Chloroethynylnorgestrel
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| Other names | Chloroethynyl norgestrel; WY-4355; 17α-Chloroethynyl-13β-ethylgon-4-en-17β-ol-3-one; 17α-Chloroethynyl-18-methylestr-4-en-17β-ol-3-one; 17α-Chloroethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone |
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| Formula | C21H27ClO2 |
| Molar mass | 346.90 g·mol−1 |
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Chloroethynylnorgestrel (developmental code name WY-4355) is a steroidal progestin of the 19-nortestosterone group related to norgestrel that was investigated as an oral contraceptive in the 1970s but was never marketed.[1][2][3][4]
In combination with mestranol, similarly to ethynerone and anagestone acetate (and certain other progestogens, including progesterone and several other 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives), chloroethynylnorgestrel was found to produce striking mammary tumors in beagle dogs after administration at very high dosages (10- to 25-fold human clinical dosages) for prolonged periods of time.[1][3][4] This resulted in the discontinuation of its development, along with that of ethynerone and anagestone acetate, as well as the removal of several progestins, including chlormadinone acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and megestrol acetate, from various markets as contraceptives (although medroxyprogesterone acetate has since been reintroduced).[1][5] Subsequent research revealed that the risk is species-dependent and unique to canines and that there is no similar risk for humans.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Lingeman CH (6 December 2012). Carcinogenic Hormones. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 149–. ISBN 978-3-642-81267-5.
- ^ Tavassoli FA, Casey HW, Norris HJ (May 1988). "The morphologic effects of synthetic reproductive steroids on the mammary gland of rhesus monkeys. Mestranol, ethynerone, mestranol-ethynerone, chloroethynyl norgestrel-mestranol, and anagestone acetate-mestranol combinations". The American Journal of Pathology. 131 (2): 213–234. PMC 1880606. PMID 3358452.
- ^ a b Geil RG, Lamar JK (September 1977). "FDA studies of estrogen, progestogens, and estrogen/progestogen combinations in the dog and monkey". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 3 (1–2): 179–193. Bibcode:1977JTEH....3..179G. doi:10.1080/15287397709529557. PMID 411941.
- ^ a b Casey HW, Giles RC, Kwapien RP (1979). "Mammary Neoplasia in Animals: Pathologic Aspects and the Effects of Contraceptive Steroids". Carcinogenic Hormones. Vol. 66. pp. 129–160. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-81267-5_4. ISBN 978-3-540-08995-7. PMID 107546.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ Streffer C, Bolt H, Follesdal D, Hall P, Hengstler JG, Jacob P, Oughton D, Prieß K, Rehbinder E, Swaton E (11 November 2013). "Interspecies Extrapolation". Low Dose Exposures in the Environment: Dose-Effect Relations and Risk Evaluation. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 135–. ISBN 978-3-662-08422-9.
- ^ Neumann F, Düsterberg B, Laurent H (6 December 2012). "Development of progestogens.". In Runnebaum B, Rabe T, Kiesel L (eds.). Female Contraception: Update and Trends. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 134–. ISBN 978-3-642-73790-9.
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