Cutaneous endometriosis
| Cutaneous endometriosis | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Urology, dermatology  |
Cutaneous endometriosis is characterized by the appearance of papules at the umbilicus or in lower abdominal scars after gynecologic surgery in middle-aged women.[1]: 628 The size averages to 2 cm in diameter. Its colour ranges from blue to violet, brown or skin-coloured.[2]
Rarely, endometriosis may present inside the muscles of the abdominal wall instead of the skin after cesarean section.[3]
Signs and symptoms
[edit]The traditional manifestation of cutaneous endometriosis is a hard nodule or papule with an average diameter of 2 cm. If a patient presents with a nodule at the umbilicus and exhibits symptoms like discomfort, itching, bleeding, or discharge, it is recommended to consider umbilical endometriosis.[4] Localized indications of inflammation, like erythema, could be present in the impacted regions.[2]
Causes
[edit]There are two types of cutaneous endometriosis: primary and secondary. Primary cutaneous endometriosis is known to develop spontaneously, yet its exact cause is unknown.[4] It is believed that treatments related to abdominal or pelvic surgery that result in the implantation of endometrial tissue into the skin are the cause of secondary cutaneous endometriosis.[2]
Diagnosis
[edit]A biopsy of the lesion and subsequent histological analysis can be used to confirm the diagnosis.[4]
Treatment
[edit]For cutaneous endometriosis, there are two possible treatment modalities: hormone therapy and surgery. Oral contraceptives, danazol, and gonadotropin-releasing hormonal agonists are examples of hormonal therapy.[4]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ^ a b c Raffi L, Suresh R, McCalmont TH, Twigg AR (December 2019). "Cutaneous endometriosis". International Journal of Women's Dermatology. 5 (5): 384–386. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2019.06.025. PMC 6938861. PMID 31909163.
- ^ Bozkurt M, Çil AS, Bozkurt DK (December 2014). "Intramuscular abdominal wall endometriosis treated by ultrasound-guided ethanol injection". Clinical Medicine & Research. 12 (3–4): 160–5. doi:10.3121/cmr.2013.1183. PMC 4317157. PMID 24667221.
- ^ a b c d Sharma, Aviskar; Apostol, Radu (2023-03-25). "Cutaneous Endometriosis". StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32809753. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
Further reading
[edit]- Loh, Seung-Hee; Lew, Bark-Lynn; Sim, Woo-Young (2017). "Primary Cutaneous Endometriosis of Umbilicus". Annals of Dermatology. 29 (5). Korean Dermatological Association and The Korean Society for Investigative Dermatology: 621. doi:10.5021/ad.2017.29.5.621. ISSN 1013-9087.
- PURVIS, ROBERT S.; TYRING, STEPHEN K. (1994). "Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Endometriosis". The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology. 20 (10). Wiley: 693–695. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.1994.tb00456.x. ISSN 0148-0812.