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East London, South Africa

Coordinates: 33°01′03″S 27°54′17″E / 33.01750°S 27.90472°E / -33.01750; 27.90472
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

East London
City
East London, looking toward the sea
East London, looking toward the sea
East London is located in Eastern Cape
East London
East London
East London is located in South Africa
East London
East London
East London is located in Africa
East London
East London
Coordinates: 33°01′03″S 27°54′17″E / 33.01750°S 27.90472°E / -33.01750; 27.90472
Country South Africa
Province Eastern Cape
MunicipalityBuffalo City
Established1847; 177 years ago (1847)[1]
Area
[2]
 • City168.86 km2 (65.20 sq mi)
 • Metro
2,536 km2 (979 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)[2]
 • City267,007
 • Density1,600/km2 (4,100/sq mi)
 • Metro
755,200
 • Metro density300/km2 (770/sq mi)
Racial makeup (2011)
[2]
 • Black African70.1%
 • Coloured11.6%
 • Indian/Asian1.8%
 • White16.0%
 • Other0.5%
First languages (2011)
[2]
 • Xhosa61.8%
 • English21.2%
 • Afrikaans13.3%
 • Other3.8%
Time zoneUTC+2 (SAST)
Postal code (street)
5200
PO box
5201–5499
Area code043

East London (Xhosa: eMonti; Afrikaans: Oos-Londen) is a city on the southeastern coast of South Africa,[3] in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, Eastern Cape Province. The city lies on the Indian Ocean coast, largely between the Buffalo River and the Nahoon River, and hosts the country's only river port. As of 2011, East London had a population of over 267,000 with over 755,000 in the surrounding metropolitan area.[4]

History

[edit]

Early history

[edit]

John Bailie, one of the 1820 Settlers, surveyed the Buffalo River mouth and founded the town in 1836. There is a memorial on Signal Hill commemorating the event.[5] The city formed around the only river port in South Africa and was originally known as Port Rex. Later it was renamed London in honour of the capital city of the United Kingdom, hence the name East London. This settlement on the West Bank was the nucleus of the town of East London, which was elevated to city status in 1914.[citation needed]

During the early to mid-19th century frontier wars between the British settlers and the local Xhosa inhabitants, East London served as a supply port to service the military headquarters[citation needed] at nearby King William's Town, about 50 km (31 mi) away. A British fort, Fort Glamorgan, was built on the West Bank in 1847, and annexed to the Cape Colony that same year. This fort is one of a series of British-built forts, including Fort Murray, Fort White, Fort Cox, Fort Hare, Fort Jackson and Fort Beaufort, in the border area that became known as British Kaffraria.

With later development of the port came the settlement of permanent residents, including German settlers, most of whom were bachelors. These settlers were responsible for German names of some towns in the vicinity of East London such as Stutterheim and Berlin. Today, German surnames such as Gehring, Salzwedel and Peinke are still common in East London, but the descendants of the settlers rapidly became Anglicised.[citation needed]

The existing port, in the mouth of the Buffalo River, adjoining the Indian Ocean, began operating in 1870.[6][7] In 1872, the Cape Colony, under the leadership of its first Prime Minister John Molteno, attained a degree of independence from Britain. The new government merged the three neighbouring settlements of East London, East London East and Panmure in 1873, forming the core of the current municipality, and in 1876 it began construction on the region's railway lines, commencing on the river's east bank. At the same time, it began construction of the East London harbour. This new infrastructure rapidly accelerated development of the area into today's thriving city of East London.[8][9]

East London City Hall on Oxford Street

The unusual double-decker bridge over the Buffalo River was completed in 1935, and to this day is the only bridge of its type in South Africa. Modern day attractions include the Gately House, City Hall, Cape Railways, Nahoon Museum, East London Museum housing the coelacanth, a prehistoric fish, thought to be extinct, discovered live at the Chalumna River mouth near East London by fishermen in 1938,[10] and numerous memorial statues.

Apartheid era

[edit]

In 1948, the National Party came to power in South Africa, and began to implement the policy of apartheid. Apartheid as a doctrine envisaged the total segregation of races in South Africa, and East London was no different. In 1950, the Group Areas Act was placed upon the statute books making absolute segregation in all urban areas mandatory. In 1951, the Land Tenure Advisory Board, the body created to enforce the act, conducted initial investigations into the reallocation of space along racial lines in East London. Residential segregation had long been practised in East London prior to the advent of apartheid. In 1941, the East London Municipality moved residents from East Bank townships to the newly built township of Duncan Village.[11]

In 1951, all inter-racial property exchanges were prohibited in East London. In 1955, the Amalinda area was zoned as a White Group Area by Government Gazette Proclamation number 21. This meant that the municipality's plans to extend the area in order to accommodate the Black African population were abandoned.[11] In 1953, residents in the East Bank were forcibly moved to the new township of Mdantsane.[12] In February 1966, the South African government defined Mdantsane as a separate homeland township. In 1956, Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd, who was the architect of apartheid, forbade the East London municipality from extending the existing Duncan Village township and sanctioned the building of Mdantsane.[11]

In 1961, these plans provided for the allocation of a distinct wedge of the city for Asian and Coloured residence, which "incorporated the areas of North End and the recently proclaimed Buffalo Flats location. This plan occasioned tremendous resentment in the city prompting petitions and letters of complaint from numerous organisations including the Black Sash, trade unions and various Black community groups. In 1967, the East London Municipality proclaimed the majority of the city an area for White occupancy, with the exception of a broad sector of land encompassing the Parkside, Parkridge and Buffalo Flats areas which was zoned for Coloured residence. Certain parts of Duncan Village were abolished and its African residents removed, new coloured and Asian locations were built and proclaimed upon land in 1973. In the same year, the newly constructed location of Braelynn was proclaimed an Indian area while Buffalo Flats Extension and Pefferville were proclaimed as Coloured areas. The construction/ extension of Coloured areas and the Duncan Village were suspended in 1983.[11]

Post-apartheid

[edit]

At the end of apartheid in 1994, East London became part of the province of Eastern Cape. In 2000, East London became part of Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, also consisting of Qonce, Bhisho and Mdantsane and is the seat of the Metro.

Geography and climate

[edit]
East London
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
69
 
 
26
18
 
 
92
 
 
26
19
 
 
105
 
 
25
18
 
 
83
 
 
24
15
 
 
52
 
 
23
13
 
 
40
 
 
21
11
 
 
47
 
 
21
10
 
 
78
 
 
21
11
 
 
80
 
 
21
12
 
 
102
 
 
22
14
 
 
110
 
 
23
16
 
 
63
 
 
25
17
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: SAWS[13]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.7
 
 
79
64
 
 
3.6
 
 
79
66
 
 
4.1
 
 
77
64
 
 
3.3
 
 
75
59
 
 
2
 
 
73
55
 
 
1.6
 
 
70
52
 
 
1.9
 
 
70
50
 
 
3.1
 
 
70
52
 
 
3.1
 
 
70
54
 
 
4
 
 
72
57
 
 
4.3
 
 
73
61
 
 
2.5
 
 
77
63
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

East London has an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb), bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with the warm temperatures and moderation typical of the South African coastline. Although it has no true dry season, there is a drying trend in the winter, with the wettest times of year being spring and autumn. There is also a shorter and lesser dry period in December and January.

The all-time record low is 3 °C (37.4 °F), and the all-time record high is 44 °C (111.2 °F) on 13 March 2021.[14] The hottest temperatures have been recorded in springtime and autumn, rather than the summer months, due to violent berg (foehn) winds. Temperatures above 38 °C (100 °F) have only been recorded early in the season, from August to December. Berg winds contribute to these high temperatures, as already warm air from the arid interior is further heated through compression as it drops over the escarpment to sea level. Although temperatures have never dropped below freezing since records began, East London has recorded snowfall in 1985 and 1989.[15]

Climate data for East London (1991–2020, extremes 1939–1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.4
(97.5) 		42.6
(108.7) 		44.0
(111.2) 		35.9
(96.6) 		37.0
(98.6) 		32.8
(91.0) 		34.3
(93.7) 		37.5
(99.5) 		41.7
(107.1) 		40.9
(105.6) 		40.3
(104.5) 		38.2
(100.8) 		44.0
(111.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 25.9
(78.6) 		26.3
(79.3) 		25.5
(77.9) 		24.0
(75.2) 		23.2
(73.8) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.5
(70.7) 		21.6
(70.9) 		21.6
(70.9) 		22.4
(72.3) 		23.4
(74.1) 		24.7
(76.5) 		23.5
(74.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.1
(71.8) 		22.5
(72.5) 		21.5
(70.7) 		19.6
(67.3) 		18.0
(64.4) 		16.3
(61.3) 		15.9
(60.6) 		16.3
(61.3) 		17.0
(62.6) 		18.2
(64.8) 		19.4
(66.9) 		21.0
(69.8) 		19.0
(66.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.3
(64.9) 		18.7
(65.7) 		17.5
(63.5) 		15.1
(59.2) 		12.8
(55.0) 		10.7
(51.3) 		10.2
(50.4) 		11.0
(51.8) 		12.3
(54.1) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.3
(59.5) 		17.2
(63.0) 		14.4
(57.9)
Record low °C (°F) 9.0
(48.2) 		11.0
(51.8) 		10.3
(50.5) 		7.2
(45.0) 		4.4
(39.9) 		2.6
(36.7) 		1.8
(35.2) 		3.1
(37.6) 		5.0
(41.0) 		5.9
(42.6) 		8.5
(47.3) 		8.4
(47.1) 		1.8
(35.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 89
(3.5) 		72
(2.8) 		93
(3.7) 		89
(3.5) 		39
(1.5) 		32
(1.3) 		42
(1.7) 		55
(2.2) 		56
(2.2) 		81
(3.2) 		98
(3.9) 		76
(3.0) 		822
(32.4)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9.0 8.2 8.2 7.4 3.6 2.9 3.3 5.0 5.3 8.1 8.9 9.0 79
Average relative humidity (%) 80 82 82 78 72 66 67 71 77 78 80 80 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 221.3 203.8 212.6 210.1 224.9 223.5 229.3 238.3 221.3 211.5 211.8 214.4 2,622.8
Source 1: NOAA (humidity 1961-1990),[16][17] Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes)[18]
Source 2: South African Weather Service[13][19]

Demographics

[edit]

East London is the second-largest city in the Eastern Cape with a population of 474,000 as of 2016. English is the first spoken language in the city and Xhosa is the second language spoken.

Gender Population
Male 140,505
Female 155,400
Race Population
Black African 211,581
White 42,780
Coloured 35,090
Asian 4,732
Other groups 1,632
Languages Population
Xhosa 179,600
English 54,504
Afrikaans 34,742
Sign Language 1,680
Zulu 1,663
Sotho 1,234
Ndebele 869
Tswana 618
Northern Sotho 558
Tsonga 379
Venda 168
Other languages 3,200

Economy

[edit]
King Phalo Airport

East London is the second largest industrial centre in the province. The motor industry is the dominant employer. A major Daimler plant is located next to the harbour, manufacturing Mercedes-Benz and other vehicles for the local market, as well as exporting to the United States and Brazil. Other industries include clothing, textiles, pharmaceuticals and food processing.[20]

The period of international sanctions that followed in the 1980s damaged the economy of East London's harbour. Enormous investment in recent years, by corporations such as Daimler AG, has resulted in the harbour being developed to include a new car terminal.

From the 1960s until the 1990s, the apartheid government created tax and wage incentives to attract industries to the then black "independent states", including nearby Ciskei. Investment thus flowed into surrounding areas such as Fort Jackson and Dimbaza, leaving East London in relative isolation. Transport infrastructure deteriorated and port activity wound down.[citation needed]

East London International Convention Centre

To encourage investment in East London, the East London Industrial Development Zone (IDZ) was established on the West Bank in 2004, close to both the port and airport. 1500ha of land has been made available, and the site is one of four duty-free development areas in South Africa.[21]

Suburbs

[edit]
  • Quigney
  • Abbotsford
  • Southernwood
  • Belgravia
  • Amalinda
  • Winchester
  • Chiselhurst
  • Beacon Bay
  • Berea
  • Arcadia
  • North End
  • Beaconhurst
  • Nahoon
  • Stirling
  • Woodleigh
  • Bunkers Hill
  • Bonnie Doon
  • Vincent
  • Baysville
  • Selborne
  • Cambridge
  • Morningside
  • Saxilby
  • Braelyn
  • Duncan Village
  • Parkridge
  • Parkside
  • Peffersville
  • Buffalo Flats
  • Bebelele
  • Gately
  • West Bank Village
  • Brookville
  • Sunnyridge
  • Rosemount
  • Fullers Bay
  • Siyakha
  • Collondale
  • Willow Park
  • Gompo
  • Haven Hills
  • Highway Gardens
  • Scenery Park
  • Wilsonia
  • Dorchester Heights
  • Quenera
  • Gonubie
  • Mdantsane
  • Potsdam
  • Fort Jackson

Sports

[edit]

Cricket is popular around East London. A combined Border/Eastern Province cricket side known as the Warriors take part in the top provincial competition. Former Proteas wicketkeeper Mark Boucher who as of July 2023 holds the Test record for most dismissals by a wicketkeeper[22] hails from East London. Buffalo Park Stadium in East London hosted a match during the ICC Cricket World Cup in 2003 and two matches of the 2009 Indian Premier League.

The Buffalo Road Running Club of East London has created two established events that have gained international recognition. They are the Old Mutual Buffalo 42,2 km marathon, which is held in February/March each year, and South Africa's oldest 160 km extreme ultra marathon, the Washie, over a picturesque and undulating coastal route from Port Alfred to the city.

Triathlon is a popular sport and in particular hosted the a world-famous Ironman 70.3 South African event which took place annually in January from 2012 to 2021.[23] Ironman 70.3 events follow a race format which consists of a 1.9 km swim, 90 km of cycling and a 21.1 km road run. The event started and finished at the Orient Beach in East London. In November 2021, the Buffalo City Ironman 70.3 event was cancelled in favour of the new Mossel Bay Ironman 70.3 event.[24]

Rugby is popular in East London. The provincial team, the Border Bulldogs, currently plays in the First Division of the Currie Cup competition. Most national games in East London are played at the Buffalo City Stadium, which holds around 15000 people and was a host stadium during the 1995 Rugby World Cup. East London schools have produced many fine rugby players, including (in recent times) André Vos, Keith and Mark Andrews, Christiaan Scholtz, Brent Russell, Rory Kockott, Akona Ndungane and Odwa Ndungane.

Football is also very popular in the city. East London was home to the Blackburn Rovers, prior to its sudden dissolution in 2014.

Motocross is also popular and many national events are held in the area surrounding East London, due to the challenging terrain there and in Transkei. East London is home to the ELMCC (East London Motor Cycle Club), which organises most of the motorcycle events in the area.

East London is home to the Prince George Race Circuit, opened in 1959 (renamed East London Grand Prix Circuit), a historic motor racing track that hosted three Formula One South African Grand Prix during the 1930s and 1960s. The circuit is run and managed by Border Motor Sport Club on a shoestring budget. South Africa's only Formula One World Drivers' Champion, Jody Scheckter, started his motor racing career with a Renault Gordini on this track.

Golf is another favoured pastime in and around East London. East London Golf Club is a highly regarded championship golf course. Some of the other golf clubs in the region are the West Bank Golf Club, Gonubie Golf Club, Olivewood Golf Estate and Fish River Sun Country Club (a Gary Player-designed golf course). East London has also hosted the Africa Open tournament multiple times. Golfers can also hone their skills at the East London Golf Club Driving Range.

Rowing is on the Buffalo River. The annual Buffalo Regatta began in 1881 and has become the largest in South Africa: in 2018 there were 1000 competitors participating in 200 events over three days.[25]

Surfski is ideally suited to East London. The Port Elizabeth to East London Challenge organized by East London's Border Canoe club is 244 km long, often in extremely challenging conditions,[26] takes place every second year, attracting competitors from around the world. It began in 1972[27] to see who was faster, ultra-distance runner John Ball over land, or surf lifesaver John Woods over water. John Ball won.

East London Esplanade

Surfing is popular in East London. It is home to some of South Africa's top surfers, including Greg Emslie, former World Championship Tour surfer, ISA World Masters Champion, five-time South African Men’s Champion[28] and coach to Olympic silver medalist Bianca Buitendag,[29] Andre Malherbe,[30] and up-and-comer Zoe Steyn.[31] Nahoon Reef, located in the suburb of Nahoon is a famous South African surf spot and is the site of the annual Nahoon Surf Pro[32] (formerly Buffalo City Surf Pro). The city has also hosted the South African Surfing Championships on numerous occasions[33] and even the ISA World Surfing Championship.[34]

Education

[edit]

Secondary education

[edit]

Tertiary education

[edit]

There are also a few private colleges.

Points of interest

[edit]

Other points of interest include:

Transport

[edit]

East London is serviced by two national roads: the coastal N2 highway connects it to Qonce, Makhanda, Gqeberha and Cape Town to the west and Mthatha and Durban to the east. It is the southern end of the N6, which runs north via Komani and Aliwal North to Bloemfontein. Older sections of the N2 have been renumbered the R102. The R72 is an alternative route to Port Elizabeth, via Port Alfred. The R346 is an alternative route to King William's Town. East London, like South Africa's other major cities, uses Metropolitan (or M) routes as a third tier for its major intra-city roads.

East London railway station offers long-distance passenger services to Cape Town and Johannesburg via Springfontein, and local services.

King Phalo Airport is a commercial airport with service to other large South African metropolitan areas.[35]

Notable people

[edit]

Coat of arms

[edit]

The East London municipality assumed a coat of arms on 29 August 1892.[40][41] The arms were : Argent, a cross Gules between in the first and fourth quarters a garb and in the second and third quarters a fleece Or; on a chief Azure a demi-sun Or. A golden anchor was placed behind the shield, no doubt to show that the town was a seaport. The motto was Animo et fide.

The arms were improved in the 1950s by the town clerk, H.H. Driffield. He changed the shield from silver to ermine, removed the anchor and devised a crest consisting of two crossed anchors and a mural crown. Heraldist Ivan Mitford-Barberton added two buffalo as supporters.[42] The improved design was granted by the College of Arms on 15 December 1959. It was registered with the Cape Provincial Administration in 1960,[43] and at the Bureau of Heraldry in 1967.[44]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Robson, Linda Gillian (2011). "Annexure A" (PDF). The Royal Engineers and settlement planning in the Cape Colony 1806–1872: Approach, methodology and impact (PhD thesis). University of Pretoria. pp. xlv–lii. hdl:2263/26503.
  2. ^ a b c d "Main Place East London". Census 2011. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  3. ^ "South Africa Cities". Wwp.greenwichmeantime.com. 15 April 2011. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  4. ^ Census 2011 — Metropolitan Municipality “Buffalo City” Archived 18 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Census2011.adrianfrith.com. Retrieved on 18 October 2015.
  5. ^ The Story of the British Settlers of 1820 in South Africa – H. E. Hockly (Juta & Co., 1948)
  6. ^ Eastern Cape Heritage Mirrored in its Port Terminals (PDF). Transnet. n.d.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  7. ^ "Port of East London". ports.co.za. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  8. ^ Burman, Jose (1984). Early Railways at the Cape. Cape Town. Human & Rousseau, p.81. ISBN 0-7981-1760-5
  9. ^ Bond J.: They were South Africans. London: Oxford University Press. 1956. Chapter 19, The Makers of Railways: John Molteno. p.170.
  10. ^ "Historical Highlights". The South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. 14 September 2008. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. JLB Smith, a Chemistry Professor at Rhodes University, publishes his description of Latimeria chalumnae
  11. ^ a b c d The Making of Territorial Apartheid : The Case of East London's Locations (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  12. ^ Mdantsane (PDF). Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  13. ^ a b "Climate data for East London". South African Weather Service. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  14. ^ "68858: East London (South Africa)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 14 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  15. ^ "East London Historical Weather Records". TuTiempo.net. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  16. ^ "East London Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  17. ^ "Climate Normals 1991-2020". NOAA. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  18. ^ "Klimatafel von East London (Oos-Londen), Prov. Eastern Cape / Südafrika" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  19. ^ "68858: East London (South Africa)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 14 March 2021. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  20. ^ "Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality | Business". www.buffalocity.gov.za. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  21. ^ "East London IDZ SOC Ltd - Industrial Development Zone". www.elidz.co.za. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  22. ^ "Test matches - Wicketkeeping records - Most dismissals in career". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  23. ^ "IRONMAN 70.3 South Africa - Anything is Possible". Ironman. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  24. ^ Tsotsi, Athenkosi. "Buffalo city loses Ironman 70.3 to Mossel Bay". DispatchLIVE. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  25. ^ "Buffalo Regatta". 9 August 2016. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  26. ^ "toughest surf ski race in the world spans 155 miles of the South African Coast". 22 March 2017. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  27. ^ "(2015 ☆ ARCHIVED) Oscar Chalupsky – South Africa | 2018 Nominees | World Paddle Awards | The Global Awards for Canoe, Kayak and other Paddlesports". www.worldpaddleawards.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  28. ^ "2019 MERCEDES-BENZ SA SURFING CHAMPS". Zigzag. 20 August 2019.
  29. ^ Tsotsi, Athenkosi. "Joy for EL coach Emslie as Buitendag surfs to Olympic silver". Dispatch Live. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  30. ^ "SA surfers second at ISA World Masters". Brand South Africa. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  31. ^ "Surfing South Africa announces the South African Surfing Team for the International Surfing Association World Surfing Games in El Salvador in 2023". Surfing South Africa.
  32. ^ "Buffalo City To Host 2023 Nahoon Pro". World Surf League. 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  33. ^ "All roads lead to Nahoon for SA Championships". Team South Africa. 19 August 2017.
  34. ^ "2019 MERCEDES-BENZ SA SURFING CHAMPS". Zigzag. 20 August 2019.
  35. ^ "East London Airport". www.airports.co.za. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  36. ^ "Anthony Allison". Legacy.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  37. ^ Smith, Anthony (21 May 2004). "Obituary: Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  38. ^ Devroop, Chatradari (2007). Unsung: South African Jazz Musicians under Apartheid. Sun Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1020109669.
  39. ^ "BWF". bwf.tournamentsoftware.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  40. ^ Western Cape Archives : East London Municipal Minutes (29 August 1892)
  41. ^ Daily Despatch (31 August 1892).
  42. ^ Western Cape Archives : files 3/ELN 1587 (50/1151) and 1783 (1151/1).
  43. ^ Cape of Good Hope Official Gazette 3040 (5 August 1960)
  44. ^ "National Archives of South Africa (NASA) Database Selection". www.national.archsrch.gov.za. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
[edit]
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