rest and feed in wetlands, the only environment in which most species can find adequate food…Salt-water flooding offers birds a rich source of food, inviting both shore and land-dwelling migratory birds."[2] Some 90 percent of wetlands in Los Angeles County have been destroyed,[2] and "the missing wetlands are missing steppingstones in the Pacific Flyway—one of the largest north-south migrations of waterfowl in the world."[7]

Birders visiting the marsh "often spot red-throated loons, herons, tree swallows, barn swallows, hummingbirds and red-tailed hawks who like to surf the air."[25] The green heron, great blue heron and snowy egret are also frequent sights at Ballona[26] (with urban woodland trees alongside roadsides and buildings serving as rookeries). The shorebirds visit to feed on "clams, snails, crabs, worms, and shrimp."[5]

Birds generally uncommon to the area may appear in the Ballona watershed: "Here you'll see many surfbirds. Look for wandering tattlers, black oystercatchers, pelicans, scoters, loons and grebes. You may see the harlequin duck, Eastern kingbird and gray vireo, and there are many warblers, including the prairie warbler. Golden plovers, white-tailed kites and short-eared owls inhabit the mud flats."[27] Rarities (such as the bald eagle that visited the winter of 1977-78) aside, the majority of the bird population at water's edge are "the more common plovers, willets, sanderlings, curlews and killdeer."[26]

The myriad of shorebirds that dot our sand spits and mud flats, and even inland marshes, go for the most part undisturbed. He who would find himself the shorebirds should hie himself to the mud flats and boggy marsh lands lying a few miles out of Los Angeles…Before Playa Del Rey was thrust on an unwilling market, when it was plain old Ballona, and the sea was not assisted to flow over the mud-covered flats, the plover there were simply uncountable at low tide. It is the best beach—except Newport—to hunt them now but what it was and what it is are vastly different.

— "SHOOTING THE SHORE BIRDS: Best of Sport, Second Only to Duck Hunting. Now is the Time to Bag the Longlegged Waders. Many Varieties of Plover and Snipe to be Found on Our Marshes" (Los Angeles Times, 1903)

Bird species of special interest observed in the reserve include nesting pairs of Belding's Savannah sparrow and foraging California least terns.[28]

Great egret takes off toward the creek

The wetlands and surrounding waterways support a dozen species of dragonfly and a half-dozen additional damselflies.[29] Five species of bumblebee, including Crotch's bumblebee (identified as a "species of greatest conservation need"[30] by California Department of Fish and Wildlife), have been documented at the Wetlands.[31] There are several reptile species present,[32] including the San Diego legless lizard and a geographically isolated population of Southern Pacific rattlesnakes. A population of introduced red foxes was relocated in the 1990s; coyotes now regularly make themselves known in the wetlands, along the creek and in surrounding neighborhoods.

History

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Monument to Guashna village

Tongva artifacts and ancient human remains were found during excavation of the Playa Vista site. "To the 2,000 or so remaining Gabrieleños…the Ballona Wetlands are sacred. They made their homes near the wetlands. They ate the fish hatched in its estuaries and hunted the wild rabbits. They used the rare pickleweed and other plants to make medicine. They buried their dead there."[33]

The origin of the placename Ballona is disputed and remains poorly understood.

Main article: Ballona § Place name origin

During the expansion of Playa Del Rey in 1911, a California paper retold this history:

"The ocean frontage of La Ballona Rancho was known in early days as Ballona Slough. It consisted of marshy fields broken by sand dunes and lagoons of salt water, which were considered worthless as home for [anything but] duck and other game birds. In 1870 a native of Switzerland with the historic name of William Tell built a shack on the site of the present Del Rey Hotel, and named it Tell's Lookout. He furnished boats, guns and fishing tackle for his patrons. In 1877 Michael Duffy opened what he called Hunter's Cottage in Tell's old location. He furnished board as well as hunting outfits."[34]

An "old-timer," who told stories about the area between 1876 and 1890, recalled, "There were but a few trees in the valley at that time and standing on the hills back of the depot, one could see the breakers rolling over the sand dunes at Playa Del Rey, about four miles south of Palms, which at that time was called William Tell's Lake."[35]

A history of Santa Monica recalled “Duck shooting on Ballona laguna and boating on the laguna were popular pastimes. The boats on the laguna known as the Pollywog and the Mud Hen. Spanish games took place in the spring, when a channel was cut from the laguna to allow the overflow water to escape into the ocean, at the point now known as Playa del Rey.”[36]

The wetlands as they stood in 1887 were of interest because of the nascent plans for Port Ballona:

"Four miles southwest of Santa Monica, and ten miles southeast of Los Angeles, lying in the shelter of a low range of hills rising from the valley toward the sea, is a small narrow lake at the point where La Ballona creek debonches into the ocean. It is a true lake, for, although it lies close down upon the sand of the beach, a well-defined earth formation encloses it, and proves conclusively that it's water is not drawn by seepage from the sea. As has been said, the lake is exceedingly narrow. Its length along the shore is about two miles, and it varies in width from two hundred to six hundred feet. The water in it varies in depth, in ordinary times, from six inches to twenty feet.
Back of the lake there is a drift of sand-hills so common along the seacoast of Southern California, and behind these hills there stretch away for miles the low marsh lands of the Centinela ranch. La Ballona creek comes down through this marsh—which is, after all, only a wash of sediment from the hills and higher plains toward Los Angeles—and in the rainy season, the creek breaks through the sand-hills, and the waters overflow the lake and find an outlet to the ocean."

Also in 1887, "the great marsh of Ballona" was viewed as a resource for "persons living at Santa Monica."[37]

"The delicate seaweeds that come ashore are collected and pressed in designs, and vast quantities are sold to tourists and visitors. The various birds that stop here on the way north, especially the egrets, herons and ibises, are mounted as screens and fans, and many are shipped East for the trade there…the great marsh abounds in a remarkable variety of game, including some of the finest wild ducks. A good horse, that will allow shooting from the saddle, is a desideratum, as certain parts of the swamp are fordable, while others are extremely dangerous."
Ballona estuary in 1902, just prior to the development of Playa Del Rey
Main articles: Ballona Creek, Rancho La Ballona, and Port Ballona

There were multiple recreational hunting operations on the site through at least 1910. Duck hunters were particularly keen on the marsh's green-winged teals. As of 1921, Ballona Creek "came to a dead end about a mile from the ocean"[38] (the wetlands absorbed much of the water flow and access to the open ocean was presumably blocked by sand dunes).

In 1940, Howard Hughes bought the land below the Westchester bluffs for his airport. In January 1976, four months prior to the death of Howard Hughes, which would kick off the current era of Ballona's long history, the wetland was described by a resident of Playa Del Rey.

"The land, now owned by Howard Hughes' Summa corporation, is posted with 'No trespassing' signs. But field mice roam at will, as do jackrabbits, dogs, cats, horseback riders, bird watchers, geography-ornithology-botany classes, neighborhood children and all sorts of winged creatures."

She observed seven great blue herons foraging for food in the marsh at dusk, and wrote:

"No matter that this same scene had been repeated over a span of many winters—I would always be amazed and delighted that birds could find a patch of wilderness amid the concrete and stucco sprawl of Los Angeles. It is our dumb luck that, what nature has wrought, man cannot so easily tear asunder."[39]

Circa 1979: "The salt marshes on Howard Hughes Summa Corp. lands are the object of a bitter tug-of-war between developers and environmentalists. There, schoolgirls canter horses from a nearby stable in the late afternoons, and children and youngsters go with their classes to learn about ecology."[40]

In 1995, as the development process for Playa Vista was underway, the L.A. Times' nutshell history of Ballona's 20th century was this: "The Ballona Wetlands, near Marina Del Rey, are about all that remains of 1800 acres of marsh that once stretched from Venice south to the bluffs of Playa Del Rey, providing natural flood control and sustaining hundreds of plant and animal species. Construction of Ballona Creek in the 1930s began the process of wetland degradation; construction of the Marina in the 1960s just about completed it."[41]

Main articles: Hughes Airport (California) and Playa Vista
Ballona marshlands, lagoons and channels depicted in 1923 USGS topographical map of "Venice Quadrangle"

Restoration

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An extensive planning and public process for the restoration of the Ballona Reserve began in 2004. In December 2020, California Department of Fish and Wildlife certified the final environmental impact report for the Ballona Wetlands Restoration Project and selected a preferred alternative.[42] On May 17, 2023, Los Angeles Superior Court Judge James Chalfant ordered the final environmental impact report to be decertified.[43] CDFW decertified the EIR on September 28, 2023, and is now proceeding to revise the document as per the court order. CDFW hopes to have a draft revised EIR available for public comment by Spring 2025 and depending on public input received on the draft revised EIR, a recertified EIR by the end of 2025, and a reapproved project. Barring further litigation and dependent of available funding, CDFW hopes to implement initial project sequences in 2026..[44]

According to a state of California summary, "The project's restoration components include a net increase of approximately 200 acres (0.81 km2) of coastal wetlands, replacing approximately 9,800 feet (3,000 m) of existing Ballona Creek levees with transitional zones to accommodate for sea-level rise, realigning the existing Ballona Creek channel with a more natural meander shape through the project reach/re-established floodplain, and improving tidal circulation into the ecological reserve."[45]

Site improvements included in the proposed restoration plan include two new bridges (one spanning Lincoln and one crossing Ballona Creek just west of Culver), a scenic-overlook deck, 3.6 miles (5.8 km) of bike-walk trails, 5.5 miles (8.9 km) miles of pedestrian-only access, 2,000 feet (610 m) of boardwalk, educational signage and additional parking.[4]

Under the approved plan, SoCalGas will cap 16 oil wells and remove "accompanying service roads, concrete and infrastructure"; six monitoring wells will be installed to meet regulatory requirements.[40][46]

Conflict persists about Ballona restoration projects. UCLA sustainability professor Jon Christensen commented about the disagreement in 2020:

"Ballona is kind of a perfect microcosm of debates about nature on a planetary scale—two opposite ways of thinking about the human relationship with nature: one is that we've meddled enough, and we should leave it well enough alone, and the other viewpoint is that we are the dominant force on Earth, and we should use our knowledge and our skills and methods to restore nature."[19]

Stakeholders in favor of the plan include California Department of Fish and Wildlife, the Friends of the Ballona Wetlands, Heal the Bay, the Bay Foundation, SoCal Gas and SoCal Edison. Groups opposed include the Los Angeles Audubon Society, Grassroots Coalition, and Ballona Wetlands Land Trust.[47][48]

Access

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Ballona Freshwater Marsh great blue heron sign

One guide to day trips in the South Bay area of Los Angeles reported, "The beauty of this hike is understated. Two major roadways run beside the property, and CA 90 also drones and howls to the west…However, this should not deter anyone from visiting the wetlands. The idea is to think of what once was and what could be."[49]

Another writer visiting the freshwater marsh observed, "Though the sound of traffic is consistent, just feet away is another world filled with plants, wildlife and the song of birds."[13]

Portions of the Ballona Wetlands Ecological Reserve can be viewed from the Ballona Creek Bike Path.

Ballona Freshwater Marsh

Ballona Freshwater Marsh can be viewed during daylight hours from a .75-mile (1.21 km) (one-way) walking path along Jefferson and Lincoln Boulevards. Parking is available along Jefferson but those spots are often occupied by boondocking RVs. Additional parking is often available near Ballona Discovery Park in Playa Vista. Big Blue Bus line 3[50] and Metro bus line 115[51] serve this location.

Ballona Saltwater Marsh
Saltwater Marsh gate in Playa Del Rey

Ballona Saltwater Marsh is closed to the public, however Friends of Ballona Wetlands offers regular guided tours[52] and the Audubon Society hosts monthly bird walks.[53] The saltwater marsh tours are accessible from an entrance in Playa Del Rey.[51]

Tours of this area usually stop at an observation deck built on the old Pacific Electric Red Car berm.

Metro bus route 115 serves this area, and a limited amount of parking is available behind Gordon's Market.

Area A

Area A is accessible from Fiji Way, opposite Fisherman's Village in Marina Del Rey, or from an entrance along the Ballona Creek Bike Path. Area A is open 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., Wednesdays through Saturdays. Culver CityBus route 7 serves this location.[54] Parking for private automobiles is available in a dedicated lot. Bike racks are available along the bike path.

Ballona Discovery Park
Ballona Discovery Park

Ballona Discovery Park (1.7 acres)[55] is outside the boundary of the state-owned preserve but is located across the street, next to Bluff Creek, within the adjacent Playa Vista development. Conceived as an open-air museum, the site opened to the public in 2011.[55] Native plantings and bird feeders attract wildlife. A model kiiy and informational signs educate visitors and school groups about the Tongva native people. The street address is 13110 Bluff Creek Drive, Playa Vista 90094.

See also

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Other SoCal wetlands

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[edit]

References

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  1. ^ "F.A.Q." Ballona Creek Renaissance. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d Arancibia, Juan (November 7, 1985). "Endangered Species: Urbanization Threatens Wetland Havens for Migrating Birds". Los Angeles Times. p. LWS18.
  3. ^ a b "The History of Ballona Wetlands". Friends of Ballona Wetlands. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  4. ^ a b Frechette, Neysa; DeTroy, Harrison; Stees, Grace. "Ballona Wetlands Restoration Project" (PDF). Friends of Ballona Wetlands. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 19, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  5. ^ a b Pitt, Leonard; Pitt, Dale (1997). Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20274-0.
  6. ^ De Wolfe, Evelyn (March 23, 1986). "Wetlands Preserve: Audubon Society to Restore Bird Habitat". Los Angeles Times. pp. I6.
  7. ^ a b Spiller, Jane (July 25, 1997). "Forward, Marsh: As Experts Work to Revive Vanished Wetlands, Such as Bolsa Chica Near Long Beach, They Draw Lessons From Both Sides of the Border". Los Angeles Times. p. 1.
  8. ^ Gumprecht, Blake (1999). The Los Angeles River: its life, death, and possible rebirth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6047-4. OCLC 39897332.
  9. ^ a b c >Higgins, Lila; Pauly, Gregory B. M (2019). Wild L.A.: Explore the Amazing Nature in and Around Los Angeles. Timber Press. ISBN 978-1604697100.
  10. ^ Sahagun, Louis (December 23, 2019). "'Coastal Disneyland project'? Groups debate plan to restore Ballona wetlands". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  11. ^ Ballona Wetland Restoration Project Description Archived June 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ a b c d e Duvuvier, Isabelle (June 15, 2005). "Ballona Wetlands Interim Stewardship and Access Management Plan" (PDF). ID Architects. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  13. ^ a b concretechaparral (April 10, 2018). "Ballona Freshwater Marsh". Concrete Chaparral. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  14. ^ Kay, David W. (December 17, 2014). "Enemies of Oxford Lagoon?". Marina Del Rey, CA Patch. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  15. ^ "Ballona Freshwater Marsh, Los Angeles County, CA, US - eBird Hotspot". ebird.org. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
  16. ^ "The Village at Playa Vista EIR" (PDF). 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  17. ^ Mary Small (July 21, 2010). Ballona Wetland Public Access Improvements (PDF) (Report). California Coastal Commission. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
  18. ^ Spiller, Jane (March 11, 1997). "Returning the Natives: Students Help Reestablish Original Species on Ballona Dunes". LOS ANGELES TIMES.
  19. ^ a b Man, Lauren (November 5, 2020). "The Quad: Exploring the restoration of Ballona Wetlands, the last landscape of its kind in LA". Daily Bruin. Archived from the original on July 23, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  20. ^ Sahagun, Louis (March 19, 2010) "Discovery of rare wildflower in Ballona Wetlands could halt recreation project." Los Angeles Times Retrieved 3 March 2018
  21. ^ Agostoni, Kristin (May 17, 2010). "Rare plant species discovered at Sand Dune Park". The Daily Breeze. Archived from the original on March 3, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  22. ^ "Ballona Wetlands (Ballona Valley)". Audubon. September 12, 2016. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  23. ^ "BALLONA Freshwater Wetlands Bird List (2003–2019)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  24. ^ "Featured Scientist | pacific flyway". wildlife.ca.gov. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  25. ^ Guzman, Richard (June 7, 2016). "Where Audubon followers bond for urban bird watching". Long Beach Press-Telegram. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  26. ^ a b Jones, Mark, "LA BALLONA WETLANDS: Ecosystem Vs. the Developers," Los Angeles Times, 1978-11-17, p. h1.
  27. ^ Greenleaf, Leland (April 7, 1981). "FEATHER REPORT: as birders, you can flock to the nearest audubon group--or just wing it". Los Angeles Times. pp. I4.
  28. ^ Mary Small (July 21, 2010). Ballona Wetland Public Access Improvements (PDF) (Report). California Coastal Commission. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
  29. ^ "Place ID 4114: Ballona Wetlands Ecological Preserve". iNaturalist. Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  30. ^ "Legal status of Bumble Bees in California". wildlife.ca.gov. Archived from the original on June 12, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  31. ^ "Grassroots Coalition Announces Endangered Bumble Bee Discovered at Ballona Wetlands in Los Angeles – What More Can California State Officials Overlook?". www.businesswire.com. May 25, 2021. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
  32. ^ "Ballona Wetlands Wildlife and Area Map" (PDF). Grassroots Coalition. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  33. ^ Mitchell, John L. (January 9, 1983). "Indians Hope to Save Heritage in Ballona Wetlands". Los Angeles Times. pp. WS1.
  34. ^ "Santa Cruz Sentinel 21 January 1911 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Archived from the original on July 30, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  35. ^ Guzman, N.S. (March 4, 1928). "Rancho Days of Past Recalled: Culver City Neighborhood Pioneers' Playground, Excursions to Santa Monica Popular in 1876, Historic Fifty-Mile Horse Race Retold". Los Angeles Times. pp. B5.
  36. ^ Ingersoll, L. A. (1908). Ingersoll's century history, Santa Monica Bay cities: prefaced with a brief history of the state of California, a condensed history of Los Angeles County, 1542 to 1908: supplemented with an encyclopedia of local biography and embellished with views of historic landmarks and portraits of representative people. Ingersoll's century series of California local annals ;[v. 2]. Los Angeles: Luther A. Ingersoll.
  37. ^ Kelp, "By the Kelp Beds: The Adventures of a Buncosteerer With a Reporter. How Santa Monica Got Rid of Gamblers--Talks with an Old BeachComber--Big Sharks--The Leopard Shark--Great Possibilities," Los Angeles Times, 1887-07-11, p. 10.
  38. ^ "Ask County to Protect Venice from Flood Water". Evening Vanguard. August 23, 1921. p. 1. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
  39. ^ Kirkpatrick, Doris, "To a Wild Spot in the Urban Sprawl: The Reassuring Return of Seven Herons," Los Angeles Times, 1976-01-09, p. c5.
  40. ^ a b Merl, Jean (April 26, 1979). "Still Waters of Del Rey Lagoon Gives Rise to Springtime Flood of Arguments". Los Angeles Times. pp. CS1.
  41. ^ "The Ballona Wetlands and Reality: A proposed partial restoration may be the best that can be achieved at this time". Los Angeles Times. January 4, 1995. pp. EVB12.
  42. ^ "Ballona Wetlands Restoration Project: Final Design, Permits & Community Engagement" (PDF). California State Coastal Conservancy. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 26, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  43. ^ "Judge orders halt to Ballona Wetlands restoration project". LA Times. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
  44. ^ "CDFW: Ballona Wetlands Restoration Project". California Department of Fish and Wildlife. May 2024. Archived from the original on September 4, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
  45. ^ "Summary of Ballona restoration plan alternative 1". Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  46. ^ Adams, Grace (November 19, 2020). "As SoCalGas begins well removal in Ballona Wetlands, uncertainty about future restoration project remains". Los Angeles Loyolan. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
  47. ^ Sullivan, Caden Sullivan (January 4, 2022). "The Ballona Wetlands are Getting a Makeover Despite Opposition to the Ecological Change". Westside Current. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  48. ^ "Ballona Wetlands are getting a makeover, but opponents don't want too much ecological change". KCRW. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
  49. ^ Riedel, Allen, "Chapter 4: Ballona Wetlands," Best Easy Day Hikes South Bay L.A.. N.p., FalconGuides, 2009.
  50. ^ "Route 3 - Lincoln Blvd - Big Blue Bus". www.bigbluebus.com. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
  51. ^ a b "Route 115 map & schedule" (PDF). Metro Los Angeles. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
  52. ^ "Saltwater Marsh". Friends of Ballona Wetlands. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
  53. ^ "Los Angeles Audubon - Bird Walks (Los Angeles, CA)". Meetup. Archived from the original on July 23, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  54. ^ "Line 7 - Culver Blvd". www.culvercitybus.com. Archived from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
  55. ^ a b "Ballona Discovery Park | American Public Gardens Association". www.publicgardens.org. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.

Further reading

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Stakeholders

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