Crown Colony of North Borneo
Crown Colony of North Borneo | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1946–1963 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Motto: Latin: Pergo et Perago[1] (I persevere and I achieve)[2] | |||||||||||||||||||
| Anthem: God Save the King (1946–1952) God Save the Queen (1952–1963) | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Status | British colony | ||||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Jesselton | ||||||||||||||||||
| Common languages | English, Bajau, Murut, Chinese, Kadazan Dusun, Sabah Malay | ||||||||||||||||||
| Monarch | |||||||||||||||||||
• 1946–1952 | George VI | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1952–1963 | Elizabeth II | ||||||||||||||||||
| Governor | |||||||||||||||||||
• 1946–1949 | Edward Twining | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1959–1963 | William Goode | ||||||||||||||||||
| Historical era | New Imperialism | ||||||||||||||||||
• North Borneo ceded to the Crown Colony | 15 July 1946[3] | ||||||||||||||||||
| 16 October 1947 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 31 August 1963[4][5] | |||||||||||||||||||
| 16 September 1963 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Currency | North Borneo dollar, Malaya−British Borneo dollar | ||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||
| Today part of | Malaysia Philippines | ||||||||||||||||||
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The Crown Colony of North Borneo was a Crown colony on the island of Borneo established in 1946 shortly after the dissolution of the British Military Administration.[6] The Crown Colony of Labuan joined the new Crown colony during its formation. It was succeeded as the state of Sabah through the formation of the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963.
Cession of remaining islands
[edit]On 16 October 1947 the British transferred administration of the Turtle Islands and the Mangsee Islands to the Philippine government under a treaty signed between the United Kingdom and the United States.[7][8] The islands now form a part of the Southwestern Tagalog Region (MIMAROPA) and Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM).
Administration
[edit]| Governor of British Crown Colony of North Borneo | |
|---|---|
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| Style | His Excellency |
| Appointer | King George VI Queen Elizabeth II |
| Inaugural holder | Edward Francis Twining (1946–1948) Succeeded by Herbert Ralph Hone (1949–1954) Roland Evelyn Turnbull (1954–1959) |
| Formation | 1946–1963 |
| Final holder | William Goode (1960–1963) |
| Abolished | 16 September 1963 (Formed the Federation of Malaysia)[9] |
| Superseded by | Edward Francis Twining |
The Governor of the Crown Colony of North Borneo was appointed by King George VI, and later Queen Elizabeth II.[9] After the formation of Malaysia in 1963 the title was changed to Yang di-Pertua Negara[10] and was subsequently changed to 'Tuan Yang Terutama Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sabah', in 1976 (Enactment. No. 17/1976 Constitution (Amendment)(No. 2)) which means 'His Excellency The Governor of Sabah', or 'His Excellency The Head of State of Sabah' and the appointment was later made by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia).
Executive and legislative councils were established in October 1950, replacing the provisional Advisory Council which had existed since July 1946. The Executive Council, which advised the governor on matters of policy, consisted of three ex-officio members (the Chief Secretary, Financial Secretary, and Attorney-General), two appointed official members, and four appointed unofficial members. The Legislative Council consisted of the Governor as president, the three ex-officio members, nine appointed official members, and ten appointed unofficial members. The governor customarily appointed unofficial members from lists of names put forward by a representative bodies. The development of democratic institutions was much slower in North Borneo than it was in neighbouring Sarawak.[11]
For local administration, the colony was divided into four residencies overseen by a resident, which were sub-divided into districts overseen by district officers. The district officer for the island of Labuan reported directly to the Chief Secretary. The districts were sub-divided into sub-districts overseen by assistant district officers. Most district officers were expatriates, while the majority of assistant district officers were locally recruited.[11]
Within each district, village headmen were responsible for minor administrative tasks. Headmen reported to chiefs, who in turn reported to the district officer. The chiefs presided over native courts which dealt with breaches of native custom and Islamic law. District officers could also act in a magisterial capacity and had jurisdiction over civil actions, breaches of the laws of the colony, and offences against the penal code.[11]
In 1951, the Rural Development Ordinance provided for the establishment of local authorities in rural areas. The first such authority was set up in Kota Belud district on 1 January 1952 under the direction of the district and assistant district officers. Members of the local authority were entirely appointed, representing both the native population and the Chinese population of Kota Belud. This pattern was repeated throughout the territory as other rural authorities were established.[11]
An ordinance regarding urban government came into force on 1 July 1954 which allowed for the creation of township authorities, town boards, and municipal councils. Jesselton and Sandakan became town board areas as did Tawau and Labuan in 1955. Members of local councils were entirely appointed by the governor, though unofficial members were required to be in the majority.[11]
References
[edit]- ^ Great Britain. Colonial Office (1956). Annual Report on North Borneo. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 6.
- ^ Great Britain. Colonial Office 1956, p. 6.
- ^ Anthony Kirk-Greene (12 June 1999). On Crown Service: A History of HM Colonial and Overseas Civil Services, 1837-1997. I.B.Tauris. pp. 183–. ISBN 978-1-86064-260-9.
- ^ "The National Archives DO 169/254 (Constitutional issues in respect of North Borneo and Sarawak on joining the federation)". The National Archives. 1961–1963. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
- ^ Philip Mathews (28 February 2014). Chronicle of Malaysia: Fifty Years of Headline News, 1963-2013. Editions Didier Millet. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-967-10617-4-9.
- ^ "British North Borneo Becomes Crown Colony". Trove. 18 July 1946. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- ^ Charles P. Williamson (30 July 1929). "Treaty over Turtle Islands". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- ^ Peter C. Richards (6 December 1947). "New Flag Over Pacific Paradise". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ^ a b Frans Welman (9 March 2017). Borneo Trilogy Volume 1: Sabah. Booksmango. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-616-245-078-5.
- ^ State Of Sabah. "The Constitution of the State of Sabah" (PDF). For reference only as at January 2019
- ^ a b c d e Government of North Borneo. Annual Report North Borneo, 1958 (London: H.M.S.O.), 174-179.
Further reading
[edit]- British North Borneo Becomes Crown Colony
- History Archived 30 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine (archive) Sabah State Archives – Chief Minister's Department
External links
[edit]- Colonial administration records (migrated archive): North Borneo (Sabah/Malaysia) at The National Archives (Pg. 61)
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- British Borneo
- History of North Borneo
- Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia
- History of Borneo
- History of Sabah
- Lists of governors in Asia
- Politics of Sabah
- States and territories established in 1946
- States and territories disestablished in 1963
- 1946 establishments in Southeast Asia
- 1963 disestablishments in Asia
- 1946 establishments in the British Empire
- 1963 disestablishments in the British Empire
- 1940s establishments in Malaya
- 1960s disestablishments in Malaysia