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Breakthrough Initiatives

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Breakthrough Initiatives is a science-based program founded in 2015 and funded by Julia and Yuri Milner,[1] also of Breakthrough Prize, to search for extraterrestrial intelligence over a span of at least 10 years. The program is divided into multiple projects. Breakthrough Listen will comprise an effort to search over 1,000,000 stars for artificial radio or laser signals. A parallel project called Breakthrough Message is an effort to create a message "representative of humanity and planet Earth".[2][3] The project Breakthrough Starshot, co-founded with Mark Zuckerberg,[4] aims to send a swarm of probes to the nearest star at about 20% the speed of light. The project Breakthrough Watch aims to identify and characterize Earth-sized, rocky planets around Alpha Centauri and other stars within 20 light years of Earth.[5] Breakthrough plans to send a mission to Saturn's moon Enceladus,[6] in search for life in its warm ocean, and in 2018 signed a partnership agreement with NASA for the project.[7]

History

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The Breakthrough Initiatives were announced to the public on 20 July 2015, at London's Royal Society by physicist Stephen Hawking. Russian tycoon Yuri Milner created the Initiatives to search for intelligent extraterrestrial life in the Universe and consider a plan for possibly transmitting messages out into space.[8][9] The announcement included an open letter co-signed by multiple scientists, including Hawking, expressing support for an intensified search for alien radio communications. During the public launch, Hawking said: "In an infinite Universe, there must be other life. There is no bigger question. It is time to commit to finding the answer."[10][11]

The US$100 million cash infusion is projected to mark up the pace of SETI research over the early 2000s rate, and will nearly double the rate NASA was spending on SETI research annually in approximately 1973–1993.[9]

Projects

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Breakthrough Listen

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Main article: Breakthrough Listen
The Green Bank Telescope is one of the radio telescopes used by the Breakthrough Listen project.

Breakthrough Listen is a program to search for intelligent extraterrestrial communications in the Universe.[8][10][12] With $100 million in funding and thousands of hours of dedicated telescope time on state-of-the-art facilities, it is the most comprehensive search for alien communications to date.[10][12] The project began in January 2016, and is expected to continue for 10 years.[13]

The project uses radio wave observations from the Green Bank Observatory and the Parkes Observatory, and visible light observations from the Automated Planet Finder.[14] Targets for the project include one million nearby stars and the centers of 100 galaxies. All data generated from the project are available to the public, and SETI@Home is used for some of the data analysis. The first results were published in April 2017, with further updates expected every 6 months.

Breakthrough Message

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The Breakthrough Message program is to study the ethics of sending messages into deep space.[12] It also launched an open competition with a US$1 million prize pool, to design a digital message that could be transmitted from Earth to an extraterrestrial civilization. The message should be "representative of humanity and planet Earth". The program pledges "not to transmit any message until there has been a global debate at high levels of science and politics on the risks and rewards of contacting advanced civilizations".[15]

Breakthrough Starshot

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Main article: Breakthrough Starshot
On 24 August 2016, ESO hosted a press conference to discuss the announcement of exoplanet Proxima b at its headquarters in Germany. In this picture, Pete Worden giving a speech.

Breakthrough Starshot, announced 12 April 2016, is a US$100 million program to develop a proof-of-concept light sail spacecraft fleet capable of making the journey to Alpha Centauri at 20% the speed of light (60,000 km/s or 215 million km/h) taking about 20 years to get there,[16][17] and about 4 years to notify Earth of a successful arrival.[16][18][19]

The interstellar journey may include a flyby of Proxima Centauri b, an Earth-sized exoplanet that is in the habitable zone of its host star in the Alpha Centauri system.[20] From a distance of 1 Astronomical Unit (150 million kilometers or 93 million miles), the four cameras on each of the spacecraft could potentially capture an image of high enough quality to resolve surface features.[21] The spacecraft fleet would have 1000 craft, and each craft, named StarChip,[22] would be a very small centimeter-sized craft weighing several grams.[22] They would be propelled by several ground-based lasers of up to 100 gigawatts.[23] Each tiny spacecraft would transmit data back to Earth using a compact on-board laser communications system.[23] Pete Worden is the head of this project.[24][25] The conceptual principles to enable this interstellar travel project were described in "A Roadmap to Interstellar Flight", by Philip Lubin of UC Santa Barbara.[26][27] METI president Douglas Vakoch summarized the significance of the project, saying that "by sending hundreds or thousands of space probes the size of postage stamps, Breakthrough Starshot gets around the hazards of spaceflight that could easily end a mission relying on a single spacecraft. Only one nanocraft needs to make its way to Alpha Centauri and send back a signal for the mission to be successful. When that happens, Starshot will make history."[28]

In July 2017, scientists announced that precursors to StarChip, named Sprites, were successfully launched and flown.[29]

Breakthrough Watch

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Breakthrough Watch is a multimillion-dollar astronomical program to develop Earth- and space-based technologies that can find Earth-like planets in our cosmic neighborhood – and try to establish whether they host life.[30] The project aims to identify and characterize Earth-sized, rocky planets around Alpha Centauri and other stars within 20 light years of Earth, in search of oxygen and other "biosignatures."[5]

Breakthrough Enceladus

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Main article: Breakthrough Enceladus mission

Breakthrough Enceladus is an astrobiology space probe mission concept to explore the possibility of life on Saturn's moon, Enceladus.[6] In September 2018, NASA signed a collaboration agreement with Breakthrough to jointly create the mission concept.[31] This mission would be the first privately funded deep space mission.[7] It would study the content of the plumes ejecting from Enceladus's warm ocean through its southern ice crust.[32] Enceladus's ice crust is thought to be around two to five kilometers thick,[33] and a probe could use an ice-penetrating radar to constrain its structure.[34]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Breakthrough Initiatives - About". Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  2. ^ Lendino, Jamie (20 July 2015). "Stephen Hawking, Milner unveil $100M initiative to 'dramatically accelerate' search for alien life". ExtremeTech. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  3. ^ Johnson, Steven (28 June 2017). "Greetings, E.T. (Please Don't Murder Us.)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  4. ^ Seung, Lee (13 April 2016). "Mark Zuckerberg just joined a new project to explore the universe faster". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  5. ^ a b "Breakthrough Initiatives". breakthroughinitiatives.org. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  6. ^ a b Powell, Corey S. (19 December 2018). "Billionaire aims to jump-start search for alien life and rewrite rules of space exploration". NBC News. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  7. ^ a b Harris, Mark (8 November 2018). "NASA is giving advice to Yuri Milner's private mission to Enceladus". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019. The first private mission to deep space is gathering momentum.
  8. ^ a b Feltman, Rachel (20 July 2015). "Stephen Hawking announces $100 million hunt for alien life". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  9. ^ a b Billings, Lee (20 July 2015). "Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Nets Historic Cash Infusion". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  10. ^ a b c Merali, Zeeya (20 July 2015). "Search for extraterrestrial intelligence gets a $100-million boost. Russian billionaire Yuri Milner announces most comprehensive hunt for alien life". Nature. 523 (7561). Nature News: 392–3. Bibcode:2015Natur.523..392M. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18016. PMID 26201576.
  11. ^ Vella, Matt (21 July 2015). "Read the Inspiring 'Questions of Existence' Letter from the World's Greatest Thinkers". Time. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  12. ^ a b c Rundle, Michael (20 July 2015). "$100m Breakthrough Listen is 'largest ever' search for alien civilisations". Wired. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  13. ^ "Breakthrough Initiatives". breakthroughinitiatives.org. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  14. ^ Sample, Ian (20 July 2015). "Anybody out there? $100m radio wave project to scan far regions for alien life". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 July 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  15. ^ "Breakthrough Initiatives". www.breakthroughinitiatives.org. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  16. ^ a b Stone, Maddie (12 April 2016). "Stephen Hawking and a Russian Billionaire Want to Build an Interstellar Starship". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  17. ^ Staff (12 April 2016). "Breakthrough Initiatives - Breakthrough Starshot". Breakthrough Initiatives. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  18. ^ Overbye, Dennis (12 April 2016). "Reaching for the Stars, Across 4.37 Light-Years; A Visionary Project Aims for Alpha Centauri, a Star 4.37 Light-Years Away". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  19. ^ "Breakthrough Starshot". Breakthrough Initiatives. 12 April 2016. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  20. ^ Chang, Kenneth (24 August 2016). "One Star Over, a Planet That Might Be Another Earth". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  21. ^ "Starshot - Target". Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
  22. ^ a b Gilster, Paul (12 April 2016). "Breakthrough Starshot: Mission to Alpha Centauri". Centauri Dreams. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  23. ^ a b "Starshot - Concept". Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
  24. ^ McBride, Sarah (20 July 2015). "Billionaire Milner pledges $100 mln to find intelligent life in space". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015.
  25. ^ "Breakthrough Initiatives". Archived from the original on 15 January 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  26. ^ Lubin, Philip (April 2015). "A Roadmap to Interstellar Flight" (PDF). Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 69 (published February 2016): 40–72. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  27. ^ Hall, Loura (7 May 2015). "DEEP IN Directed Energy Propulsion for Interstellar Exploration". NASA News. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2016. NASA is pleased to hear that Professor Lubin has received external funding to continue the work started in his NIAC study.
  28. ^ Osborne, Hannah (12 April 2016). "Alpha Centauri mission: Stephen Hawking and Yuri Milner plan to send tiny spacecrafts [sic] to the stars". International Business Times UK. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  29. ^ Staff (26 July 2017). "In Quest To Reach Alpha Centauri, BreakThrough Starshot Launches World's Smallest Spacecraft - First Prototype 'Sprites' – Precursors to Eventual 'StarChip' Probes – Achieve Low Earth Orbit". BreakThroughInitiatives.org. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  30. ^ "Breakthrough Initiatives". breakthroughinitiatives.org. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  31. ^ Mandelbaum, Ryan F. (8 November 2018). "Report: NASA and Yuri Milner Working Together on Life-Hunting Mission to Enceladus". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  32. ^ Wall, Mike (9 November 2018). "Billionaire Yuri Milner's Breakthrough Initiatives Eyes Private Mission to Seek Alien Life". Space.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019. Breakthrough Initiatives was investigating the feasibility of launching a probe that would look for signs of life in the plume of water vapor and other material wafting from Enceladus' south polar region.
  33. ^ Deatrick, Elizabeth (21 June 2016). "Saturn moon Enceladus' ice shell likely thinner than expected". GeoSpace. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  34. ^ Čadek, Ondřej; Tobie, Gabriel; Van Hoolst, Tim; et al. (2016). "Enceladus's internal ocean and ice shell constrained from Cassini gravity, shape, and libration data". Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (11): 5653–5660. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..43.5653C. doi:10.1002/2016GL068634. ISSN 1944-8007.
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