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National Space Activities Commission

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National Space Activities Commission
Comisión Nacional
de Actividades Espaciales

CONAE headquarters in Buenos Aires
Agency overview
Formed28 January 1960; 64 years ago (1960-01-28) (As CNIE)
28 May 1991; 33 years ago (1991-05-28) (As CONAE)
Preceding agency
JurisdictionArgentine government
HeadquartersAv. Paseo Colón 751, Buenos Aires
Employees1,000+
Annual budgetIncrease 7.458 billion ARS (US$77.5 million) (2021)[1]
Agency executive
  • Raúl Kulichevsky [2], Executive and Technical Director
Websiteargentina.gob.ar/ciencia/conae

The National Space Activities Commission (Spanish: Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales, CONAE) is the civilian agency of the government of Argentina in charge of the national space programme.

History

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Sociedad Argentina Interplanetaria

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During the 1940s, Teófilo Tabanera organized a group of foreign and Argentine specialists as the Sociedad Argentina Interplanetaria, SAI (Argentine Interplanetary Society). Tabanera's efforts ensured that Argentina was the first Latin American nation to create a spaceflight organisation and in 1952 was one of the founding members of the International Astronautical Federation. Argentine Aldo Cocca was a pioneer in space law and helped originate the idea of space being the common heritage of humankind, later enshrined in United Nations treaties of the 1960s.[3]

Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales

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Logo de la Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales.
Logo Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales CNIE

In 1960, Tabanera was named head of the newly created Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales "CNIE" (National Commission for Space Research), a forerunner agency founded in 1960.

CNIE worked with the Argentine Air Force's Instituto de Investigaciones Aeronáuticas y Espaciales (IIAE) to develop a number of indigenous multistage high-altitude sounding rockets and missiles (Alfa Centauro and Beta Centauro in 1961, Gamma Centauro in 1962, Proson-M1 in 1963, Orión-1 in 1965, Orión-2 and Canopus I in 1966, Rigel, Canopus II and Castor in 1969 and Tauro in 1977).[4][5][6][7][8][9] Argentina was the first country in Latin America to send an object into space using an indigenously developed rocket.[citation needed]

In October 1968, a committee of French studies (from the CNES) visited the airport to conduct a survey and trace maps and planes, planning to carrying out a bi-national project called EOLO that involved launching from three bases in Argentina (Mendoza, Neuquén, and Tierra del Fuego), small super pressure balloons which would be interrogated by a satellite during its flight. Once checked the appropriate soil conditions, in April of the following year, the Command-in-Chief of the Argentine Air Force formally requested to the Mendoza provincial State a grant the loan of a portion of land located in the north side of the airport, to establish the station. As requested, the province gave the land required as free loan extended for five years. After that time, the remaining facilities would be taken by the local government. The program, from the CNIE's side, was initially managed from the Argentine Air Force Condor Headquarters in Buenos Aires by EE Ingeniero Enrique Setaro. Upon the starting of the operational phase of the program the CNIE replaced him with an Air Force officer.

During the 1970s, Argentina regularly launched the American two-stage solid-propellant Castor rocket up to 500 kilometers altitude. This rocket carried international experiments for several countries.[10]

In the 1970s the CNIE signed an agreement with the French Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) (English: National Centre for Space Studies) to create and implement the EOLO Program. It would involve the launch of 500 stratospheric air balloons into the Earth's stratosphere to study the dynamics of air displacement. The stratosphere is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the troposphere, and below the mesosphere. The stratosphere is stratified (layered) in temperature, with warmer layers higher and cooler layers closer to the Earth; this increase of temperature with altitude is a result of the absorption of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation (shortened UV) by the ozone layer.

Condor Program

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In the 1980s, Argentina took part in a multinational effort to develop the Condor missile. Under United States pressure, the Condor program was cancelled in 1991. The associated development and production facilities at Falda del Carmen were closed down, the Fabrica Militar de Aviones, which concentrated on development of surveillance satellites for Earth resource and environmental monitoring.[clarification needed][citation needed]

Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales

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The present commission (CONAE) was created on 28 May 1991, during the government of Carlos Menem, after the cancellation of the military Condor missile program in an attempt to move all the commission efforts to civilian purposes. It received the Air Force aerospace facilities in Córdoba and Buenos Aires of the former CNIE, as well as some of the civil personnel involved in the cancelled project.[citation needed]

Since the 1990s the new commission signed agreements with NASA and European agencies and has developed a number of Earth Observation satellites, including SAC-A, the failed mission SAC-B, and the SAC-C launched in 2000 and still operating.[citation needed]

The administration of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner renationalizes Fabrica Militar de Aviones in 2009 and the Falda del Carmen facility has been reactivated to support the development of the new Tronador II rocket. Defense missile and rocket development has been restarted under the umbrella of CITEFA.[citation needed]

Teófilo Tabanera Space Center

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Teófilo Tabanera Space Center (CETT)
Córdoba Ground Station (ETC) antennas tracking a satellite

The Teófilo Tabanera Space Center, or CETT (Centro Espacial Teófilo Tabanera), is located 30 km southwest from Córdoba, in a region called Falda del Carmen and houses the following installations:

Cordoba Ground Station

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Responsible for the tracking, command and control (TT&C) of the Argentine satellites, and for the ingestion, cataloging and archiving of satellite data products. CONAE's Córdoba Ground Station (ETC) has been in operation since 1997. It has capacity for data reception and TT&C. Currently, it receives data from 12 international satellites, besides the data from Argentine missions. The National Space Program foresees the setting up of a second ground station in Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego Province, at the southern tip of Argentina, to enable the collection of data on the Antarctic continent.[11]

Mission Operation Center

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Responsible for planning, commands elaboration and monitoring the Argentine satellites. Today the SAC-C Mission Operation Center is fully operative and SAC-D mission operation centre is being implemented in order to control the SAC-D/Aquarius satellites launched on 10 June 2011.[citation needed]

Testing and Integration Facilities

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Testing and Integration Facilities are specialized spaces where different components of space missions, such as satellites, spacecraft, and instruments, are tested, assembled, and integrated. These facilities play an important role in ensuring that the equipment and technology intended for space missions function properly and reliably.[12]

Institute for Advance Space Studies "Mario Gulich"

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For the promotion of advanced knowledge and innovative use of space information, it also aims at developing highly skilled human resources. It has been named in honor of former CONAE physicist Mario Gulich, who conceived the first Argentine satellite for scientific applications: the SAC-B. Mr. Gulich died in 1994.[citation needed]

Tronador II test site

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VEx-1A at its launch pad, Punta Indio Spaceport

CONAE built a rocket test site[13] at Las Pipinas, Punta Indio Partido (35°31′25″S 57°11′05″W / 35.523496°S 57.1846139°W / -35.523496; -57.1846139 (Centro Espacial Punta Indio - Sector L)) in the Buenos Aires Province, named "Polo Espacial de Punta Indio". It is intended to test the Vex rockets, technological demonstrators for the Tronador II launcher.[14][15][16][17][18][19]

Tronador II launch site

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The Tronador launch site will be called "Complejo Argentino de Acceso Al Espacio" (Argentine Space Access complex),[20] located at Puerto Belgrano Naval Base.[21][22][23][24]

Satellite systems

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SAC-D

The national space program provides for two satellite series and both are devoted to Earth observation: one with main Argentine instruments in the optical range (SAC) and the other one in the microwave range (SAOCOM).[25]

SAC series

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The SAC series has been developed by the CONAE together with the Argentine company INVAP and a number of local universities, in close cooperation with the NASA. It has also included the participation of Brazil, Denmark, Italy and Germany.[citation needed]

In 2019, five Argentine satellites have been launched: SAC-A, a technological demonstration satellite, SAC-B, which was devoted to scientific research, SAC-C, the first Earth Observation Satellite of Argentina, SAC-D and SAOCOM 1A.[26]

In this context, CONAE has joined efforts with NASA in the creation of the First International Earth Observation Constellation, with Argentine SAC-C and the U.S. Landsat 7, EO-1 and Terra missions.[27]

The satellite launched by CONAE was SAC-D/Aquarius, which was launched on 10 June 10, 2011.[28] It will carry the NASA-provided Aquarius mission for taking measurements of sea salinity which will contribute to the better understanding of the environment, together with CONAE-provided sensors which will contribute to monitoring possible fire focuses.[29]

Past missions

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SAC-A view from the Space Shuttle
  • SAC-A: 3 December 1998 (Space Shuttle). Conceived to test systems and as a technological model.[citation needed]
  • SAC-B: 4 November 1996 (Pegasus rocket). The first Argentine scientific satellite, whose main goal was the study of solar physics and astrophysics. Launching problems prevented it from been deployed in orbit. As it was still attached to the rocket, it could not extend its solar panels and was only operated while the batteries lasted.[citation needed]
  • SAC-C: 21 November 2000 (Delta rocket). Still operational. Launched as part of the AM Constellation together with NASA's Landsat 7, TERRA and EO-1. Carries a Multispectral mid-resolution sensor (MMRS), a high resolution technological camera (HRTC), a high sensitivity camera (HSTC) and the GPS Occultation and Passive reflection experiment (GOLPE). All instruments where provided by CONAE except GOLPE, which was provided by NASA.[citation needed]
  • SAC-D/Aquarius: SAC-D was launched on 19 June 2011.[28] Part of a cooperation program between CONAE and NASA (Goddard Space Flight Center and JPL). It carries seven instruments to study the environment, and a technology demonstration.[citation needed]
  • SAOCOM 1A: 8 October 2018 by a Falcon 9 of SpaceX. It is an Earth observation satellite.

Future missions

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  • SABIA-Mar 1 (SAC-E): launch in 2024.[30] Satellite for the observation and information recollection on water and food on the Mercosur area, developed together with the Brazilian Space Agency.[31]
  • SAC-F: Unknown launch date.[32]

SAOCOM series

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A SAOCOM SAR antenna.

On the other hand, the SAOCOM series involves the construction of two missions with an L-band full polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) as main payload, with Belgium and Italian partnership.[33]

Future missions

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  • SAOCOM: Under development. Satellite that will carry a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), and will be part of a constellation of other satellites in partnership with the Italian Space Agency (ASI).[citation needed]

SARE

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The SARE satellites are under study. They will weigh around 200 kg and employ nanotechnology.[citation needed]

Launch vehicles

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Tronador II rocket

The Tronador (rocket), under development, is a multi-stage satellite launcher. It was expected to start flight tests in 2012. The T-4000 third stage test-rocket (with a diameter of 43.8 cm) is also being developed, with the current version using a liquid propellant engine of 40 kN trust.[34] However, in the last 4 years, 1 third stage prototype and 1 first stage pre-prototype launch attempts have been unsuccessful. The last of these attempts ended with the rocket falling in the side of the launcher structure without any fire or explosion due to the rocket being loaded with only 460 kg of fuel for a short combustion in order to test the engine in flight for a few seconds, no material, human or environmental harm resulting.[35]

Airborne systems

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CONAE is actually operating a self developed airborne SAR called SARAT. The radar is capable of obtaining full polarimetric L-band data with a resolution of 3 x 0.4 m. It is intended as a pre-SAOCOM test bench.[citation needed]

International cooperation

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These missions will be part of the Italian-Argentine System of Satellites for Emergency Management (SIASGE), together with the Italian COSMO-SkyMed missions (see related article Orfeo Programme). Knowing the great advantages of combining the information provided by L and X Band radars and the convenience of a shorter revisit period, Argentina and Italy are joining efforts to develop this system, which will be fully devoted the provision of information to lessen the consequences of natural disasters.

CONAE, in July 2003, joined the International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters', which aims to provide a unified system of space data acquisition and delivery to those affected by natural or man-made disasters through authorized users.

The agency secured an agreement with the European Space Agency on 24 June 2009, for the installation of a 35-m antenna and other mission support facilities at the Pierre Auger Observatory, near Malargüe, Mendoza. The facility will contribute to the ESA's Mars Express, Venus Express, and Rosetta space probe projects, as well as CONAE's own, domestic research and the ESA's planned Deep Space project. One of only three such ESA installations in the world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA to ensure mission coverage around the clock.[36][37]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Organismos Descentralizados Composición del Gasto por Jurisdicción, Entidad, Finalidad y Gastos Figurativos" (PDF). 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  2. ^ "Nombramiento del Nuevo Director Ejecutivo y Técnico de la CONAE". CONAE (in Spanish). 14 May 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  3. ^ Cocca A. Introduction to the Study of the Legal Framework for Economic Activity in Space. Cordoba, 1982. p159 cited in Danilenko GM (1988). "The Concept of the "Common Heritage of Mankind" in International Law". Annals of Air and Space Law. XIII: 247–63 at p 250 fn11.
  4. ^ "Proson-M1". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  5. ^ "Orión-1 /-2". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  6. ^ "Canopus". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  7. ^ "Rigel". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  8. ^ "Castor". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  9. ^ "NTI: Country Overviews: Argentina: Missile Chronology". 19 February 2006. Archived from the original on 19 February 2006. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  10. ^ "Castor (A)". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  11. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ "Test Facilities - NASA". Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  13. ^ El lanzamiento del cohete tronador [dead link‍]
  14. ^ "Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales - Tronador II". Conae.gov.ar. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  15. ^ Rey, Patricia (14 October 2013). "Argentina To Put First Satellite In Space Using Own Launch Technology By 2015". Ibtimes.com. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  16. ^ "Cohete Tronador II: más que un monumento de Tecnópolis". Colonbuenosaires.com.ar. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  17. ^ "Argentina lanzará un cohete de diseño nacional que pondrá en órbita satélites de observación". Infobae.com. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  18. ^ Bruno Massare. "Varotto: "A fines del año que viene deberíamos tener un lanzador satelital"" (in Spanish). TSS. Retrieved 31 January 2018. Decidimos interrumpir el desarrollo de los vehículos experimentales (la serie VEX) porque consideramos que con lo ya hecho no íbamos a aportar mucho más con otro experimental que lo que aportaría el modelo tecnológico.
  19. ^ "Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales - 2014". Conae.gov.ar. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  20. ^ "Argentina en el Espacio: En busca de la soberanía espacial". 2 October 2014.
  21. ^ "El INVAP de Bariloche ya prepara el Arsat 2 y 3 para 2015 y 2017". Energypress.com.ar. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  22. ^ "VEX1 - Machtres Aeronautica y Espacio". Machtres.com. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  23. ^ "VEx-5".
  24. ^ "Argentina's SLV development". Forum.nasaspaceflight.com. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  25. ^ "CONAE official satellite missions profile". Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  26. ^ "SAC-B official mission profile". Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  27. ^ "SAC-C official mission profile". Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  28. ^ a b "NASA's 'Age of Aquarius' Dawns With California Launch". NASA GSFC. Retrieved 10 June 2011. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  29. ^ "SAC-D official mission profile". Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  30. ^ "Revisión de hitos constructivos entre CONAE e INVAP para la misión SABIA-Mar" [Review of construction milestones between CONAE and INVAP for the SABIA-Mar mission]. CONAE (in Spanish). MINCYT. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  31. ^ "Sac-e". Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  32. ^ "Plan Espacial Nacional Argentina en El Espacio 2004 - 2015" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  33. ^ "CONAE official SAOCOM missions profile". Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  34. ^ "Tronador LSA".
  35. ^ "Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales - Nuevo comunicado de prensa". Archived from the original on 11 March 2014.
  36. ^ "Buenos Aires Herald: Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina". Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  37. ^ Argentina Noticias: ESA will install an antenna in Mendoza Archived 2011-05-31 at the Wayback Machine

20. STRAT CAT. Mendoza Airpark - Stratospheric balloon launches

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