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Banu Nahd

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Nahd (نهد)
EthnicityArab
NisbaNahdi (نهدي)
LocationYemen, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Qatar, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, India, Somaliland, Algeria, Tunisia & Indonesia
Parent tribeBanu Zayd
BranchesRawdan, Maqarim, Yazid & Daalfan

Banu Nahd (Arabic: بنو نهد) is a tribe across the Arabian peninsula that has ancient origins. They are the sons of Nahd bin Zaid bin Laith bin Sud bin Aslam bin Al-Hafi bin Quda’ah bin Malik bin Himyar. Banu Nahd originates from the Quda'ah tribal federation which is mostly agreed upon to be Qahtanite, originating from the Himyar tree.[1][2] However, it is still debated between genealogists if it originates from Ma'ad which is Adnanite. There are 4 main branches of Banu Nahd. These 4 branches are Banu Radwan, Banu Maqarim, Banu Yazid and Banu Daalfan.[3]

Subtribes of Banu Rawdan - Al Thabit, Al 'Ajaj, Al Faris, Al Manif, Al Badr, Al Bishr, Al Mudhaza', Al Rassam, Al Shammakh, Al Shuwai’, Al Hassan, Al Muqayzih, Al Yamani

Subtribes of Banu Maqarim -Al Huwayl, Al Jahran, Al Ali bin Aboud, Al Badr Muhammad, Al Najjar, Al Jadhanan, Al Kuwir Al Muhanna, Al Ibri, Al Kulaib, Al Kulaib Belhafla, Al Marada’a

Subtribes of Banu Yazid - Al Shabib, Al Qamazin, Al Budhayab, Al Ramah, Al Habu’, Al Fuhaid, Al Maqda’, Al Hamdan, Al Zu’, Al Jabal, Bahadidah

Subtribes of Banu Daalfan - Al Sharman, Al Hatyan, Al Aifan, Al Azoul, Al Sayel, Al Karshin, Al Tirban, Al Maksur, Balbaqari[2]

It is a possibility that the father of Quda'ah was a stepson of Ma'ad, which is where the confusion stems from.[4] There is also a Nahdi War cry that goes "Qahtan, Oh Father!" Implying that the Nahd believe they are Qahtanite.[5]They have a symbol of 811 and also call themself "Nahd al 'Aasiyah".[2][3]

Lineage of Nahd (Qahtanite)

They are often referred to being Bedouins, it is said by Ibn Khaldun that most Nahdis are mixed from Banu Khath'am and Bajilah.[1]Banu Nahd are now mostly sedentary but they have preserved Bedouin laws and customs of Hadhramaut.[6][7][8]

The tribe of Nahd are well built, being a decently sized tribe, having a unique dual chieftainship and don't widely have an ex-slave/maskin class, contrary to other Arab tribal societies.[9][10]

"Their reputation for hospitality is such that they have been known to fire on cars, if the occupants did not stop for a meal".[9]


Location[edit]

The Nahd originally lived in Najran, Bisha, Sharurah, Tathleeth, Sarat Abidah, Tareeb, Jash, Tabalah, Qarara (East of Khamis Muhshait), Dhu Baydan and Abalam (Between Najran and Tathleeth), Bardan (45 KM north of Khamis Mushait) and Khadara (35 KM north of Dhahran Janoub). Prior to their mass migration across Arabia their capital was at Hajirah south of Tathleeth between Hamdhah and Amoah, it was situated on a Gold mine.[11]

Map of the Nahd in South Arabia

Banu Nahd today are now most notably in Wadi Hadhramaut where their capital, Qa'udah is situated. However, Qaydun in Wadi Dawan (Where they also own 10 miles of)[12] was also described as the center of the Nahd.[9][13] Nahd claims a large area from Al Qatun to Sayhad and also inhabit Taribah in Seiyun District.[7][14]

The Nahd have a presence in Wadi 'Amd where they are neighbors with the Ja'ada tribe,[9] Wadi Rakhiya near the border of Shabwah,[15] Wadi Dahr in Eastern Shabwah[16] and Wadi al Ain connected to the east of Wadi Dawan, also having large presence in the Shibam District.[17] They are also in the Sarawat Mountains including Hejaz where they live in Wadi al Safra between Mecca and Medina and in the North of Hejaz in Wadi al Qura.[18][1]

The Nahd have also been across Najd and have a degree of presence in Khaleej, especially in UAE and in Iraq and Oman.[19][20]

The Nahd have begun migrating to North Africa starting in the 11th century where they now inhabit close to the border of Algeria and Tunisia living around the city of El Kala in El Taref province.[21] Nahdi tribes have migrated across the Indian Ocean to Java, Indonesia (where they constitute much of the population of Tegal)[15] Somaliland, India, and Saudi Arabia (Jeddah).[10][22]

Some of the Nahd also lived in rural parts of Andalusia.[11]

History[edit]

A map depicting dialectal differences about Alif

Banu Nahd was a major and important tribe in the Najran Region (Which Included Bisha and Tabalah). They grew in mumbers that started to comepte with the Major tribe of Madhhaj, being feared until the Nahd started fighting with Jarm which used to be their allies and were apart of Quda'ah.[23][24]

The Nahd participated in the Himyarite war under Abu Karib Assad against the Lakhmids in 428 AD which involved the conquest of Wadi Masil 50km South east of Dawadimi, going on to also and penetrating deep into Al Hira, the Lakhmid Capital.[25]

The Nahd before Islam despite the Himyarites following Judaism were polytheists. Prophet Muhammad sent a message to the Banu Nahd along with other tribes in Yemen to follow Islam, to which the Nahd agreed however not initially. The Nahd were described to be well equipped with weapons, they offered milk to Muhammad however it was declined by the Prophet because he wouldn't accept a gift from pagans. Despite this, he offered to buy the milk which surprised them and gave them respect for the Prophet because the Banu Nahd has always had their treasures robbed. The Banu Nahd agreed to join the religion with no war.[26][27]

After Islam, the Banu Nahd participated in the battle of al Qadisiyyah where they were led by a general named Qays bin Hidhyam bin Jurthumah. "O Banu Nahd, attack because you were called Nahd only in order to do that" However Khalid bin Urfutah told him to stop this advance, warning that he would be replaced by someone else.[28]

During the times of the Umayyads, Qasour Bin Ma'alal who was apart of the Nahd Tribe was appointed as the Governor of Sistan.[29]

There has been a battle narrated Abu Muhammad al Hasan al Hamdani who lived from 890s-940s in his work of Al Iklil (Volume 2) that stated the Madhhaj allied to Nahd and Khawlan were engaged in conflict against the tribe of Hawazin which instigated a large war between Quda'ah and the Qaysi tribes[30]

The Nahd, along with their allies of the time, Banu al Harith were attacked by the Yahya bin al Hussein during 910 AD. They were in support of the Sulayhid Dynasty under King Ali al Sulayhi. In 1140 they would declare support for the Sulaymanids and would attack the Banu Yam tribe that has a huge presence over the province of Najran in 1154. They would begin mass migrating to Hadhramaut in 1195 (along with Banu al Harith and Banu Dhannah, their allies) due to multiple possible reasons such as:

A Bedouin belonging to the Nahd[12]

1 - Drought situations

2 - Pressure from the Zaydi Imamate

3 - Interest into the agriculture of Wadi Hadhramaut.

After their migration, the Nahd would begin intense conflict with Local Hadhrami tribes and would establish a strong presence in Hadhramaut to this day.[11][31]

The Nahd, numbering around 1,500 Soldiers, would begin revolting against Umar Bin Mahdi who was appointed as the Ayyubid Governor of Hadhramaut in the 1220s. He was described as a tyrannical ruler and many of the tribes of Hadhramaut would dislike him. Nahd would kill Umar Bin Mahdi in 1223 AD in Shibam, taking over the city along with Tarim, the two main cities of Wadi Hadhramaut at the time. Following this, they gained full control over eastern and central regions of Wadi Hadhramaut, as well as dismantling Ayyubid Control over Hadhramaut, shortly after this the Al Yamani Sultanate, a Nahdi Dynasty led by Omar bin Ma'soud would integrate the lands that were occupied by Nahd.[11][32]

Nahd would succeed in establishing their rule over Hadhramaut, having control of not only the Interior but also the coast of Hadhramaut.[33]

In 1226-27 rain would flood much of Wadi Hadhramaut, weakening the rule of Nahd which allowed the Banu Sa’ad to take over Shibam in 1229, In the same year though under Omar bin Ma’sud would take Al Hajrain and in 1230 he would take Henin and besiege the Iqbal in their city of Al Shihr until they paid him to leave. He would purchase Shibam back  in 1231 AD and would attack and take over Wadi ‘Amd, then returning to Tarim.[34]

Nahd would succeed in establishing their rule over Hadhramaut, having control of not only the Interior but also the coast of Hadhramaut.[33]

Omar bin Ma’sud had desires outside Hadhramaut launching an invasion to Marib and Al Hazm, talthough this would fail.[35]

Iqbal would successfully take over Nahdi Possessions of Tarim and Shibam in 1236 AD, this was changed however when in 1238 AD Nahd would counterattack and take over Hadhramaut again Amer Bin Shammakh, who is apart of the Rawdan Sub tribe. Following this, the Iqbal Family would be expelled.[32][35]

When the Rasulids came to Hadhramaut the same year Banu Nahd would make peace with them but would then break this treaty with the Al Yamani taking back Tarim and Amer Bin Shammakh apart of another Nahdi Clan would take over Shibam and also establishing a state in Western Hadhramaut centered at Al Soor which is West of Henin. This would again put Wadi Hadhramaut under Nahdi Control.[32][11]

The al Yamani Dynasty would last until the Kathiri took over their last holding in Tarim in 1521 AD.[32]

The Nahd and Kathiri would continue to fight in Western Hadhramaut shortly after the Al Yamani dynasty was abolished. In 1531-2 an army of 200 Nahdi Forces would leave their homelands in Wadi Hadhramaut and would besiege the city of Al Shihr, ruled by the Kathiri and would force the Inhabitants to evacuate.[36]

In 1716 AD the Qasimids sent an incursion into Wadi al Ain consisting of 400 Men attacking the Nahd. This attack failed miserably and all 400 troops were killed.[34]

Nahd and the Aden Protectorate during the 1930s[37]

In Algeria and Tunisia, the Banu Nahd has had a long rivalry with the Khoumir, which is also an Arab tribe that resides in El Kala. Nahd would pay light tributes to the Bey of Constantine. When the Bastion De France, a trading company abandoned their old outpost they would move to El Kala during 1677, which the Nahd claimed east of the city. In 1772 Nahd, along with another tribe, Arid engaged in war against Banu Mazen in El Kala cutting the supply lines to the city until peace was established. General Guingret of the French would suppress the Nahd in the 1840s among others such as the Khoumirs and Beni Saleh pillaging their tribes.[21]

In 1881 February Nahd would launch an attack against the Khoumirs. In response, the Khoumirs would launch a counterattack of 400-500 men until the French halted them in late March same year.[38]

During 1888 Hadhramaut would be under the claim of Aden protectorate which was ruled by Britain.[39] Unlike the other tribes, the Nahd (also the Karab) was independent from both the Hadhrami Sultanates (Qu'aiti and Kathiri).[40] The Nahd in the 1920s had an army of about 3000-4000 led by their ruler at the time, Sheikh Ibn Minif. They were friendly with the Qu'aiti and had a bitter rivalry with the Sei'ar, a tribe north of Nahd.[41]

As the British sought peace in Hadhramaut(1930s-1940s), which was engaged in constant tribal warfare. There would be negotiations between the Nahd and Ja'adah which were the last biggest barrier to establishing peace among tribes in Hadhramaut, the signing between the two tribes went good and the Brits would move onto the al Thabit. The al Thabit is a branch of Nahd that split off, fighting specifically against al 'Ajaj. This was a struggle and peace was only established by the Brits threatening al Thabit with destruction. Nahd also signed a truce with the Se'iar at Henin.[5][9]

The Nahd supported the SAL (South Arabian League) during the Aden Emergency which was against the NLF (National Liberation Front). The South Arabian League was a nationalist organization formed in 1951 being one of the first modern political groups of South Yemen. The SAL wanted the Aden protectorates to all unite in one nation, rejecting Britain's colonial acts. It was founded by the al Jifri family in Lahij and by Sheikhan al Habshi, a Hadrami.[42] The SAL got a great amount of support from Saudi Arabia and Nahd was among many that gave the SAL tribal support. Their support later died down and the SAL was disbanded. Qahtan al Sha'bi who was the co-founder of SAL before joining the NLF went on to become the first ruler of South Yemen.[43]

What the Nahd support in the Modern Yemeni Civil War is rather divided between STC and the De jure Yemeni Government. There has been some instances where some Nahdi tribes would rally in support for Aidarus al-Zoubaidi, the president of the STC,[44] but the current tribal leader, Al-Hakam Saleh bin Ali bin Thabit has declared support for the Yemeni Government under Rashad al Alimi.[45]

References[edit]

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