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Burmanniales

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Burmannia disticha L.
(Type species)

Burmanniales Mart.[1][2] (Burmanniales Blume,[3][4] Burmanniales Heintze[5][6])[a] was an order of monocotyledons, subsequently discontinued.

Description

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Small perennial or annual mycorrhizal herbs that are achlorophyllous (lacking chlorophyll) and mycotrophic or less often autotrophic.[9]

Systematics and taxonomy

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Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius listed the ordo (that is, family)[b] Burmanniaceae in 1835 and consequently has been cited as an authority, although he acknowledged earlier descriptions by Carl Ludwig Blume (1827) and John Lindley (1830).[12]

In 1927 Heintze elevated the Burmanniaceae family to the rank of the Burmanniales order.[13] Subsequent authors have followed this, including Lawrence 1951,[14] Hutchinson 1973,[15] Dahlgren 1980[16]) and Thorne 1992.[17] Johri et al. treat the 17 families of order Liliiflorae as distributed over 5 suborders, including Burmanniineae Engl.. The latter suborder was then considered to contain two families, Burmanniaceae and Corsiaceae.[18] As circumscribed by Dahlgren (sensu Dahlgren) it was one of five orders belonging to the superorder Liliiflorae and was composed of three families, Burmanniaceae (the type family), Thismiaceae, and Corsiaceae.[19] Later, Burmanniales was included by Takhtajan in the 2009 revision of his system with the same family structure, as an order of superorder Lilianae (as the Liliiflorae were renamed).[9]

Phylogeny

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Historically the Burmanniales were considered the closest to the orchids, being epigynous with small seeds, although this was not supported when subjected to cladistic analysis,[20][21] suggesting these characteristics were actually convergent.[22] Phylogenetic analysis showed that Burmanniales was actually polyphyletic,[23][24] resulting in a redistribution of the families between the Liliales and Dioscoreales orders. With the type family Burmanniaceae placed in Dioscoreales (together with Thismiaceae), the Burmanniales order became redundant and was discontinued.

Etymology

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The name is derived by typification from the type genus Burmannia, named after the Dutch botanist Johannes Burman (1707–1779),[25] followed by the suffix -iales, to indicate the rank of order.

Notes

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  1. ^ The botanical authority was attributed to Heintze by Hoogland and Reveal in 2005, [7] but subsequently revised to Martius in view of changes to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) at the Vienna Botanical Congress that year.[2] However the authority has also been attributed to Blume, by the same author.[4] The Angiosperm Phylogeny Web gives Martius.[8]
  2. ^ The term Ordo at that time was closer to what we now understand as Family, rather than Order.[10][11]

References

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  1. ^ Martius 1835, Consp. Regn. Veg.: 9. Sep–Oct 1835.
  2. ^ a b Reveal 2005.
  3. ^ Blume 1827, i p. 27.
  4. ^ a b Reveal 2007.
  5. ^ Heintze 1927, pp. 6, 159.
  6. ^ Reveal 1997.
  7. ^ Hoogland & Reveal 2005.
  8. ^ Stevens 2015, Dioscoreales.
  9. ^ a b Takhtajan 2009, Burmanniales pp. 636–638.
  10. ^ ICN 2011, 18.2 Names of families and subfamilies, tribes and subtribes.
  11. ^ Candolle 1813, Des familles et des tribus pp. 192–195.
  12. ^ Lindley 1830, Burmanniae.
  13. ^ Heintze 1927, p. 6.
  14. ^ Lawrence 1951, p. 431.
  15. ^ Hutchinson 1973.
  16. ^ Dahlgren 1980.
  17. ^ Thorne 1992.
  18. ^ Johri, Ambegaokar & Srivastava 1992.
  19. ^ Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985, Burmanniales pp. 215–219.
  20. ^ Rasmussen 1995.
  21. ^ Rasmussen 2000, p. 432.
  22. ^ Chase 2004.
  23. ^ Neyland 2002.
  24. ^ Neyland & Hennigan 2003.
  25. ^ Quattrocchi 2000, i p. 377.

Bibliography

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