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Cunedda

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See also: Kingdom of Gwynedd § Gwynedd in the early Middle Ages

Cunedda ap Edern
15th century illustration of Cunedda from an edition of Historia Regum Britanniae
King of Gwynedd
Reignc. 450 – c. 460
PredecessorPosition established
SuccessorEinion Yrth ap Cunedda
Born386; 1638 years ago (386)
Manaw Gododdin
Died460 (74 years)
Gwynedd, modern-day Wales or Allt Cunedda, Kidwelly
SpouseGwawl Verch Coel
HouseCunedda (Gwynedd)
FatherEternus (Edeyrn)

Cunedda ap Edern, also called Cunedda Wledig (reigned c. 450 – c. 460), was an important early Welsh leader, and the progenitor of the Royal dynasty of Gwynedd, one of the very oldest of Western Europe.[1]

Name

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See also: Wledig

The name Cunedda (spelled Cunedag in the AD 828 pseudo-history Historia Brittonum) derives from the Brythonic word *Cuno-dagos, meaning "Good Hound/Warrior" or "Having Good Hounds/Warriors".[2] His title, "Wledig", is an obscure and difficult to translate epithet.[3] It literally means, "of a gwlad" or "country".[3] However, as an epithet, Wledig was possibly applied to some official or claimed position within the Roman hierarchy.[3] It has been argued that the term is likely a rendition of a Roman title since all known figures with the title are either genealogically connected with the Roman aristocracy or associated with the Roman government.[3][4]

These figures also all ruled in the century after the Roman withdrawal from Britain. However, this interpretation is subject to criticism. The historian Rachel Bromwich argued that translating Latin titles into Welsh is unusual for contemporary Welsh leaders, who typically used the original Latin titles.[5] There are other competing theories concerning the true meaning of the term. The word "Gwledig" is a cognate with the Irish word "flaith," which means ruler. Therefore, the word may simply mean "lord" or "ruler."[6]

Early life

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Coin featuring Magnus Maximus, Roman Emperor

Cunedda's family is traced back to a grandfather living in late Roman Britain named Padarn Beisrudd.[7] His name literally translates as Paternus of the "red tunic" or the scarlet cloak,[8] a colour attributed to Roman officers during the Roman Empire. One traditional interpretation identifies Padarn as a Roman (Romano-British) official of reasonably high rank who had been placed in command of the Votadini troops stationed in the Clackmannanshire region of Scotland in the 380s or earlier by the Roman Emperor Magnus Maximus.

Alternatively, he may have been a frontier chieftain who was granted Roman military rank, a practice attested elsewhere along the empire's borders at the time. Possibly, Padarn's command in Scotland was assumed after his death by his son, Edern (Latin: Æturnus), and then passed to Edern's son, Cunedda, who would later be the founder of the Kingdom of Gwynedd and become its first King.[9]

Genealogy

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Cunedda's genealogy, as many early Welsh Royal families, claimed descent from Afallach, son of Beli Mawr, the father of King Cassivellaunus.[7][10][11] Cassivellaunus was a pre-Roman historical figure who fought against Julius Caesar during his invasion of Britain in 54 BC, as part of the Gallic Wars, and whose name was featured on many occasions in Caesar's war diaries.[12] His successor was Tasciovanus, father of Cunobeline.

Both Cunedda and his father-in-law, King Coel Hen (Coel Godebog), claimed descent from Beli Mawr.[13][14][7] Early versions of their genealogies are now part of the Harleian Library, under the Harleian collections and Jesus College collections, and are one of the few direct historical sources for Welsh dynastic history in the early Middle Ages.[15][16] As head of the House of Gwynedd, Cunedda's line continued through his descendant Rhodri Mawr, and the subsequent houses of Aberffraw, Dinefwr, and Mathrafal.[9]

Life

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Move to Gwynedd

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According to Old Welsh tradition contained in section 62 of the Historia Brittonum, Cunedda came from Manaw Gododdin, the modern Falkirk region of Scotland:

Maelgwn, the great king, was reigning among the Britons in the region of Gwynedd, for his ancestor, Cunedag, with his sons, whose number was eight, had come previously from the northern part, that is from the region which is called Manaw Gododdin, one hundred and forty-six years before Maelgwn reigned. And with great slaughter, they drove out from those regions the Scotti who never returned again to inhabit them.[17]

Cunedda and his forebears led the Votadini against Pictish and Irish incursions south of Hadrian's Wall. Sometime after this, the Votadini troops under Cunedda relocated to North Wales to defend the region from Irish invasion, specifically the Uí Liatháin, as mentioned in the Historia Brittonum. Cunedda established himself in Wales, in the territory of the Venedoti, which would become the centre of the Kingdom of Gwynedd. Two explanations for these actions have been suggested: either Cunedda was acting under the orders of Magnus Maximus (or Maximus' successors) or Vortigern, the high king of the British in the immediate post-Roman era. The range of dates (suggested by Oxford genealogist Peter Bartrum) runs from the late 370s, which would favour Maximus, to the late 440s, which would favour Vortigern.

The Roman Hadrian's Wall, Cunedda and his family commanded the Votadini between its wall and Antonine Wall, located at the edge of England and Scotland.

The suggestion that Cunedda was operating under instructions from Rome has been challenged by several historians. David Dumville dismisses the whole concept of transplanting foederati from Scotland to Wales in this manner, given that the political state of sub-Roman Britain would probably have made it impossible to exercise such centralised control by the 5th century. As Maximus himself was dead by the end of 388, and Constantine III departed from Britain with the last of Rome's military forces in 407, less than a generation later, it is doubtful that Rome had much direct influence over the military actions of the Votadini, either through Maximus or any other emissary, for any significant length of time.

Magnus Maximus (or his successors) may have handed over control of the British frontiers to local chieftains at an earlier date; with the evacuation of the fort at Chester (which Mike Ashley, incidentally, argues is most likely where Cunedda established his initial base in the region, some years later) in the 370s, he may have had little option. Given that the archaeological record demonstrates Irish settlement on the Llŷn Peninsula however and possible raids as far west as Wroxeter by the late 4th century, it is difficult to conceive of either Roman or allied British forces having presented an effective defence in Wales.

Academics such as Sheppard Frere have argued that it may have been Vortigern who, adopting elements of Roman statecraft, moved the Votadini south, just as he invited Saxon settlers to protect other parts of the island. According to this version of events, Vortigern would have instructed Cunedda and his Votadini subjects to move to Wales in response to the aforementioned Irish incursions no later than the year 442, when Vortigern's former Saxon allies rebelled against his rule. Some historians even suggest that Cunedda never even moved to North Wales and simply died while fighting the Picts, and Nennius's claims about Cunedda are just simply propaganda for the Kingdom of Gwynedd.[citation needed] Based on the fact that despite Nennius saying Cunedda "drove out the Irish with great slaughter and that they never returned" it is not entirely true as there was heavy Irish presence among the southern Welsh Kingdoms and Anglesey even in the 6th century.[citation needed]

Life and succession

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King Coel Hen, father-in-law of Cunedda

Of Cunedda personally even less is known. Probably celebrated for his strength, courage, and ability to rally the beleaguered Romano-British forces of the region, he eventually secured a politically advantageous marriage to Gwawl, daughter of King Coel Hen, the Romano-British ruler of Eboracum (modern York) appointed by Magnus Maximus, and is claimed to have had nine sons.[18][19] The early kingdoms of Ceredigion and Meirionnydd were supposedly named after his two sons King Ceredig and King Meirion.

Cunedda's supposed great-grandson Maelgwn Gwynedd was a contemporary of Gildas,[20][21] and according to the Annales Cambriae died in 547.[22] The reliability of early Welsh genealogies is not uncontested however, and many of the claims regarding the number and identity of Cunedda's heirs did not surface until as late as the 10th century. Nonetheless, if we accept this information as valid, calculating back from this date suggests the mid-5th century interpretation.

Allt Cunedda

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There is a hill called Allt Cunedda, close to Cydweli (now Kidwelly) in Carmarthenshire, in southwest Wales. A local folk story, recorded by Victorian antiquarians, claims that Cunedda and his sons attempted to invade Cydweli, but was defeated and killed by rebellious locals and was buried in the Allt Cunedda. Amateur and ill-recorded excavations did reveal a hill fort, probably pre-Roman, the broken head of a stone hammer axe,[23] and several collapsed stone cists containing the well-preserved skeletons of several men with formidable physical proportions. At least one of these was found in the "seated position" and another buried beneath a massive stone "shield" who had apparently been killed by a head wound. John Fenton's excavations in 1851 destroyed much of the archaeological evidence from Allt Cunedda, and more by John William Watson Stephens' dig in the 1930s.[24] The bones are lost; Fenton sent them to an institution in London, and Stephens' long searches for them were unsuccessful.

One of the tumuli was known locally as Banc Benisel and was reputedly the grave of a Sawyl Penuchel, a legendary King of the Britons presumably from late Iron Age Britain. His epithet Penuchel or Ben Uchel means "high head" perhaps on account of his height. [3] According to the Welsh Life of Saint Cadoc, a king named Sawyl Penuchel held court at Allt Cunedda. Confusingly, Geoffrey of Monmouth, in his Historia Regum Britanniae (1136), uses the name Samuil Penessil for a legendary pre-Roman king of Britain, preceded by Redechius and succeeded by Pir.[25] Whether this is the same king and Cadoc's tale is just revisiting an old folk memory, a different man of the same name, or simply an error by the composer of the Life, is unclear.

Immediate family

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See also: List of rulers of Gwynedd § House of Cunedda
The Welsh Dragon on the Flag of Wales, associated with King Cadwaladr, descendant of Cunedda

Immediate ancestors

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  • Eternus (Edeyrn) father, Commander of the Votadini troops;
  • Paternus (Padarn Beisrudd, of the red robe) grandfather, Commander of the Votadini troops;
  • Tacitus (Tegid) great-grandfather.

Children

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Great-grandson

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Maelgwn Gwynedd, King of Gwynedd, referred by Gildas as Maelgwn the Dragon or Dragon of the Island, and was the ancestor of King Cadwaladr.[9]

The Red Dragon would later be flown by the House of Tudor, claimed descendants of Cunedda, through Owen Tudor and King Henry Tudor, and be featured on the Flag of Wales.[27][28]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Yale genealogy and history of Wales: the British kings and princes, and other noted persons (1908) (PDF). WorldCat.org. pp. 19–20. OCLC 1102359364. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  2. ^ Koch, John, Celtic Culture, ABC-CLIO, 2006, p. 519
  3. ^ a b c d Welsh Medieval Law: The Laws of Howell the Good (1909), Hywel ap Cadell, translated by Arthur Wade Wade-Evans
  4. ^ Wade-Evans, Arthur; Welsh Medieval Law. Accessed 30 January 2013.
  5. ^ Roberts, Brynley F.; Bromwich, Rachel (1962); "Trioedd Ynys Prydein. The Welsh Triads", The Modern Language Review. 57 (3): 405. doi:10.2307/3721837. ISSN 0026-7937.
  6. ^ Charles-Edwards, Thomas Mowbray (2013). Wales and the Britons, 350-1064. The history of Wales (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821731-2.
  7. ^ a b c Nicholson, E. Williams B. (1908). "The Dynasty of Cunedag and the 'Harleian Genealogies'". London: Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion. pp. 63, 67–105 (Beli "magnus").
  8. ^ "CUNEDDA WLEDIG (fl. 450?), British prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  9. ^ a b c The Houses of Cunedda and Rhodri Mawr, Welsh Medieval Law: The Laws of Howell the Good (1909) by Hywel ap Cadell, translated by Arthur Wade Wade-Evans
  10. ^ Ben Guy (2020). "The Pedigrees of the Kings of Gwynedd". Medieval Welsh Genealogy. pp. 233–264. doi:10.1017/9781787448988.006. ISBN 978-1-78744-898-8. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  11. ^ "11 The Britons and the Northumbrians, 547-685:The Evidence, by T.M. Charles-Edwards, page 343-380, November 2012". Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  12. ^ "The Gallic Wars By Julius Caesar Translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn, Provided by The Internet Classics Archive, Massachusetts Institute of Technology". Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  13. ^ Sir Bernard Burke, Ulster King of Arms (1906). "A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain". p. 1328. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  14. ^ David Ewan Thomson (January 1992). "A neglected genealogy of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd". www.academia.edu. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  15. ^ David Ewan Thomson (January 1992). "A neglected genealogy of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd". www.academia.edu. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  16. ^ Ben Guy (2020). The Earliest Welsh Genealogical Collections: The St Davids Recension and the Gwynedd Collection of Genealogies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–100. doi:10.1017/9781787448988.003. ISBN 978-1-78744-898-8. Retrieved 2 March 2023. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Bartrum, Peter; A Welsh Classical Dictionary, National Library of Wales, 1993, p. 172.
  18. ^ Kessler, Peter. "Magnus Maximus". The History Files. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  19. ^ "Cunedda Wledig's Ancestry". earlybritishkingdoms.com. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  20. ^ Giles 1841:24–25, De Excidio, sections 28 and 29 (in English)
  21. ^ Giles 1841:244–245, De Excidio, sections 28 and 29 (in Latin)
  22. ^ Phillimore 1888:155, Annales Cambriae, year 547 – "Mortalitas magna inqua pausat mailcun rex genedotae"
  23. ^ Kidwelly History [1] accessed 11 December 2022
  24. ^ Kidwelly History [2] accessed 11 December 2022
  25. ^ History of the Kings of Britain 3.19 at Wikisource. Lewis Thorpe's translation for Penguin Classics (p. 105) gives two kings, Samuil followed by Penessil.
  26. ^ Bartrum, Peter Clement (1993). A Welsh Classical Dictionary, people in History and Legend up to about A.D. 1000 (PDF). National Library of Wales. p. 13.
  27. ^ "The Red Dragon of Wales by Ben Johnson". historic-uk.com. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  28. ^ Cunningham, Nigel. "King Arthur the Pendragon who was Born of Fire, by Nigel Dryden Cunningham". academia.edu. Retrieved 27 August 2022.

Sources

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New title
 King of Gwynedd
c. 450 - c. 460 		Succeeded by
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