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Centenary of the Armistice of 11 November 1918

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Centenary of the Armistice of 11 November 1918
Part of the First World War centenary
Top to bottom, left to right:
  1. Commemorative ceremony at the Arc de Triomphe
  2. Commemorative exhibition at London King's Cross
  3. Remembrance Day ceremony in Toronto
  4. Relatives of Gavrilo Princip and Archduke Franz Ferdinand shaking hands
Date11 November 2018; 6 years ago (2018-11-11)
Participants
  • State and international organisation representatives
  • Thematic institutions
  • Relatives of World War I veterans

The centenary of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 was an international series of events marking the 2018 anniversary of the armistice which ended hostilities in World War I. It concluded the series of commemorations marking the wider First World War centenary beginning in 2014. The date of the centenary was marked by numerous events were scheduled in conjunction with the series of related annual memorial days (Armistice Day, Remembrance Day and Veterans Day) and also as part of commissions established for the purposes of marking the four year centenary of the First World War.

Commemorations in France were led by President Emmanuel Macron, and included an international ceremony in Paris which attracted many world leaders, in addition to the first Paris Peace Forum. In London, a service of thanksgiving was hosted at Westminster Abbey, with a German representative invited to participate in the annual National Service of Remembrance for the first time. Other military ceremonies and events elsewhere throughout the United Kingdom and in key members of the Commonwealth which participated in the war, as well as across the world.

Background

[edit]
Main article: Armistice of 11 November 1918
Front page of The New York Times on 11 November 1918

The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was signed near the French town of Compiègne, between the Allied Powers and Germany—represented by Supreme Allied Commander Ferdinand Foch and civilian politician Matthias Erzberger respectively—with capitulations having already been made separately by Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. The agreements made by both sides included the cessation of all land and air hostilities on the Western Front. It was agreed upon at 5 am (Paris time) and came into effect later that morning at 11 am.[1]

Formal peace negotiations only took place during the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 and 1920. With three extensions to the armistice having already been made, a state of peace was ratified with a series of treaties between the Allies and the former Central Powers, beginning with the Treaty of Versailles on 10 January 1920.[2][3]

Following the end of the war, 11 November was designated a memorial day initially dedicated to the anniversary of the armistice and the military dead of World War I, known as Armistice Day. The first such observance took place in 1919.[4] Following World War II, it was renamed under different titles in several countries (e.g. Remembrance Day in the Commonwealth and Veterans Day in the United States).

Several national governments drafted plans to mark the First World War centenary with commemorative events, beginning with the 2014 anniversary of the outbreak of World War I and also marking key dates of the war such as the Gallipoli campaign in 2015 and the battles of Verdun and the Somme in 2016.[5][6]

France

[edit]

Planning

[edit]

The official schedule for the centenary was announced on 18 September 2018, during a press conference hosted by education minister Jean-Michel Blanquer and Geneviève Darrieussecq, secretary of state to the Minister of the Armed Forces.[6] It included an international ceremony at the Arc de Triomphe followed by the inaugural edition of the newly founded Paris Peace Forum, plans which were already mentioned by French President Emmanuel Macron in a speech published in July.[7] The government's Mission Centenaire committee was responsible for the organisation of the events.[6]

Events

[edit]

4–10 November

[edit]
Military parade in Chambéry

On 4 November, Macron and his spouse Brigitte Macron hosted German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier at the Strasbourg Cathedral. Following a military ceremony, they attended a concert inside, conducted by the orchestra of the Académie supérieure de Strasbourg.[8] The flags of France, the European Union and Germany were hoisted outside the cathedral.[9][10]

On 6 November, Macron announced that writer Maurice Genevoix, author of numerous books on the First World War, would be posthumously listed on the Panthéon in 2019, alongside fourteen other French civilians and soldiers who participated in World War I.[11] Separately, he and Malian President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta opened a memorial for fallen colonial soldiers in Reims.[12] Throughout the course of the week, he visited symbolic Western Front locations across eleven departments in the north and east of the country.[10][13] The visits were the subject of anger from local voters over what the Financial Times described as his "perceived metropolitan disregard for their pocketbook concerns."[14]

On 10 November, invited international guests to the Arc de Triomphe ceremony, including German Chancellor Angela Merkel, began arriving in Paris. Around 10,000 police officers, gendarmes and soldiers were placed on duty in the lead up to the events.[15] Merkel visited the Glade of the Armistice at Compiègne alongside Macron, where they laid a wreath, unveiled a plaque dedicated to Franco-German reconciliation and signed a book of remembrance in a replica of the railway carriage where the armistice was signed. The visit was symbolic as it marked the first time that French and German leaders had visited the site since 1945.[16][17]

Macron later held a bilateral meeting with Trump at the Élysée Palace, which took place a day after Trump tweeted that "Europe should first pay its fair share" of NATO defence expenditures in response to the former's suggestions for a continental European army.[18][19] A similar meeting was planned between Trump and Putin, but it was ultimately scrapped due to the forthcoming G20 Buenos Aires summit.[20][21][22] Justin Trudeau, the prime minister of Canada, participated in separate commemorations at the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in northern France.[23] An official reception dinner for invited guests took place in the evening at the Musée d'Orsay.[24]

11 November

[edit]

At 11 am (CET), bells across France rang simultaneously to mark a century since World War I ended, including at Notre-Dame de Paris and at churches in overseas France.[25][26] Guests for the international ceremony had been received by Macron at the Élysée Palace in the morning before departing in unison.[27] Trump, Putin and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu showed up late to the venue, as they opted for their own transportation due to security concerns.[27][28][29] The ceremony began shortly after 11 am, following a presidential inspection of troops, a roll call of French soldiers killed in the preceding year and an army choir rendition of the French national anthem.[30][31][32][33]

The event included a performance by cellist Yo-Yo Ma, who played the sarabande from Bach's Suite No. 5 in C minor. A group of testimonies dating to 11 November 1918 were read out by a group of teenage students in between, after which Ma performed the second movement of Ravel's Sonata for Violin and Cello with French violinist Renaud Capuçon.[34] Beninese musician Angélique Kidjo sang a variation of the song Blewu by Bella Bellow, in homage to colonial troops.[35][36]

Macron delivered a keynote speech in which he denounced nationalism as a "betrayal of patriotism", and warned of the resurgence of "old demons".[37][31] The European Union Youth Orchestra followed with a performance of Ravel's Bolero.[38] The end of the ceremony included a rekindling of the Tomb to the Unknown Soldier, where Macron also laid a wreath, culminating in the "Sonnerie aux morts" and a minute of silence, followed by the "Cessez-le-feu" bugle call.[39][27]

All international guests were invited immediately afterward to a luncheon at the Élysée, with their consorts gathering at the Palace of Versailles.[28][40] The inaugural Paris Peace Forum was opened at the Grande halle de la Villette in the afternoon, with Macron, Merkel and United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres giving remarks at its plenary session. Trump declined to attend, instead visiting the Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial as the forum took place, where he made an address before returning to the United States.[41][30]

The European Broadcasting Union organised a concert at the Royal Opera of Versailles with performances by the Vienna Philharmonic, entitled the "Concert for Peace."[42] During a concert in La Force, Dordogne, violinist Pierre Hamel from the Colonne Orchestra performed using a metal violin assembled by soldiers in the trenches.[43] A series of religious memorial services were organised for the day, including an international mass at Notre-Dame de Paris, conducted by Archbishop Michel Aupetit.[44]

Controversies

[edit]

Marshal Pétain, when he led France during the Second World War, was complicit in profound crimes which were recognized, and the responsibility of the French state was recognized. [...] I forgive nothing, but I erase nothing from our history.

Emmanuel Macron[45]

In October 2018, it was reported that tributes to World War I marshals at the Hôtel des Invalides would include one to Philippe Pétain, who served in the Battle of Verdun and later headed Nazi-aligned Vichy France. It resulted in criticism from French Jews, the opposition and on social media.[46] In response, the office of the Élysée said it was not part of their official schedule and did not understand how Pétain "ended up" on the list.[47] Macron in particular described Pétain as a "great soldier", while remarking that he made "disastrous choices" during the Nazi occupation of France.[14] This tribute was eventually withdrawn.[46]

A planned visit by Trump to the Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial, scheduled for 10 November, was cancelled due to what the White House termed "bad weather".[48] The decision was met with criticism, particularly from former Obama national security advisor Ben Rhodes; British Conservative politician Nicholas Soames, a grandson of Winston Churchill; and former secretary of state John Kerry.[49][50][51] A later article by The Atlantic surfacing in 2020 said Trump had refused to attend and also described the cemetery as being "filled with losers". He subsequently described the report as "fake news".[52][53]

Three Femen members staged a protest at the Arc de Triomphe on the morning of 10 November welcoming "war criminals", and were arrested by French police.[54][55] In a later statement, the feminist activist group listed Vladimir Putin, Donald Trump, Benjamin Netanyahu and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as examples of this description, along with Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, who was not invited.[56] Femen also claimed responsibility for an incident on the day of the ceremony in which the motorcade carrying Trump passed by a topless woman who ran towards it and was then dragged out by French police.[57] Anti-Trump demonstrations were held at the Place de la République in response to the US president's visit.[58]

The seating arrangement caused a major controversy in Serbia. As the Serbian army had a pivotal role in forcing both Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary out of the war, with Serbia itself having the most extensive casualties compared to its population number and a historical friendship with France, the positioning of Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić away from the frontline seating areas in place of representatives of countries which were on the opposing side in the war or didn't even exist as separate states at the time, was taken as an insult in Serbia.[59][60][61]

List of dignitaries

[edit]
World leaders and dignitaries under the Arc de Triomphe during the ceremony

The Paris commemorations were attended by over 120 foreign dignitaries, including 72 heads of state and government and representatives of several international organisations.[6][62] The French presidential office said it had invited representatives only from countries "which sent troops or workers to the European theaters of war".[63]

France

[edit]

International

[edit]

Present at the Arc de Triomphe ceremony unless stated otherwise.[64][65][66][24][67][68]

Heads of state and royalty
[edit]
Heads of government
[edit]
Other representatives
[edit]

International organisations

[edit]

United Kingdom

[edit]

Planning

[edit]

The government of the United Kingdom announced that it would allocate a £19 million package to mark the centenary, with an additional £10 million being added to the annual budget made to the Armed Forces Covenant Fund Trust,[85] while individual local events were coordinated by the Imperial War Museum.[86] The BBC planned a week-long series of dedicated programming across its platforms, as part of its World War I centenary season.[87]

Events

[edit]

Beginning on 5 November, 10,000 torches were lit in the moat of the Tower of London, in an artistic exhibition entitled Beyond the Deepening Shadow which would repeat nightly until Armistice Day (11 November).[88] The Shrouds of the Somme, designed by artist Rob Heard and comprising 72,396 shrouded figures representing all servicemen from the British Commonwealth with no known grave, was laid out at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, being on display from 8 to 18 November 2018.[89][90]

Prime Minister Theresa May visited the Thiepval Memorial in northern France and the St Symphorien Military Cemetery in Belgium on 9 November, laying wreaths at the graves of John Parr and George Edwin Ellison, respectively the first and last British soldiers killed during the war. The wreaths were engraved with handwritten messages from May, invoking wartime poems to express gratitude to the dead for being "staunch to the end".[90] Key members of the royal family, including Queen Elizabeth II, attended the annual Royal British Legion Festival of Remembrance on 10 November at the Royal Albert Hall in London, which included performances by Sir Tom Jones and Sheridan Smith.[91][92]

Remembrance Sunday

[edit]
The National Service of Remembrance for Wales at the Welsh National War Memorial
Members of the public during a service in Sheffield

As Remembrance Sunday in 2018 fell on 11 November, the National Service of Remembrance was held concurrently with other commemorative events in Europe. The service at the Cenotaph in London began at 11 am (GMT), with a two-minute silence being observed, after which the Prince of Wales then laid the first wreath on behalf of the Queen.[83][93] Thousands were able to pay respect to relatives and soldiers killed in the war during a march past the memorial.[94] Despite ongoing renovations, the Big Ben rang eleven times at 12:30 GMT.[95][96]

German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier was invited to attend as a special guest, becoming the first German leader to lay a wreath at the Cenotaph.[37] The invitation was reportedly planned as early as September 2018.[97] The Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport described his presence as "a symbol of the friendship that exists between the two countries today".[93] A memorial service was held in the evening at Westminster Abbey, which was attended by members of the royal family and Prime Minister Theresa May. During the service, Steinmeier read out a passage from 1 St John 4:7–11 in German.[37]

Similar events were held across the United Kingdom's constituent countries and Crown Dependencies. In Scotland, Princess Anne attended a service at Glasgow Cathedral, while First Minister Nicola Sturgeon and other officials laid wreaths.[98] The government of the Isle of Man released a series of commemorative coins.[99]

Wider Commonwealth

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Part of the crowd outside the Australian War Memorial prior to the Remembrance Day ceremony

Commemorations took place in Canada to mark Remembrance Day. The annual service at the National War Memorial was attended by Defence Minister Harjit Sajjan, representing the Government, and Governor General Julie Payette.[100][101]

In Australia, a Remembrance Day service was held at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra, alongside a national minute of silence in remembrance of Australian soldiers who fought and died in overseas conflicts. Prime Minister Scott Morrison addressed a crowd of more than 12,000 attending the ceremony. An extension of the Anzac Memorial in Sydney was opened to the public for the occasion.[102][103] In addition, over a thousand people attended a commemoration at the Australian National Memorial in the French town of Villers-Bretonneux.[102]

In New Zealand, a national service took place at the Pukeahu National War Memorial Park in Wellington, which was organised as part of the wider New Zealand WW100 commemorations. A 100-gun salute was held at the Wellington waterfront, and two minutes of silence were observed at 11 am (NZDT), followed by a cacophony of noise replicating how the public initially reacted to the news of the armistice a century prior. Governor-General Dame Patsy Reddy and Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern gave speeches at the event.[104][105][106]

Memorial services were held across South Africa, including a ceremony at the Union Buildings in Pretoria and the annual National Civic Remembrance Service in Johannesburg.[107]

In India, a memorial service was held at the Delhi War Cemetery, where Indian and British delegates laid wreaths. Conservative MP Tom Tugendhat led the British delegation and was joined by Sir Dominic Asquith, British High Commissioner to India, and defence attaché Brigadier Mark Goldsack.[108] In a series of tweets, Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to Indian troops and pledged to "further an atmosphere of harmony and brotherhood".[109][110]

In Ghana, a luncheon was organised by the British High Commission and the Ghanaian government on the occasion of Remembrance Day. On the same day, President Nana Akufo-Addo and a group of ex-servicemen observed a two-minute silence.[111][112] Earlier, Akufo-Addo participated in a wreath-laying ceremony on 2 November at the Christiansborg War Cemetery in Accra, along with Prince Charles, his wife Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, and Prince Edward, who were touring the country at the time.[113]

Ceremonies in Kenya and Zambia were scheduled for 25 November 2018; German forces fighting in Northern Rhodesia only received news of the armistice on 14 November 1918, three days after it had already came into effect, and eventually surrendered later that month.[114][115] In Voi, the Commonwealth War Cemetery hosted a small ceremony, which was attended by British and German diplomats; a Kenyan army bugler played the Last Post during the ceremony, and wreaths were laid by a Kenyan general and some local and international visitors.[116] The Zambian government sponsored a centenary event in the town of Mbala organised by the national tourism agency, saying that attraction to the region would unlock the "tourism and investment potential of Northern Province".[115][117]

Other events by location

[edit]

Memorial services took place in Myanmar and Russia.[37]

Belgium

[edit]
Special performance of the Last Post at the Menin Gate, at 11 am

National commemorations were held in the capital of Brussels. In an address, King Philippe pledged to keep "the memory of those who sacrificed themselves for us and the values for which they fought", and to "engage together in building a world of peace." A dove and 11 pigeons were released during the memorial service.[118] In Ypres, a series of tributes to Commonwealth veterans was attended by the Minister-President of Flanders, Geert Bourgeois.[119] The Last Post, traditionally performed nightly at the Menin Gate since 1928, was additionally played at 11 am (CET) to mark the centenary.[119]

Celebrations were held in Mons marking the anniversary of Canadian troops taking over the city from the Germans.[120][121] The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada led a recreated 1918 parade through the city.[122]

Germany

[edit]

Public memorisation was muted, mainly owing to the defeat of the German Empire and the chronology of events resulting from the aftermath of the war.[123] Some events were privately organised, including a religious service at the Berlin Cathedral, and an exhibition showcasing works by 31 international artists representing countries involved in WWI peace negotiations.[124][c]

Hong Kong

[edit]

The Hong Kong and China branch of the Royal British Legion and the Hong Kong Veterans Federation organised a public wreath-laying ceremony at the Cenotaph, which was attended by local dignitaries, international envoys, veterans, and representatives of religious groups and youth uniform teams. A two-minute silence was observed at 11 am (HKT).[125][37]

Hungary

[edit]

The Hungarian National Bank released a series of commemorative collector coins on 16 October 2018, which included a silver variant with a face value of 10,000 HUF and a non-ferrous metal variant with a fifth (2,000 HUF) of the face value.[126]

Ireland

[edit]

A service was held at Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin. It was attended by President Michael D. Higgins, who was to be inaugurated for a second term on the same day, along with representatives of at least 47 countries. The Last Post was played during the ceremony.[127][128]

Italy

[edit]

Italian President Sergio Mattarella and key political figures attended a National Unity and Armed Forces Day ceremony in Trieste marking the centenary of the armistice of Villa Giusti with Austria-Hungary. In a speech, Mattarella described the European Union as the "highest expression of a commitment to common good" to prevent future conflicts, and highlighted the history of antisemitism in the region.[129][130]

Luxembourg

[edit]

A ceremony was held at the Gëlle Fra monument in the capital during the late afternoon, in the presence of Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Grand Duchess Maria Teresa, as well as prime minister Xavier Bettel, who also paid tribute to war casualties.[131]

Poland

[edit]

The date of 11 November coincided with festivities marking the centenary of the foundation of the Second Polish Republic in 1918 (National Independence Day).

Prominent politicians, including president Andrzej Duda and former prime minister Donald Tusk, attended ceremonies honouring Józef Piłsudski, the founding father of the Second Polish Republic.[132] Many marched in the capital of Warsaw, with one led by Duda, prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki and leader of the ruling Law and Justice party Jarosław Kaczyński.[133][134] The annual Independence March, organised by nationalist and far-right groups and which coincided with the other marches of the day, was initially banned by Warsaw mayor Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz; the ban was later overturned by a local court.[133][135]

Romania

[edit]

Army officers and members of the diplomatic corps in Romania laid wreaths during a ceremony at a local war memorial.[136]

United States

[edit]
Poster for 2018 Veterans Day, on the occasion of the centennial of the end of World War I

On Veterans Day, the National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri hosted a ceremony in which participants and relatives of WWI veterans tolled a "bell of peace" and laid wreaths in memory of those killed in the war.[137] The Washington National Cathedral held a commemorative service, and a gathering took place at the District of Columbia War Memorial.[138][139]

President Donald Trump proposed that a military parade at the Capitol be held on 10 November to mark the centenary, in admiration of France's Bastille Day military parade (which Trump attended as a guest in 2017). However, Trump cancelled the proposed event in August 2018 over cost concerns, with estimates that the parade would have cost as much as US$92 million.[140][141][142]

Vatican City

[edit]

In remarks made during a weekly Angelus address, Pope Francis appealed for a rejection of a "culture of war", quoting Benedict XV, who served as pope during the majority of the First World War, and reflecting on the occasion of St. Martin's Day, which also fell on 11 November. The bells at St. Peter's Basilica were tolled in the afternoon in unison with other church bells across Europe.[143]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Present only at the Musée d'Orsay reception.
  2. ^ The President of Gabon, Ali Bongo, was unable to attend as initially planned after suffering a stroke.[75]
  3. ^ Twenty-nine signatory states of the Treaty of Versailles and Paris Peace Conference, as well as Russia and Ukraine.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Armistice between the Allied Governments and Germany . 11 November 1918 – via Wikisource.
  2. ^ Salter 1921, pp. 223, 228–229.
  3. ^ Edmonds & Bayliss 1987, p. 189.
  4. ^ "Today in History - November 11". Library of Congress. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  5. ^ "First World War centenary programme 2014-2018 - Guide to engaging local communities" (PDF). gov.uk. Department for Culture, Media and Sport. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d Marcon, Géraldine (18 September 2018). "Le programme du centenaire de l'armistice du 11 novembre 1918 dévoilé" [The schedule for the centenary of the armistice of 11 November 1918 revealed]. France Bleu (in French). Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  7. ^ Macron, Emmanuel (3 July 2018), Forum de Paris sur la Paix : rendez-vous le 11 novembre 2018 (in French), retrieved 4 October 2022 – via YouTube
  8. ^ "Macron et le président allemand dimanche à Strasbourg pour lancer les célébrations 14-18". Le Point (in French). 31 October 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  9. ^ Poussard, Bruno (4 November 2018). "Strasbourg: Avec son homologue allemand, le président Macron lance son périple commémoratif" [Strasbourg: With his German counterpart, President Macron launches his commemorative journey]. 20 Minutes (in French). Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  10. ^ a b "Macron entame à Strasbourg un périple sur les traces de la Grande Guerre". ladepeche.fr (in French). Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  11. ^ Boichot, Loris; Berdah, Arthur (6 November 2018). "Macron annonce l'entrée au Panthéon de Maurice Genevoix et de «ceux de 14»" [Macron announces the entry into the Pantheon of Maurice Genevoix and of "those of 14"]. Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 1 April 2021.
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  14. ^ a b Agnew, Harriet (9 November 2018). "Memorial tour turns into PR setback for Emmanuel Macron". Financial Times. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
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  25. ^ Douet, Eléanor (11 November 2018). "11-Novembre : pourquoi les cloches ont-elles sonné à 11 heures ce dimanche ?". RTL.fr (in French). Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  26. ^ "Commémoration du centenaire de l' Armistice du 11 novembre 2018 à Wallis". Les services de l'État à Wallis et Futuna (in French). Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  27. ^ a b c Penicaud, Céline (11 November 2018). "Commémorations du centenaire de l'armistice: les temps forts" [Commemorations of the Armistice centenary: the highlights] (in French). BFMTV. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
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  30. ^ a b Nakamura, David; Kim, Seung Min; McAuley, James (11 November 2018). "Macron denounces nationalism as a 'betrayal of patriotism' in rebuke to Trump at WWI remembrance". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  31. ^ a b Leicester, John; Casert, Raf; Hinnant, Lori (11 November 2018). "In remembering WWI, world warned of resurging 'old demons'". Associated Press News. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  32. ^ "What We've Learned — And What We Haven't — In The 100 Years Since WWI Ended". NPR. 12 November 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  33. ^ Nery, John (13 November 2018). "The old demons are back". INQUIRER.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  34. ^ "Yo-Yo Ma and Renaud Capuçon mark Armistice with Ravel". The Strad. 12 November 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  35. ^ Toussay, Jade (11 November 2018). "Angélique Kidjo a ému les spectateurs avec la chanson "Blewu" lors des commémorations". Le HuffPost (in French). Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  36. ^ Marlowe, Lara (11 November 2018). "Unity and disorder emanate from Armistice commemoration in Paris". The Irish Times. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  37. ^ a b c d e "World leaders gather to mark 100 years since WWI armistice". Deutsche Welle. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  38. ^ "Paris Armistice Day 100 Years Anniversary Ceremony". EUYO. European Union Youth Orchestra. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  39. ^ "Photo officielle, minute de silence et irruption des Femen sur les Champs-Elysées : revivez les sept séquences fortes de ce 11-Novembre" [Official photo, minute of silence and irruption of Femen on the Champs-Elysées: relive the seven highlights of this 11 November]. Franceinfo (in French). 11 November 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Spencer, Tom (11 November 2018). "Brigitte Macron : Manteau fashion sous la pluie auprès d'Emmanuel et Poutine" [Brigitte Macron: Fashion coat in the rain with Emmanuel and Putin]. Purepeople (in French). Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  41. ^ Beswick, Emma (11 November 2018). "World leaders attend opening of Peace Forum in Paris". Euronews. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  42. ^ "EBU Members unite to commemorate 100 years since end of First World War". European Broadcasting Union. 10 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  43. ^ Ferry, Emeline (12 November 2018). "VIDÉO - Un concert à La Force, en Dordogne, avec un violon fabriqué pour les soldats dans les tranchées" [VIDEO - A concert in La Force, in Dordogne, with a violin made for soldiers in the trenches]. France Bleu Périgord (in French). La Force: France Bleu. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  44. ^ Patrignani, Adélaïde (10 November 2018). "La commémoration du centenaire de l'Armistice dans les diocèses de France" [Commemoration of the centenary of the Armistice in the dioceses of France]. Vatican News (in French). Retrieved 6 October 2023.
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Works cited

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Further reading

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  • S. Sumartojo, Experiencing 11 November 2018 – Commemoration and the First World War Centenary, Routledge, 2020. ISBN 1-350-15531-4.
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