Climate of Lisbon
| Lisbon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Lisbon and its metropolitan area feature a mild Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csb/Csa),[2] with short, mild and rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification, Lisbon has a warm-temperate subtropical climate (Warmgemäßigt-subtropisches Zonenklima).[3] According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, Lisbon has a subtropical climate.[4]
Classifications
[edit]| Climatic scheme | Initials | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Köppen system[5] | Csa | hot-summer Mediterranean climate |
| Trewartha system[6] | Cs | Subtropical dry summer |
| Alisov system[7] | — | Subtropical climate |
| Strahler system[8] | — | Mediterranean climate |
| Thornthwaite system[9][10] | C1 w2 B’2 a’
|
Subhumid Mesothermal |
| Neef system[11][12] | — | West coast − rainy winter climate |
Temperature
[edit]Normals
[edit]Lisbon has mild to warm, moderated temperatures. Winters are mild especially for its latitude with average daytime temperatures between 15 and 16 °C (59 and 61 °F) and nighttime lows between 8 and 10 °C (46 and 50 °F). Summers are warm to hot, but due to the upwelling phenomena in the western coasts of its metropolitan area, maxima in summer fluctuates considerably depending on the location. Regions across the Tagus Estuary, for example, typically average around 30 °C (86 °F) maxima in July and August, while areas west of the city and close to the coast, such as Cascais or Sintra, will usually average around 23–25 °C (73–77 °F) maxima, reaching as low as 21 °C (70 °F) in Cabo da Roca. Costa da Caparica is an exception to this rule as it is far less exposed to the cooler ocean currents and is therefore warmer in the summer. Nighttime lows during summer are often independent on the location, generally around 16–19 °C (61–66 °F), but the typical urban heat island phenomenon felt by the capital can increase these lows significantly compared to rural areas of its district.[13]
| Climate data for Lisbon | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.8 (58.6) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.8 (65.8) |
19.8 (67.6) |
22.1 (71.8) |
25.7 (78.3) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.3 (82.9) |
26.5 (79.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
18.2 (64.8) |
15.3 (59.5) |
21.3 (70.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.6 (52.9) |
12.7 (54.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.0 (64.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.5 (74.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
18.8 (65.8) |
15.0 (59.0) |
12.4 (54.3) |
17.4 (63.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
11.0 (51.8) |
11.9 (53.4) |
13.9 (57.0) |
16.6 (61.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.6 (65.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
15.1 (59.2) |
11.8 (53.2) |
9.4 (48.9) |
13.5 (56.2) |
| Source: Instituto de Meteorologia[1] | |||||||||||||
Extremes
[edit]Lisbon's location on the westernmost side of continental Europe makes it much less vulnerable to both heatwaves and coldwaves, though outbrakes of the Saharan Air Layer can sometimes push the temperatures above 40 °C (104 °F) as it happened as part of the 2018 European heat wave, skies were a shade of white due to the extreme concentrations of airborne dust particles. Temperatures in two of Lisbon's stations reached an all-time high of 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) on 4 August of that same year. The third station (Tapada da Ajuda) recorded 43.3 °C (109.9 °F).[14][15] The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city was −1.5 °C (29.3 °F) on both 15 February 1860 and 15 January 1985[16][17][18]
In a normal year, the recorded maxima can go anywhere from 12–19 °C (54–66 °F) in the winter and 23–35 °C (73–95 °F) in the summer, and the minima from 3–13 °C (37–55 °F) in the winter and 16–24 °C (61–75 °F) in the summer. Temperatures beyond these are usually considered irregular and limited to exceptional years. Lisbon is on the USDA hardiness zone 10b.[19]
| Climate data for Lisbon | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 24.1 (75.4) |
26.8 (80.2) |
30.4 (86.7) |
33.2 (91.8) |
37.8 (100.0) |
42.0 (107.6) |
40.6 (105.1) |
44.0 (111.2) |
41.4 (106.5) |
34.6 (94.3) |
28.3 (82.9) |
25.2 (77.4) |
44.0 (111.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.5 (29.3) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.5 (36.5) |
5.0 (41.0) |
8.0 (46.4) |
10.2 (50.4) |
11.0 (51.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
3.4 (38.1) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
| Source: Instituto de Meteorologia[1] | |||||||||||||
Precipitation
[edit]Lisbon can be described both as a moist and a dry city depending on the season of the year. Precipitation is most common in Autumn and Winter. Summers in Lisbon tend to be very dry due to the Azores High though exceptions happen and low-pressure areas can come into play bringing much more rainfall than normal but still avoiding a wet summer (>30 mm (1.2 in)). Foggy mornings are also common in the summer, especially in coastal areas and can bring drizzle which can sometimes be observed early in the day in wet roads and calçadas.
Lisbon has on average 112 precipitation days a year of which around 30% is drizzle (below 1 mm (0.039 in)). The driest months, July and August, have on average two days of precipitation (4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) of which 50% is drizzle), and the wettest months, November and December, have on average 12–15 days of precipitation and around 127 mm (5.0 in).[20] December is the rainiest month of which half the days receive some form of precipitation. The average annual rainfall is 774 mm (30.5 in).[1]
| Climate data for Lisbon | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 99.9 (3.93) |
84.9 (3.34) |
53.2 (2.09) |
68.1 (2.68) |
53.6 (2.11) |
15.9 (0.63) |
4.2 (0.17) |
6.2 (0.24) |
32.9 (1.30) |
100.8 (3.97) |
127.6 (5.02) |
126.7 (4.99) |
774 (30.5) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1mm) | 13.0 | 13.0 | 10.0 | 13.0 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 6.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 15.0 | 112.0 |
| Source: Instituto de Meteorologia,[1] Hong Kong Observatory[20] for data of avg. precipitation days | |||||||||||||
Humidity
[edit]In the same way precipitation varies greatly from month to month, the average relative humidity also experiences considerable seasonal changes. Lisbon has very humid winters, averaging 78-80% humidity. The air in the summer is otherwise dry, 60 to 65%, and is particularly variable, often going below 40% during the day and surpassing 70% at night.[13][21]
| Climate data for Lisbon | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 80 | 78 | 71 | 69 | 66 | 66 | 63 | 61 | 67 | 72 | 77 | 79 | 71 |
| Source: NOAA[21] | |||||||||||||
Sunshine
[edit]Lisbon is a sunny city, in fact, it is one of the sunniest capital cities in mainland Europe and one of the sunniest overall places in southern Europe, with more than 2,800 yearly sunshine hours despite the relatively high yearly precipitation.[20] Sunshine and precipitation stack up oppositely with the dullest month being also the rainiest (December) which has around 140-150 total hours. Despite July having the most sun hours, August is on average the sunniest month with around 80% chance of direct sunlight hitting the ground.
In the Lisbon area, sunshine hours reach their maximum value in the southwestern Setúbal Peninsula (near Cabo Espichel), and their lowest in the Sintra Mountains and parts of the northwest District.[22]
| Climate data for Lisbon, 1961–1990 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 142.6 | 156.6 | 207.7 | 234.0 | 291.4 | 303.0 | 353.4 | 344.1 | 261.0 | 213.9 | 156.0 | 142.6 | 2,806.3 |
| Source: Hong Kong Observatory[20] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Lisbon, 1990–2019 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 158.6 | 174.7 | 216.0 | 248.0 | 296.8 | 322.2 | 349.7 | 339.9 | 259.8 | 196.4 | 163.1 | 149.7 | 2,874.9 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 5.1 | 6.2 | 7.0 | 8.3 | 9.6 | 10.7 | 11.3 | 11.0 | 8.7 | 6.3 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 7.9 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 52 | 57 | 58 | 63 | 67 | 73 | 77 | 81 | 70 | 57 | 54 | 51 | 63 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| Source 1: German Meteorological Service[23][24] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas[25] | |||||||||||||
Daylight
[edit]Due to its southern position in Europe, Lisbon has a rather optimal number of hours of daylight. Winter days are not as short as in the northern part of the continent and summers have at least 9 hours of nighttime. The average duration of daylight in the wintertime is 10.3 hours[26] (for comparison: London[27] or Moscow[28] or Warsaw[29] have about 8 hours).
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hours of light | 9.8 | 10.7 | 11.9 | 13.2 | 14.2 | 14.8 | 14.5 | 13.6 | 12.4 | 11.1 | 10 | 9.5 |
| hours of Twilight/Night | 14.2 | 13.3 | 12.1 | 10.8 | 9.8 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 10.4 | 11.6 | 12.9 | 14 | 14.5 |
Wind
[edit]Lisbon is generally still, though it can become quite windy in occasional Atlantic storms, accompanied by rain. The average wind speed depends largely on the area. Tapada da Ajuda has almost no sign of wind, other areas such as Gago Coutinho, near the airport, get double that wind speed. The District of Lisbon, especially the west, is one of Portugal's windiest zones. Cabo da Roca has registered wind gusts of up to 169 km/h (105 mph).[31]
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Instituto Geofísico[32] | 12.2 | 13.2 | 13.0 | 13.6 | 13.7 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 12.1 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 |
| Tapada da Ajuda[33] | 5.7 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 6.1 |
| Gago Coutinho[34] | 11.7 | 12.6 | 13.2 | 14.2 | 13.9 | 14.5 | 15.3 | 14.6 | 12.6 | 11.8 | 11.1 | 11.7 | 13.1 |
Sea temperature
[edit]As with the rest of Portugal, ocean temperatures are extremely moderate and cool year-round, only varying 5 °C (9.0 °F) between the coldest and warmest month. The coolest months are February and March (around 15–15.5 °C (59.0–59.9 °F)) while the warmest are from August through October (around 19–20 °C (66–68 °F)). The average annual sea surface temperature is around 17.5 °C (63.5 °F).[35][36]
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15.5 °C (59.9 °F) | 15.0 °C (59.0 °F) | 15.0 °C (59.0 °F) | 16.0 °C (60.8 °F) | 17.0 °C (62.6 °F) | 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) | 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) | 20.5 °C (68.9 °F) | 20.5 °C (68.9 °F) | 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) | 18.0 °C (64.4 °F) | 16.5 °C (61.7 °F) | 17.6 °C (63.7 °F) |
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15.8 °C (60.4 °F) | 15.2 °C (59.4 °F) | 15.1 °C (59.2 °F) | 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) | 17.4 °C (63.3 °F) | 18.6 °C (65.5 °F) | 18.9 °C (66.0 °F) | 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) | 19.9 °C (67.8 °F) | 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) | 18.1 °C (64.6 °F) | 16.5 °C (61.7 °F) | 17.6 °C (63.7 °F) |
Lisbon Metropolitan Area
[edit]Temperature and precipitation variation across various sections of the metropolitan area of Lisbon:
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Other stations in the city of Lisbon
[edit]| Climate data for Lisbon (Instituto Geofísico), elevation: 77 m or 253 ft, 1981–2010 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.6 (72.7) |
24.8 (76.6) |
29.4 (84.9) |
32.2 (90.0) |
35.0 (95.0) |
41.5 (106.7) |
40.6 (105.1) |
44.0 (111.2) |
37.3 (99.1) |
32.6 (90.7) |
25.3 (77.5) |
25.1 (77.2) |
44.0 (111.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.8 (58.6) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.8 (65.8) |
19.8 (67.6) |
22.1 (71.8) |
25.7 (78.3) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.3 (82.9) |
26.5 (79.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
18.2 (64.8) |
15.3 (59.5) |
21.3 (70.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.6 (52.9) |
12.7 (54.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.0 (64.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.5 (74.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
18.8 (65.8) |
15.0 (59.0) |
12.4 (54.3) |
17.4 (63.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
11.0 (51.8) |
11.9 (53.4) |
13.9 (57.0) |
16.6 (61.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.6 (65.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
15.1 (59.2) |
11.8 (53.2) |
9.4 (48.9) |
13.5 (56.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.4 (32.7) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
0.2 (32.4) |
5.5 (41.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
10.3 (50.5) |
13.1 (55.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
10.7 (51.3) |
8.0 (46.4) |
3.9 (39.0) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 99.9 (3.93) |
84.9 (3.34) |
53.2 (2.09) |
68.1 (2.68) |
53.6 (2.11) |
15.9 (0.63) |
4.2 (0.17) |
6.2 (0.24) |
32.9 (1.30) |
100.8 (3.97) |
127.6 (5.02) |
126.7 (4.99) |
774 (30.5) |
| Source: IPMA[1] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Lisbon (Instituto Geofísico), elevation: 77 m or 253 ft, 1971–2000 normals and extremes | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.6 (69.1) |
24.8 (76.6) |
28.3 (82.9) |
29.4 (84.9) |
35.0 (95.0) |
41.5 (106.7) |
40.6 (105.1) |
37.9 (100.2) |
37.1 (98.8) |
32.6 (90.7) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.1 (77.2) |
41.5 (106.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.2 (64.8) |
19.2 (66.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
24.8 (76.6) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.8 (82.0) |
26.2 (79.2) |
22.1 (71.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
15.2 (59.4) |
20.9 (69.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.3 (52.3) |
12.6 (54.7) |
14.3 (57.7) |
15.3 (59.5) |
17.3 (63.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.9 (73.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
14.8 (58.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
17.0 (62.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.1 (46.6) |
9.2 (48.6) |
10.4 (50.7) |
11.5 (52.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
15.9 (60.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
18.1 (64.6) |
17.3 (63.1) |
14.6 (58.3) |
11.5 (52.7) |
9.5 (49.1) |
13.1 (55.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.4 (32.7) |
1.2 (34.2) |
2.9 (37.2) |
5.5 (41.9) |
6.9 (44.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
13.1 (55.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
10.7 (51.3) |
8.0 (46.4) |
3.9 (39.0) |
2.4 (36.3) |
0.4 (32.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 96.8 (3.81) |
90.2 (3.55) |
51.2 (2.02) |
64.7 (2.55) |
55.6 (2.19) |
17.2 (0.68) |
6.1 (0.24) |
6.8 (0.27) |
28.5 (1.12) |
79.8 (3.14) |
107.1 (4.22) |
121.8 (4.80) |
725.8 (28.59) |
| Source: IPMA[43] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Lisbon (Tapada da Ajuda), elevation: 37 m or 121 ft, 1971–2000 normals and extremes | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.1 (68.2) |
24.5 (76.1) |
29.0 (84.2) |
29.5 (85.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
41.0 (105.8) |
41.2 (106.2) |
38.0 (100.4) |
37.5 (99.5) |
33.0 (91.4) |
25.5 (77.9) |
23.1 (73.6) |
41.2 (106.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.6 (58.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.0 (66.2) |
21.3 (70.3) |
24.9 (76.8) |
27.6 (81.7) |
28.0 (82.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
22.2 (72.0) |
18.2 (64.8) |
15.5 (59.9) |
20.9 (69.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.0 (51.8) |
12.1 (53.8) |
13.5 (56.3) |
14.4 (57.9) |
16.5 (61.7) |
19.6 (67.3) |
22.0 (71.6) |
22.3 (72.1) |
20.9 (69.6) |
17.8 (64.0) |
14.5 (58.1) |
12.2 (54.0) |
16.4 (61.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) |
8.3 (46.9) |
9.0 (48.2) |
9.9 (49.8) |
11.8 (53.2) |
14.4 (57.9) |
16.3 (61.3) |
16.6 (61.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
10.9 (51.6) |
8.9 (48.0) |
11.9 (53.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.5 (29.3) |
0.5 (32.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.5 (36.5) |
5.0 (41.0) |
8.0 (46.4) |
10.2 (50.4) |
11.0 (51.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
3.4 (38.1) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 90.7 (3.57) |
85.4 (3.36) |
47.4 (1.87) |
59.9 (2.36) |
50.9 (2.00) |
16.9 (0.67) |
5.5 (0.22) |
5.6 (0.22) |
28.3 (1.11) |
76.2 (3.00) |
100.3 (3.95) |
113.3 (4.46) |
680.4 (26.79) |
| Source: IPMA[44] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Lisbon (Gago Coutinho), elevation: 104 m or 341 ft, 1982–2000 normals and extremes | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.6 (67.3) |
23.8 (74.8) |
28.0 (82.4) |
30.4 (86.7) |
33.8 (92.8) |
37.6 (99.7) |
42.0 (107.6) |
39.0 (102.2) |
38.1 (100.6) |
32.3 (90.1) |
25.7 (78.3) |
23.1 (73.6) |
42.0 (107.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.0 (57.2) |
15.4 (59.7) |
18.5 (65.3) |
19.0 (66.2) |
21.5 (70.7) |
25.3 (77.5) |
28.1 (82.6) |
28.3 (82.9) |
26.7 (80.1) |
22.1 (71.8) |
17.5 (63.5) |
14.8 (58.6) |
20.9 (69.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.5 (50.9) |
11.9 (53.4) |
14.3 (57.7) |
15.0 (59.0) |
17.4 (63.3) |
20.5 (68.9) |
22.9 (73.2) |
23.2 (73.8) |
21.9 (71.4) |
18.1 (64.6) |
14.4 (57.9) |
11.8 (53.2) |
16.8 (62.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.1 (44.8) |
8.4 (47.1) |
10.0 (50.0) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
15.8 (60.4) |
17.7 (63.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
17.1 (62.8) |
14.1 (57.4) |
11.2 (52.2) |
8.9 (48.0) |
12.7 (54.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
2.4 (36.3) |
3.1 (37.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
9.3 (48.7) |
12.4 (54.3) |
13.7 (56.7) |
11.4 (52.5) |
7.8 (46.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 97.7 (3.85) |
82.3 (3.24) |
36.1 (1.42) |
68.7 (2.70) |
64.4 (2.54) |
14.1 (0.56) |
6.0 (0.24) |
5.1 (0.20) |
30.6 (1.20) |
86.0 (3.39) |
135.8 (5.35) |
127.3 (5.01) |
754.1 (29.7) |
| Source: IPMA[45] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Lisbon (Príncipe Real), elevation: 95 m or 312 ft, 1961–1990 normals and extremes | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.6 (69.1) |
24.8 (76.6) |
26.2 (79.2) |
28.6 (83.5) |
35.1 (95.2) |
41.5 (106.7) |
38.5 (101.3) |
39.3 (102.7) |
37.1 (98.8) |
32.6 (90.7) |
27.8 (82.0) |
23.2 (73.8) |
41.5 (106.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) |
15.6 (60.1) |
17.6 (63.7) |
19.1 (66.4) |
21.7 (71.1) |
24.8 (76.6) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.9 (82.2) |
26.4 (79.5) |
22.4 (72.3) |
17.8 (64.0) |
14.8 (58.6) |
20.8 (69.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) |
12.3 (54.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.4 (63.3) |
20.2 (68.4) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.8 (73.0) |
21.7 (71.1) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.5 (58.1) |
11.8 (53.2) |
16.8 (62.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
9.9 (49.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.6 (60.1) |
17.4 (63.3) |
17.7 (63.9) |
17.0 (62.6) |
14.6 (58.3) |
11.2 (52.2) |
8.9 (48.0) |
12.8 (55.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.4 (32.7) |
1.2 (34.2) |
2.9 (37.2) |
5.5 (41.9) |
6.9 (44.4) |
10.2 (50.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
13.5 (56.3) |
10.7 (51.3) |
8.0 (46.4) |
3.9 (39.0) |
0.5 (32.9) |
0.4 (32.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 110.0 (4.33) |
111.0 (4.37) |
69.0 (2.72) |
64.0 (2.52) |
39.0 (1.54) |
21.0 (0.83) |
5.0 (0.20) |
6.0 (0.24) |
26.0 (1.02) |
80.0 (3.15) |
114.0 (4.49) |
108.0 (4.25) |
753 (29.66) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11.0 | 11.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 81 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 80.0 | 78.0 | 71.0 | 69.0 | 66.0 | 66.0 | 63.0 | 61.0 | 67.0 | 72.0 | 77.0 | 79.0 | 70.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 144.0 | 151.0 | 208.0 | 235.0 | 291.0 | 302.0 | 352.0 | 343.0 | 261.0 | 213.0 | 157.0 | 142.0 | 2,799 |
| Source: NOAA[46] | |||||||||||||
See also
[edit]Climate in other places in Iberian Peninsula:
- Climate of Porto
- Climate of Portugal
- Climate of Barcelona
- Climate of Valencia
- Climate of Madrid
- Climate of Bilbao
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g "Monthly Averages for Lisbon, Portugal (1981–2010)". Instituto de Meteorologia. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ "World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification". Archived from the original on 2010-09-06.
- ^ Climatic map by Istituto Geografico De Agostini, according to Troll-Paffen climate classification Archived October 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Die Klimatypen der Erde – Pädagogische Hochschule in Heidelberg
- ^ Peel, M.C.; Finlayson, B.L. "World Map of Köppen–Geiger climate classification". The University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ "Trewartha maps". kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ Cmapm, Kliimavöötmed svg: Urmasderivative work (2011-06-16), Русский: Климатические пояса Земли по Б. П. Алисову., retrieved 27 June 2020
- ^ "World Strahler Climate Map". Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ Feddema (2005), Johannes. "A Revised Thornthwaite-Type Global Climate Classification". Retrieved 28 January 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Morais, J. Custódio de (1950). "Divisão Climática de Portugal" (PDF) (in Portuguese). XII. Publicações do Instituto de Climatologia e Hidrologia da Universidade de Coimbra. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Klimaklassifikation". www.spektrum.de (in German). Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ "Klimazonen nach E. Neef (1989)". Klett-Perthes.
- ^ a b "ClimaAlterações Climáticas em Portugal". IPMA. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "August 2018 bulletin" (PDF). IPMA. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "G.Coutinho and Tapada weather stations measure the Lisbon highest temperature record". 5 August 2018.
- ^ "Ficha Climatológica Lisboa/Tapada da Ajuda" (PDF). Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
- ^ "Climate Records". Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
- ^ Morozova, A. L.; Valente, M. A. (25 July 2012). "Homogenization of Portuguese long-term temperature data series: Lisbon, Coimbra and Porto". Earth System Science Data Discussions. 5 (2). doi:10.5194/essdd-5-521-2012. hdl:10316/109855. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ^ "Hardiness zones of Portugal" (PDF). Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Lisboa. pages 60-62.
- ^ a b c d "Climatological Information for Lisbon, Portugal" (1961-1990) Archived 2019-01-29 at the Wayback Machine – Hong Kong Observatory
- ^ a b "Monthly Averages for Lisbon, Portugal (1961–1990)". NOAA. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
- ^ "Solar prospecting tool for fast and reliable project pre-feasibility". SolarGis. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "Monthly Averages for Lisbon". DwD.
- ^ "Monthly Averages for Lisbon". DwD.
- ^ "Lisbon, Portugal – Monthly weather forecast and climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Lisbon climate guide". weather2travel.com. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "London Climate Guide: Monthly Weather, England".
- ^ "Moscow Climate Guide: Monthly Weather, Russia (Europe)".
- ^ "Warsaw Climate Guide: Monthly Weather, Poland".
- ^ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Lisbon, Portugal Sunlight, Cloud & Day length". Archived from the original on 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2015-01-05.
- ^ "IPMA estima ventos entre 180 e 190km/hora durante a tempestade Leslie". Observador. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "Lisboa Geofísico 1971-2000" (PDF). IPMA. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "Lisboa Tapada da Ajuda 1971-2000" (PDF). IPMA. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "Lisboa Gago Coutinho 1971-2000" (PDF). IPMA. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Carcavelos Water Temperature and Wetsuit Guide (Lisboa, Portugal)". surf-forecast.com. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ a b Lisbon average sea temperature – seatemperature.org
- ^ Domingos, Sónia Isabel Sequeira (2008). "Microclimatologia do Município de Sintra com base em estações meteorológicas". Retrieved 5 June 2021.
- ^ O Clima de Portugal: Normais climatológicas do Continente, Açores e Madeira correspondentes a 1931-1960. Serviço Meteorológico Nacional, Observatório do Infante D. Luís (Lisboa). 1965. p. 108. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
- ^ O Clima de Portugal: Normais climatológicas do Continente, Açores e Madeira correspondentes a 1931-1960. Serviço Meteorológico Nacional, Observatório do Infante D. Luís (Lisboa). 1965. p. 109. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
- ^ "Forest Protection Municipal Plan Against Wildfires" (PDF). Oeiras Municipality. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
- ^ "Monthly Averages for Setúbal, Portugal (1981-2010)". Instituto de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 2013-01-11. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ "Monthly Averages for Pegões, Montijo (1971–2000)" (PDF). Instituto de Meteorologia.
- ^ "Monthly Averages for Instituto Geofísico, Lisbon (1971-2000)" (PDF). Instituto de Meteorologia. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ "Monthly Averages for Tapada da Ajuda, Lisbon (1971-2000)" (PDF). Instituto de Meteorologia. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ "Monthly Averages for Gago Coutinho, Lisbon (1971-2000)" (PDF). Instituto de Meteorologia. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ "Lisbon (08535) – WMO Weather Station". NOAA. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
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