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Ebon Atoll

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Ebon Atoll
NASA picture of Ebon Atoll
Map and location of the atoll
Ebon Atoll is located in Marshall Islands
Ebon Atoll
Ebon Atoll
Geography
LocationEastern Micronesia, North Pacific
Coordinates04°38′00″N 168°43′00″E / 4.63333°N 168.71667°E / 4.63333; 168.71667
ArchipelagoRalik
Total islands22
Area5.75 km2 (2.22 sq mi)
Highest elevation3 m (10 ft)
Administration
Demographics
Population469 (2021)
Ethnic groupsMarshallese

Ebon Atoll (Marshallese: Epoon, [ɛbʲɔːnʲ][1]) is a coral atoll of 22 islands in the Pacific Ocean, forming a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its land area is 5.75 square kilometers (2.22 sq mi), and it encloses a deep lagoon with an area of 104 square kilometers (40 sq mi). A winding passage, the Ebon Channel, leads to the lagoon from the southwest edge of the atoll. Ebon Atoll is approximately 155 kilometers (96 mi) south of Jaluit, and it is the southernmost land mass of the Marshall Islands, on the southern extremity of the Ralik Chain. In documents and accounts from the 1800s, it was also known as Boston, Covell's Group, Fourteen Islands, and Linnez.[2]

History

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An exhausted US Marine exhibiting the thousand-yard stare after two days of constant fighting on in the Battle of Eniwetok. He was later killed in action, at age 19, on 24 March 1944, at Ebon Atoll. He is buried at the Punchbowl Cemetery of the Pacific in Hawaii

Ebon Atoll was visited by commercial whaling vessels in the 19th century. The first such vessel on record was the Newark in 1837. The last whaler known to have visited was the Andrew Hicks in 1905.[3]

The schooner Glencoe was taken and its crew massacred by Marshallese at Ebon in 1851 – one of three vessels attacked in the Marshall Islands in 1851 and 1852.[4] There were several motives, and by some accounts the ship's crew had been abducting island women for sale to plantation owners (slavery) at other destinations.[4]

Missionaries sent by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in Boston began missionary activities in the Marshall Islands in 1857, establishing a mission at Ebon.[4]

Ebon was claimed by the German Empire along with the rest of the Marshall Islands in 1885.[5] After World War I, the island came under the South Seas Mandate of the Empire of Japan, which had a garrison there late in World War II. The base became part of the vast US Naval Base Marshall Islands. At the end of WW II, Ebon Atoll became a part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the control of the United States, until the independence of the Marshall Islands in 1986.

On January 30, 2014, castaway José Salvador Alvarenga, a Salvadoran national who had been working in Mexico as a fisherman, was found by locals from Ebon after he had pulled his boat ashore on Enienaitok [Tile] Islet at the conclusion of a 14-month drifting voyage of 10,800 kilometers (6,700 miles) across the Pacific.[6][7]

Demography

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Journal des Museum Godeffroy entry on Ebon atoll, dating to the late 19th century cultural studies of Ebon

In the period between 1920 and 1999, different governmental officials have conducted eleven census reports from Ebon, with an average total population of 735 people.[8] The lowest count was under the Japanese colonial power in 1925, with 552 people, and the highest in 1999 – 20 years after independence – with 902 people. At the 2021 census, the atoll had a population of 469 people.[9] The same report also notes that Ebon is among the atolls and islands of the Marshalls with a positive net migration rate – even though the population has gone down with 196 people since the 1999 census. It is also curious to note that various German sources claim a significantly higher population – ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 people – in a 46-year period, 1860–1906. Moreover, in an unpublished interview series with Leonard Mason in 1949–1950, Dwight Heine (an Ebon local) tells of a legendary typhoon that swept Ebon sometime in the 1850s, the aftermath of which left the atoll population decimated.[10][a] Before the typhoon hit, Heine says, the Ebon population numbered several thousand.

Today, people permanently inhabit four of the islets on the atoll. The main island, Ebon [Epoon], houses a medical facility and the council house, and has the largest population. Tōkā has fewer residents but is more densely populated than Ebon. The other two are Enekoion [Āne-ko-ion] and Enilok [Āni-look]. Of the four, Āni-look is the only one without an elementary school, so children usually move to family members on Tōkā during school years. Many people have land rights on other islets and live there sporadically to work with copra production. The islets with the largest production rate are Āne-armej, Kumkumļap, and Enienaitok [Āni-eņ-aetok].[b]

Education

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Marshall Islands Public School System operates public schools:[11]

  • Ebon Elementary School
  • Enekoion Elementary School
  • Toka Elementary School

Students are zoned to Jaluit High School in Jaluit Atoll.[12]

Transportation

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Ebon Airport serves the atoll by air, with smaller ships sometimes visiting too.

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Heine says, “During the typhoon and the civil strife ... following the disaster, only one family survived.” The story says that a giant named “Labun̄bun̄” was responsible for most of the destruction following the typhoon, and he left Ebon for Kosrae, where he married and had a son he named Telensa. Telensa, also a big man, returned to Ebon with firearms and smokes. In the meantime, an irooj (chief) from Jaluit named Laukuk had moved to Ebon together with several families from Jaluit and Ailinglaplap. Since then, descendants of those people have owned and supervised the land.[10]
  2. ^ Enienaitok is the islet where José Salvador Alvarenga, the Salvadorian castaway, ended his 14 month-long drift from Mexico on 30 January 2014.

References

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  1. ^ Marshallese-English Dictionary - Place Name Index
  2. ^ Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (ed.). "Atoll Information – Ebon Atoll (Marshall Islands)". Digital Micronesia. Charles Sturt University. Archived from the original on 2010-12-23.
  3. ^ Langdon, Robert (1984). Where the whalers went: an index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century. Canberra: Pacific Manuscripts Bureau. p. 177. ISBN 086784471X.
  4. ^ a b c Hezel, Francis X. (1994). The First Taint of Civilization: A history of the Caroline and Marshall Islands in pre-colonial days, 1521-1885. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 200–202. ISBN 978-0-8248-1643-8.
  5. ^ Churchill, William (1920). "Germany's Lost Pacific Empire". Geographical Review. 10 (2): 84–90. doi:10.2307/207706. JSTOR 207706.
  6. ^ "Castaway claims he drifted 13 months in Pacific". CNN. 3 February 2014.
  7. ^ Franklin, Jonathan (7 November 2015). "Lost at sea: The man who vanished for 14 months". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  8. ^ Gorenflo, L. J.; Levin, Michael J. (1994). "The Evolution of Regional Demography in the Marshall Islands". Pacific Studies. 17 (1): 93–158.
  9. ^ "Republic of the Marshall Islands 2021 Census Report, Volume 1: Basic Tables and Administrative Report" (PDF). Pacific Community (SPC): Statistics for Development Division. Pacific Community. May 30, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
  10. ^ a b Heine, Dwight (1950). Mason, Leonard (ed.). Notes on Marshallese Culture in Ebon.
  11. ^ "Public Schools Archived 2018-02-21 at the Wayback Machine." Marshall Islands Public School System. Retrieved on February 21, 2018.
  12. ^ "Annual Report 2011-2012 Archived 2018-02-22 at the Wayback Machine." Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands). Retrieved on February 22, 2018. p. 54 (PDF p. 55/118). "As such, Jaluit High School enroll students from the Ralik and Iolab school zones including schools from Ebon, Namdrik, Kili, Jaluit, Ailinglaplap, Jabat, and Namu."
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