Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Charlton Heston filmography

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a listing of the film and television appearances of actor Charlton Heston. Several of his radio credits are listed as well.

Filmography

[edit]

1941–1959

[edit]
Heston as President Andrew Jackson in 1953
Heston as Ben-Hur
Heston in 1961
Heston in 1963
Heston in 2001
Year Title Role Director Other players
1941 Peer Gynt Peer Gynt David Bradley Betty Hanisee, Lucielle Powell
1950 Julius Caesar Mark Antony Harold Tasker, David Bradley
Dark City Danny Haley / Richard Branton William Dieterle Lizabeth Scott, Viveca Lindfors, Dean Jagger
1952 The Greatest Show on Earth Brad Braden Cecil B. DeMille Betty Hutton, Cornel Wilde, Dorothy Lamour, James Stewart
Ruby Gentry Boake Tackman King Vidor Jennifer Jones, Karl Malden
The Savage James "Jim" Aherne Jr. aka War Bonnet George Marshall Susan Morrow
1953 The President's Lady President Andrew Jackson Henry Levin Susan Hayward, John McIntire
Pony Express "Buffalo Bill" Cody Jerry Hopper Rhonda Fleming, Jan Sterling, Forrest Tucker
Arrowhead Ed Bannon Charles Marquis Warren Jack Palance, Katy Jurado, Brian Keith
Bad for Each Other Dr. Tom Owen Irving Rapper Lizabeth Scott
1954 The Naked Jungle Christopher Leiningen Byron Haskin Eleanor Parker, William Conrad
Secret of the Incas Harry Steele Jerry Hopper Robert Young, Nicole Murray
1955 The Far Horizons William Clark Rudolph Maté Fred MacMurray, Donna Reed
The Private War of Major Benson Maj. Bernard R. "Barney" Benson Jerry Hopper Julie Adams, William Demarest
Lucy Gallant Casey Cole Robert Parrish Jane Wyman
1956 The Ten Commandments Moses Cecil B. DeMille Yul Brynner, Anne Baxter, Edward G. Robinson, Nina Foch, Debra Paget, John Derek, Yvonne De Carlo, Vincent Price, Martha Scott
1957 Three Violent People Capt. Colt Saunders Rudolph Maté Anne Baxter, Tom Tryon, Gilbert Roland
1958 Screen Snapshots: Salute to Hollywood Himself Ralph Staub John Wayne, Zsa Zsa Gabor
Touch of Evil Ramon Miguel "Mike" Vargas Orson Welles Janet Leigh, Orson Welles, Dennis Weaver, Zsa Zsa Gabor, Marlene Dietrich
The Big Country Steve Leech William Wyler Gregory Peck, Jean Simmons, Carroll Baker, Burl Ives, Charles Bickford, Chuck Connors
The Buccaneer Gen. Andrew Jackson Anthony Quinn Yul Brynner, Claire Bloom, Inger Stevens, Charles Boyer, Henry Hull, Lorne Greene
1959 Ben-Hur Judah Ben-Hur William Wyler Jack Hawkins, Haya Harareet, Stephen Boyd, Martha Scott, Cathy O'Donnell, Sam Jaffe, Hugh Griffith, Finlay Currie
The Wreck of the Mary Deare John Sands Michael Anderson Gary Cooper, Virginia McKenna, Michael Redgrave, Richard Harris

1961–1970

[edit]
Year Title Role Director Other players
1961 El Cid El Cid (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar) Anthony Mann Sophia Loren, Raf Vallone, Geneviève Page, John Fraser, Gary Raymond, Hurd Hatfield, Herbert Lom
1962 The Pigeon That Took Rome Capt. Paul MacDougall / Benny the Snatch / Narrator Melville Shavelson Elsa Martinelli
1963 Diamond Head Richard "King" Howland Guy Green Yvette Mimieux, George Chakiris, James Darren
55 Days at Peking Maj. Matt Lewis Nicholas Ray David Niven, Ava Gardner
The Five Cities of June Narrator Bruce Herschensohn
1965 The Greatest Story Ever Told John the Baptist George Stevens Max von Sydow, Telly Savalas
The Agony and the Ecstasy Michelangelo Buonarroti Carol Reed Rex Harrison, Diane Cilento
Major Dundee Major Amos Charles Dundee Sam Peckinpah Richard Harris, Jim Hutton, James Coburn
The War Lord Chrysagon Franklin J. Schaffner Richard Boone, Rosemary Forsyth
1966 Khartoum Gen. Charles "Chinese" Gordon Basil Dearden Laurence Olivier, Ralph Richardson
1967 All About People Narrator Saul Rubin
While I Run This Race Edmund Levy
1968 Counterpoint Lionel Evans Ralph Nelson Maximilian Schell, Kathryn Hays
Will Penny Will Penny Tom Gries Joan Hackett, Donald Pleasence
Planet of the Apes George Taylor Franklin J. Schaffner Roddy McDowall, Kim Hunter, Maurice Evans, Linda Harrison
1969 Number One Ron "Cat" Catlan Tom Gries Jessica Walter, Bruce Dern
1970 Beneath the Planet of the Apes George Taylor Ted Post James Franciscus, Kim Hunter, Maurice Evans, Linda Harrison
The Hawaiians Whipple "Whip" Hoxworth Tom Gries Tina Chen, Geraldine Chaplin, John Phillip Law
Julius Caesar Mark Antony Stuart Burge Jason Robards, John Gielgud, Robert Vaughn, Richard Chamberlain, Diana Rigg, Christopher Lee
King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis Narrator Sidney Lumet
Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Harry Belafonte, Ruby Dee, Ben Gazzara, Charlton Heston, James Earl Jones, Burt Lancaster, Paul Newman, Anthony Quinn, Marlon Brando, Clarence Williams III, Joanne Woodward

1971–1980

[edit]
Year Title Role Director Other players
1971 Escape from the Planet of the Apes George Taylor (archival footage only) Don Taylor Roddy McDowall, Kim Hunter
The Omega Man Robert Neville Boris Sagal Anthony Zerbe, Rosalind Cash
1972 Antony and Cleopatra Mark Antony Charlton Heston Hildegarde Neil, Eric Porter
Skyjacked Capt. Henry "Hank" O'Hara John Guillermin Yvette Mimieux, James Brolin
The Call of the Wild John Thornton Ken Annakin Michele Mercier
1973 Soylent Green Detective Robert Thorn Richard Fleischer Edward G. Robinson, Leigh Taylor-Young, Chuck Connors, Joseph Cotten
The Three Musketeers Cardinal Richelieu Richard Lester Michael York, Raquel Welch, Richard Chamberlain, Oliver Reed, Faye Dunaway, Christopher Lee, Geraldine Chaplin
1974 Airport 1975 Capt. Alan Murdock Jack Smight Karen Black, George Kennedy, Gloria Swanson, Efrem Zimbalist Jr., Susan Clark, Helen Reddy, Linda Blair, Dana Andrews, Roy Thinnes, Sid Caesar, Myrna Loy, Ed Nelson, Nancy Olson, Larry Storch, Martha Scott
The Four Musketeers Cardinal Richelieu Richard Lester Michael York, Raquel Welch, Richard Chamberlain, Oliver Reed, Faye Dunaway, Christopher Lee, Geraldine Chaplin
Earthquake Stewart Graff Mark Robson Ava Gardner, George Kennedy, Lorne Greene, Geneviève Bujold, Richard Roundtree, Marjoe Gortner, Barry Sullivan, Lloyd Nolan, Victoria Principal, Monica Lewis, Walter Matthau
1975 The Fun of Your Life Narrator John J. Hennessy
1976 Midway Capt. Matthew Garth Jack Smight Henry Fonda, Toshirō Mifune, Robert Mitchum
Two-Minute Warning Capt. Peter Holly Larry Peerce John Cassavetes, Martin Balsam, Beau Bridges, Jack Klugman, Gena Rowlands, David Janssen, Marilyn Hassett, Walter Pidgeon, Mitchell Ryan, Pamela Bellwood, David Groh, Brock Peters
The Last Hard Men Sam Burgade Andrew V. McLaglen James Coburn, Barbara Hershey, Jorge Rivero, Michael Parks
1977 The Prince and the Pauper King Henry VIII Richard Fleischer Oliver Reed, Raquel Welch, Mark Lester, Ernest Borgnine, George C. Scott, Rex Harrison
1978 Gray Lady Down Capt. Paul Blanchard David Greene David Carradine, Stacy Keach, Ned Beatty, Christopher Reeve
1980 The Mountain Men Bill Tyler Richard Lang Brian Keith, Stephen Macht, John Glover
The Awakening Matthew Corbeck Mike Newell Susannah York, Stephanie Zimbalist

1982–2003

[edit]
Year Title Role Director Other players
1982 Mother Lode Silas McGee / Ian McGee Charlton Heston Kim Basinger, Nick Mancuso
1985 The Fantasy Film Worlds of George Pal Himself Arnold Leibovit George Pal
1989 Call from Space Alien (voice only) Richard Fleischer James Coburn
1990 Solar Crisis Adm. "Skeet" Kelso Richard C. Sarafian Tim Matheson, Peter Boyle, Jack Palance
Almost an Angel God John Cornell Paul Hogan, Linda Kozlowski
1992 Genghis Khan (unfinished) Togrul Ken Annakin, Peter Duffell, Antonio Margheriti Richard E. Grant, Richard Tyson
1993 Wayne's World 2 Good Actor Stephen Surjik Mike Myers, Dana Carvey, Tia Carrere, Christopher Walken, Kim Basinger
Tombstone Henry Hooker George P. Cosmatos Kurt Russell, Val Kilmer, Sam Elliott, Bill Paxton, Powers Boothe, Michael Biehn, Thomas Hayden Church, Billy Zane, Billy Bob Thornton, Dana Delaney
1994 True Lies Spencer Trilby James Cameron Arnold Schwarzenegger, Jamie Lee Curtis, Bill Paxton, Tom Arnold, Tia Carrere
In the Mouth of Madness Jackson Harglow John Carpenter Sam Neill, Julie Carmen, Jürgen Prochnow
1996 The Dark Mist Narrator Ryan Carroll Teri Austin
Alaska Colin Perry, the Poacher Fraser Clarke Heston Thora Birch, Vincent Kartheiser
Hamlet Player King Kenneth Branagh Kenneth Branagh, Julie Christie, Billy Crystal, Gérard Depardieu, Derek Jacobi, Jack Lemmon, Robin Williams, Kate Winslet
1997 Hercules Narrator (Cameo) Ron Clements, John Musker Tate Donovan, James Woods, Rip Torn, Danny DeVito
1998 Armageddon Narrator Michael Bay Bruce Willis, Billy Bob Thornton, Ben Affleck, Liv Tyler, Michael Clarke Duncan
1999 Gideon Addison Sinclair Claudia Hoover Christopher Lambert, Carroll O'Connor, Shirley Jones
Any Given Sunday Commissioner Oliver Stone Al Pacino, Cameron Diaz, Dennis Quaid, James Woods, Jamie Foxx
2001 Town & Country Mr. Claybourne Peter Chelsom Warren Beatty, Diane Keaton, Andie MacDowell, Goldie Hawn, Garry Shandling
Cats & Dogs The Mastiff (voice only) Lawrence Guterman Jeff Goldblum, Elizabeth Perkins, Tobey Maguire
Planet of the Apes Zaius, Thade's Father Tim Burton Mark Wahlberg, Tim Roth, Helena Bonham Carter, Paul Giamatti, Michael Clarke Duncan
The Order Prof. Walter Finley Sheldon Lettich Jean-Claude Van Damme
2002 Bowling for Columbine Himself (interviewee) Michael Moore Michael Moore
2003 Greatest Heroes and Legends of the Bible narration + voice of Moses William R. 'Bill' Kowalchuk, Jr. & Glenn Patterson
Ben Hur Judah Ben-Hur (voice only) William R. Kowalchuk, Jr. Scott McNeil, Gerald Plunkett
Rua Alguem 5555: My Father The Father (Josef Mengele) Egidio Eronico Thomas Kretschmann, F. Murray Abraham

[1][2]

Box office ranking

[edit]

For several years, the Quigley Company's "Poll of Film Exhibitors" ranked Heston as one of the most popular stars in the US:

  • 1953 - 23rd
  • 1960 - 16th
  • 1961 - 18th
  • 1962 - 12th most popular

Television

[edit]

1949–1960

[edit]
Date Title Episode Role
March 15, 1949 Suspense "Suspicion" ?
June 15, 1949 Studio One "Smoke"
September 26, 1949 "The Outward Room"
October 24, 1949 "Battleship Bismark" Gunnery Officer
November 8, 1949 Suspense "Suspicion" ?
November 21, 1949 Studio One "Of Human Bondage" Philip Carey
December 12, 1949 "Jane Eyre" Edward Rochester
February 27, 1950 "The Willow Cabin" Michael Knowle
March 22, 1950 The Clock "The Hypnotist" ?
June 5, 1950 Studio One "The Taming of the Shrew" Petruchio
June 25, 1950 The Philco Television Playhouse "Hear My Heart Speak" ?
October 30, 1950 Studio One "Wuthering Heights" Heathcliff
December 4, 1950 "Letter from Cairo" ?
October 2, 1951 Suspense "Santa Fe Flight"
October 8, 1951 Lux Video Theatre "Route 19"
October 13, 1951 Your Show of Shows "Episode: October 13, 1951" Himself
October 22, 1951 Studio One "Macbeth" Macbeth
November 12, 1951 "A Bolt of Lightning" James Otis
November 23, 1951 Schlitz Playhouse of Stars "One Is a Lonesome Number" ?
December 22, 1951 Your Show of Shows "Episode dated 22 December 1951" Himself
January 14, 1952 Robert Montgomery Presents "Cashel Byron's Profession" Cashel Bryon
March 10, 1952 Studio One "The Wings of the Dove" Merton Densher
August 22, 1952 Curtain Call "The Liar" ?
December 29, 1952 Robert Montgomery Presents "The Closed Door" Peter Handley
January 25, 1953 The Philco Television Playhouse "Elegy" ?
December 12, 1953 Medallion Theatre "A Day in Town"
January 16, 1954 Your Show of Shows "Episode: January 16, 1954" Himself
February 2, 1954 Danger "Freedom to Get Lost" ?
March 3, 1955 The George Gobel Show "Episode: March 3, 1955" Himself/Sketch Performer
June 12, 1955 The Colgate Comedy Hour "Episode #5.30" Himself – Host
June 26, 1955 The Colgate Comedy Hour "Episode #5.31"
August 7, 1955 "Episode #5.36" Himself
August 28, 1955 "Episode #5.38" Himself – Host
September 4, 1955 "Episode #5.39"
September 26, 1955 Robert Montgomery Presents "Along Came Jones" Melody Jones
October 9, 1955 Omnibus "The Birth of Modern Times" Himself
October 14, 1955 Person to Person "Episode #3.7"
December 11, 1955 General Electric Theater "The Seeds of Hate" Tim
December 29, 1955 Climax! "Bailout at 43,000 Feet" Lieutenant Paul Peterson
October 4, 1956 Playhouse 90 "Forbidden Area" Major Jesse Price
October 28, 1956 What's My Line? "Episode #8.6" Mystery Guest
December 2, 1956 The Steve Allen Show "Episode #2.11" Himself
May 17, 1957 Schlitz Playhouse of Stars "Switch Station" ?
June 27, 1957 Climax! "The Trial of Captain Wirtz" Chipman
November 17, 1957 The Ed Sullivan Show "Episode #11.8" Himself
December 11, 1957 This Is Your Life "Dennis Weaver"
January 12, 1958 Shirley Temple's Storybook "Beauty and the Beast" The Beast
February 20, 1958 Playhouse 90 "Point of No Return" Charles Gray
January 25, 1959 The Ed Sullivan Show "Episode #12.20" Himself
March 15, 1959 The Steve Allen Show "Episode #4.26" Himself – Guest
July 26, 1959 The Ed Sullivan Show "Episode #12.45" Himself
December 27, 1959 "Episode #13.15"
April 11, 1960 The Steve Allen Show "Episode #5.25" Himself – Guest
May 1, 1960 The Ed Sullivan Show "Episode #13.31" Actor – Dramatic Reading
May 5, 1960 The Revlon Revue "Tiptoe Through TV" Himself
November 6, 1960 The Ed Sullivan Show "See America with Ed Sullivan: Chicago" Actor – Dramatic Reading

1961–1980

[edit]
Date Title Episode Role
October 17, 1961 Alcoa Premiere "The Fugitive Eye" Paul Malone
November 15, 1963 Hallmark Hall of Fame "The Patriots" Thomas Jefferson
June 8, 1966 A Whole Scene Going "Episode #1.23" Actor
January 31, 1968 Hallmark Hall of Fame "Elizabeth the Queen" Robert Devereux
March 31, 1968 The Ed Sullivan Show "Episode #21.30" Himself – Dramatic Reader
June 9, 1968 "Episode #21.39" Dramatic Reader
June 4, 1970 The Merv Griffin Show "Episode: June 4, 1970" Himself
October 1, 1970 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson "Episode: October 1, 1970"
August 18, 1971 "Episode: August 18, 1971"
August 21, 1971 The Irv Kupcinet Show "Episode: August 21, 1971"
November 26, 1971 V.I.P.-Schaukel "Episode #1.3"
December 12, 1971 Parkinson "Episode #1.21"
February 26, 1972 Film Night "Episode: February 26, 1972"
May 7, 1972 The Special London Bridge Special (TV special) Tennis Player
May 11, 1972 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson "Episode: May 11, 1972" Himself
December 12, 1972 "Episode: December 12, 1972"
March 28, 1973 "Episode: March 28, 1973"
August 23, 1973 "Episode: August 23, 1973"
October 18, 1973 Jack Paar Tonite "Episode: October 18, 1973"
October 23, 1973 Dinah's Place "Episode: October 23, 1973"
May 29, 1974 ABC's Wide World of Entertainment "That's Entertainment! 50 Years of MGM"
October 15, 1974 The Mike Douglas Show "Episode: October 15, 1974"
May 3, 1976 Dinah! "Episode: May 3, 1976"
September 17, 1976 "Episode: September 17, 1976"
December 10, 1976 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson "Episode: December 10, 1976"
November 22, 1977 Energy: A National Issue (TV special) Narrator (voice)
April 10, 1978 America 2-Night "60 Seconds of Fame" Himself

1981–1990

[edit]
Date Title Episode Role
December 15, 1981 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson "Episode: December 15, 1981" Himself
December 13, 1983 Chiefs (TV mini-series) Hugh Holmes
October 17, 1984 Nairobi Affair (TV movie) Lee Cahill
January 12, 1985 Aspel & Company "Episode #2.1" Himself
October 9, 1985 Dynasty "The Californians" Jason Colby
October 16, 1985 "The Man"
November 13, 1985 "The Titans"
November 20, 1985 The Colbys (Series regular — 48 episodes)
December 4, 1985 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson "Episode: December 4, 1985" Himself
April 3, 1986 Good Morning America "Episode: April 3, 1986"
November 9, 1986 The Wonderful World of Disney "Walt Disney World's 15th Anniversary Celebration"
March 28, 1987 Saturday Night Live "Charlton Heston / Wynton Marsalis" Host
October 1, 1987 Proud Men (TV movie) Charley Mac Leod Sr.
October 10, 1987 The Dame Edna Experience "Episode #1.5" Himself
December 25, 1987 The Two Ronnies 1987 Christmas Special (TV special) Bar Customer
December 21, 1988 A Man for All Seasons (TV movie) Sir Thomas More
February 20, 1989 Original Sin Louis Mancini
January 22, 1990 Treasure Island Long John Silver
August 17, 1990 The Little Kidnappers James MacKenzie

1991–2003

[edit]
Date Title Episode Role
February 20, 1991 The Man Who Saw Tomorrow (1991 remake) (documentary) Narrator (voice)
March 18, 1991 Cults: Saying No Under Pressure
November 4, 1991 The Crucifer of Blood (TV movie) Sherlock Holmes
February 24, 1992 A Thousand Heroes aka Crash Landing: The Rescue of Flight 232 Captain Al Haynes
December 1, 1992 Noël (TV special) Narrator (voice)
November 10, 1993 The Mystery of the Sphinx "Charlton Heston /John Anthony West" Host
December 4, 1993 Saturday Night Live "Charlton Heston /Paul Westerberg"
April 13, 1994 This Is Your Life "Charlton Heston" Himself
May 1, 1994 SeaQuest DSV "Abalon" Abalon
December 26, 1994 The Great Battles of the Civil War (documentary) Abraham Lincoln (voice)
January 22, 1995 The Avenging Angel (TV movie) Brigham Young
April 16, 1995 Texas aka James A. Michener's Texas (TV mini-series) Narrator (voice)
November 17, 1995 Clive Anderson Talks Back "Episode #10.8" Himself
December 2, 1995 Corazón, corazón "Episode: December 2, 1995"
January 22, 1996 Àngels de nit "Episode #1.2"
February 25, 1996 The Mysterious Origins of Man (documentary) Host[3]
February 25, 1996 Ruby Wax Meets... "Goldie Hawn" Himself
December 2, 1996 Corazón, corazón "Episode: December 2, 1996"
January 17, 1997 Dennis Miller Live "Gun Control"
March 17, 1997 Biography "Sophia Loren: Actress Italian Style"
June 4, 1997 The Rosie O'Donnell Show "Episode:June 4, 1997"
December 5, 1997 Space Ghost Coast to Coast "Dam"
January 1, 1998 Private Screenings "Charlton Heston"
February 5, 1998 Friends "The One with Joey's Dirty Day"
March 15, 1998 Biography "John Wayne: American Legend"
July 13, 1998 Secrets of War (documentary) Narrator (voice)
August 13, 1998 Biography "Rex Harrison: The Man Who Would Be King" Himself
September 1, 1998 Bagpipe: Instrument of War – Part 1 (documentary) Narrator (voice)
October 8, 1998 Late Night with Conan O'Brien "Episode: October 8, 1998" Himself
October 8, 1998 Biography "Roddy McDowall: Hollywood's Best Friend"
May 8, 1999 The Howard Stern Radio Show "Episode: May 8, 1999"
September 1, 1999 Bagpipe: Instrument of War – Part 2 (documentary) Narrator (voice)
December 4, 1999 Camino de Santiago (TV mini-series) Professor Marcelo Rinaldi
September 3, 2000 The Outer Limits "Final Appeal" Chief Justice Haden Wainwright
December 14, 2000 Cursed "...And Then Larry Brought
Charlton Heston Home"
Himself
January 1, 2001 Intimate Portrait "Shirley Jones"
August 18, 2001 Biography "Jennifer Jones: Portrait of a Lady"
November 24, 2001 Mad TV (comedy)
January 1, 2002 Film Genre "Epic"
December 20, 2002 20/20 "Episode: December 20, 2002"

[2][4][5]

Radio

[edit]

Selected appearances:

Date Series Episode Role Co-star
September 21, 1952 Hollywood Star Playhouse "The Last Chance"
November 3, 1952 Lux Radio Theatre "Viva Zapata!" Emiliano Zapata Jean Peters
February 2, 1953 Lux Radio Theatre "Captain Carey, U.S.A." Webster Carey Wanda Hendrix
September 28, 1953 "The President's Lady" Andrew Jackson Joan Fontaine
June 7, 1954 "The Naked Jungle" Christopher Leiningen Donna Reed
December 14, 1954 "Secret of the Incas" Harry Steele Nicole Maurey

[6][7]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Heston, Charlton; Isbouts, Jean-Pierre (1998). Charlton Heston's Hollywood. New York: GT Publishing. ISBN 1-57719-357-1.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Rovin, Jeff (1980). The Films of Charlton Heston. Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-0561-3.
  2. ^ a b Charlton Heston at IMDb — main filmography
  3. ^ Thomas, Dave (March 1996). "NBC's Origins Show". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
  4. ^ Charlton Heston at IMDb — filmography by TV series
  5. ^ "The Tarnished Prophet of the 16th Century". M. Kurt Goedelman. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  6. ^ "Hollywood Star Playhouse". Jerry Haendiges Vintage Radio Logs. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
  7. ^ "Lux Presents Hollywood". Jerry Haendiges Vintage Radio Logs. Archived from the original on 2016-12-05. Retrieved 2008-04-12.