Electoral history of Stephen Harper

For the biography of Stephen Harper, see Stephen Harper.

This article is the Electoral history of Stephen Harper, the twenty-second prime minister of Canada. Harper served as prime minister from February 6, 2006 to November 4, 2015, having won three general elections.

A conservative, Harper was unsuccessful in his first general election as leader of the Conservative Party, which re-elected then-Prime Minister Paul Martin and the Liberals. However, two years later Harper defeated Martin in the general election of 2006 and formed a minority government. Harper was re-elected with a minority government in 2008, and then a majority government in the election of 2011.

Harper was defeated in the 2015 general election by Justin Trudeau, who succeeded him as prime minister. His successor as leader of the Conservative Party was Andrew Scheer.

Harper stood for election to the House of Commons eight times, first for the Reform Party, then for the Canadian Alliance, and finally for the Conservative Party. He was defeated on his first attempt, but elected the next seven times.

Harper took a break from electoral politics from 1998 to 2002, when he was the President of the National Citizens Coalition.

Following the 2015 general election defeat, Harper resigned as leader of the Conservative Party. He retired from politics in 2016.

Summary

Canada had ten provinces and three territories throughout Harper's time as Prime Minister.

Harper ranks sixth out of twenty-three prime ministers for time in office, serving as prime minister for nine years, 271 days. He is the third Conservative to win three elections, following Sir John A. Macdonald and John Diefenbaker, and the second-longest serving Conservative prime minister, after Macdonald.

Harper was the third prime minister from Alberta, the others being R. B. Bennett and Joe Clark.

Harper was originally from Ontario and a Liberal Party supporter, but in his early twenties he moved to Alberta. He became involved in Progressive Conservative politics and then gradually in the formation of the new Reform Party, working as Reform's chief policy officer. He served one term as a Reform Member of Parliament, but then resigned to become the president of the National Citizens Coalition (1998-2002).

In 2002, Harper was elected leader of the Canadian Alliance, the successor to the Reform Party, and began merger talks with the Progressive Conservative party, known as the Unite the Right movement. After the merger was achieved, he became the first leader of the new Conservative Party of Canada, and led the party in the 2004 general election. Although defeated by Prime Minister Paul Martin and the Liberal Party, Harper and the Conservatives become the Official Opposition. Two years later, Harper and the Conservatives won the 2006 general election, forming a minority government. Harper successfully led the Conservative Party in the next two elections, being returned with a minority government in 2008, and then with a majority government in 2011. He was defeated by the Liberals led by Justin Trudeau in the 2015 general election. On election night, he announced he would be resigning as leader of the Conservative Party.

Harper stood for election to the House of Commons eight times, all in Alberta ridings. He was unsuccessful in his first election (1988), but was elected the next five times (four general elections and one by-election).

Following his resignation as Conservative leader, Harper sat as a Conservative back-bencher in the Commons. In 2016, he resigned his seat and retired from politics.

Federal general elections: 2004 to 2015

Harper led the Conservative Party in five general elections. He won three (2006, 2008 and 2011) and lost two (2004 and 2015). He won two minority governments in the 2006 and 2008 elections, and a majority government in the 2011 election. He lost the 2015 election to Justin Trudeau.

Federal general election: 2004

For more detailed tables of election results, see 2004 Canadian federal election.

For information about the 38th Parliament, 2004 to 2005, see 38th Canadian Parliament.

For information about Harper and political events during the 38th Parliament, see Stephen Harper § Leader of the Opposition.

In his first general election as a party leader, Harper reduced Martin's government from a majority to a minority government. Harper retained his position as Leader of the Official Opposition.

Canadian Federal Election, 2004 - Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote

Party		Leaders	Seats Won	Popular Vote
	Liberal	Paul Martin1	135	36.7%
	Conservative	Stephen Harper2	99	29.6%
	Bloc Québécois	Gilles Duceppe	54	12.4%
	New Democratic Party	Jack Layton	19	15.7%
	Independent	–	1	0.5%
Total			308	94.9%3
Sources: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

¹ Prime Minister when election was called; Prime Minister after election.
² Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.
³ Table does not include parties which received votes but did not elect any members.

Federal general election: 2006

For more detailed tables of election results, see 2006 Canadian federal election.

For information about the 39th Parliament, 2006 to 2008, see 39th Canadian Parliament.

For information about Martin and political events during the 39th Parliament, see Stephen Harper § Prime Minister of Canada (2006–2015).

In his second general election, Harper defeated Prime Minister Martin and formed a minority government.

Canadian Federal Election, 2006 - Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote

Party		Leaders	Seats Won	Popular Vote
	Conservative	Stephen Harper1	124	36.3%
	Liberal	Paul Martin2	103	30.2%
	Bloc Québécois	Gilles Duceppe	51	10.5%
	New Democratic Party	Jack Layton	29	17.5%
	Independent	–	1	0.6%
Total			308	95.1%3
Sources: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

¹ Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Prime Minister after election.
² Prime Minister when election was called; Member of Parliament after the election.
³ Table does not include parties which received votes but did not elect any members.

Federal general election: 2008

For more detailed tables of election results, see 2008 Canadian federal election.

For information about the 40th Parliament, 2008 to 2011, see 40th Canadian Parliament.

For information about Martin and political events during the 40th Parliament, see Stephen Harper § Prime Minister of Canada (2006–2015).

In his third general election, Harper was re-elected with a minority government, defeating the new Liberal leader, Stéphane Dion.

Canadian Federal Election, 2008 - Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote

Party		Leaders	Seats Won	Popular Vote
	Conservative	Stephen Harper1	143	37.7%
	Liberal	Stéphane Dion2	77	26.3%
	Bloc Québécois	Gilles Duceppe	49	10.0%
	New Democratic Party	Jack Layton	37	18.2%
	Independent	–	2	0.7%
Total			308	92.9%3
Sources: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

¹ Prime Minister when election was called; Prime Minister after election.
² Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.
³ Table does not include parties which received votes but did not elect any members.

Federal general election: 2011

For more detailed tables of election results, see 2011 Canadian federal election.

For information about the 41st Parliament, 2011 to 2015, see 41st Canadian Parliament.

For information about Martin and political events during the 41st Parliament, see Stephen Harper § Prime Minister of Canada (2006–2015).

In his fourth general election, Harper was re-elected with a majority government, defeating the new Liberal leader, Michael Ignatieff.

Canadian Federal Election, 2011 - Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote

Party		Leaders	Seats Won	Popular Vote
	Conservative	Stephen Harper1	166	39.6%
	New Democratic Party	Jack Layton2	103	30.6%
	Liberal	Michael Ignatieff3	34	18.9%
	Bloc Québécois	Gilles Duceppe	4	6.0%
	Green	Elizabeth May	1	3.9%
Total			308	99.0%4
Sources: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

¹ Prime Minister when election was called; Prime Minister after election.
² Leader of a third party when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.
³ Leader of the Opposition when election was called; not a Member of Parliament after the election.
⁴ Table does not include parties which received votes but did not elect any members.

Federal general election: 2015

For more detailed tables of election results, see 2015 Canadian federal election.

For information about the 42nd Parliament, 2015 to 2019, see 42nd Canadian Parliament.

For information about Martin and political events during the 42nd Parliament, see Stephen Harper § Conservative backbencher and departure from politics.

In his fifth general election, Harper was defeated by the new Liberal leader, Justin Trudeau, who formed a majority government.

Canadian Federal Election, 2015 - Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote

Party		Leaders	Seats Won	Popular Vote
	Liberal	Justin Trudeau1	184	39.47%
	Conservative	Stephen Harper2	99	31.9%
	New Democratic Party	Thomas Mulcair3	44	19.7%
	Bloc Québécois	Gilles Duceppe	10	4.7%
	Green	Elizabeth May	1	3.5%
Total			338	99.3%4
Sources: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

¹ Leader of a third party when election was called; Prime Minister after election.
² Prime Minister when election was called; Member of Parliament after the election.
³ Leader of the Opposition when election was called; leader of a third party after the election.
⁴ Table does not include parties which received votes but did not elect any members.

Federal constituency elections: 1988, 1993; 2002 to 2015

Harper stood for election to the House of Commons eight times. He was defeated the first time, in the general election of 1988, but was elected the next seven times (six general elections and one by-election).

1988 Federal Election: Calgary West

Federal Election, 1988: Calgary West, Alberta

Party		Candidate	Popular Vote	%
	Progressive Conservative	X Jim Hawkes	32,025	58.5%
	Reform	Stephen Harper	9,074	16.6%
	Liberal	John Phillips	6,880	12.6%
	New Democratic Party	Richard D. Vanderberg	6,355	11.6%
	Libertarian	David Faren	225	0.4%
	Confederation of Regions	Brent Morin	170	0.2%
Total			54,729	99.9%1
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Calgary West

Elected.
X Incumbent.
¹ Rounding error.

1993 Federal Election: Calgary West

Federal Election, 1993: Calgary West, Alberta

Party		Candidate	Popular Vote	%
	Reform	Stephen Harper	30,209	52.2%
	Liberal	Karen Gainer	15,314	26.5%
	Progressive Conservative	X Jim Hawkes	9,090	15.7%
	New Democratic Party	Rudy Rogers	1,194	2.1%
	National	Kathleen McNeil	1,068	1.8%
	Natural Law	Frank Haika	483	0.8%
	Green	Don Francis	347	0.6%
	Christian Heritage	Larry R. Heather	116	0.2%
Total			57,821	99.9%1
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Calgary West

Elected.
X Incumbent.
¹ Rounding error.

2002 Federal By-Election: Calgary Southwest

The by-election was called following the resignation of the incumbent, Preston Manning, the former leader of the Reform Party, to give Harper, recently elected leader of the Alliance, an opportunity to enter the House of Commons.

Federal By-Election, May 13, 2002: Calgary Southwest, Alberta

Party		Candidate	Popular Vote	%
	Alliance	Stephen Harper	13,200	71.7%
	New Democratic Party	Bill Phipps	3,813	20.7%
	Green	James S. Kohut	660	3.6%
	Independent	Gordon Barrett	428	2.3%
	Christian Heritage	Ron Gray	320	1.7%
Total			18,421	100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Calgary Southwest

Elected.

2004 Federal Election: Calgary Southwest

Federal Election, 2004: Calgary Southwest, Alberta

Party		Candidate	Popular Vote	%
	Conservative	X Stephen Harper	35,297	68.4%
	Liberal	Avalon Roberts	9,501	18.4%
	Green	Darcy Kraus	3,210	6.2%
	New Democratic Party	Daria Fox	2,884	5.6%
	Marijuana	Mark De Pelham	516	1.0%
	Christian Heritage	Larry R. Heather	229	0.4%
Total			51,637	100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Calgary Southwest

Elected.
X Incumbent.

2006 Federal Election: Calgary Southwest

Federal Election, 2006: Calgary Southwest, Alberta

Party		Candidate	Popular Vote	%
	Conservative	X Stephen Harper	41,549	72.4%
	Liberal	Mike Swanson	6,553	11.4%
	New Democratic Party	Holly Heffernan	4,628	8.1%
	Green	Kim Warnke	4,407	7.7%
	Christian Heritage	Larry R. Heather	279	0.5%
Total			57,416	100.1%1
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Calgary Southwest

Elected.
X Incumbent.
¹ Rounding error.

2008 Federal Election: Calgary Southwest

Federal Election, 2008: Calgary Southwest, Alberta

Party		Candidate	Popular Vote	%
	Conservative	X Stephen Harper	38,548	73.0%
	Liberal	Marlene Lamontagne	4,918	9.3%
	Green	Kelly Christie	4,743	9.0%
	New Democratic Party	Holly Heffernan	4,102	7.8%
	Libertarian	Dennis Young	265	0.5%
	Christian Heritage	Larry R. Heather	256	0.5%
Total			52,832	100.1%1
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Calgary Southwest

Elected.
X Incumbent.
¹ Rounding error.

2011 Federal Election: Calgary Southwest

Federal Election, 2011: Calgary Southwest, Alberta

Party		Candidate	Popular Vote	%
	Conservative	X Stephen Harper	42,998	75.1%
	New Democratic Party	Holly Heffernan	6,823	11.9%
	Liberal	Marlene Lamontagne	4,121	7.2%
	Green	Kelly Christie	2,991	5.2%
	Christian Heritage	Larry R. Heather	303	0.5%
Total			57,236	99.9%1
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Calgary Southwest

Elected.
X Incumbent.
¹ Rounding error.

Note: the electoral district was abolished in 2015.

2015 Federal Election: Calgary Heritage

Federal Election, 2015: Calgary Heritage, Alberta

Party		Candidate	Popular Vote	%
	Conservative	X Stephen Harper	37,263	63.8%
	Liberal	Brendan Miles	15,172	26.0%
	New Democratic Party	Matt Masters Burgener	4,255	7.3%
	Green	Kelly Christie	1,246	2.1%
	Libertarian	Steven Paolasini	246	0.4%
	Independent	Larry R. Heather	114	0.2%
	Independent	Korry Zepik	73	0.1%
	Independent	Nicolas Duchastel de Montrouge	61	0.1%
Total			58,430	100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Calgary Heritage

Elected.
X Incumbent.
¹ Rounding error.

Note: Harper resigned his seat on August 26, 2016.

Leadership elections

Harper participated in two leadership contests: the leadership of the Canadian Alliance in 2002, and the leadership of the Conservative Party of Canada in 2004. He won both contests.

2002 Canadian Alliance leadership election

For more detailed information about the 2002 Canadian Alliance leadership election, see Canadian Alliance leadership elections § 2002 leadership election.

Stockwell Day had been elected leader of the new Canadian Alliance in 2000, but his leadership triggered a caucus revolt and a new leadership vote. Every member of the party had a right to vote by mail-in ballot. Harper won on the first ballot.

Canadian Alliance Leadership Election, March 20, 2002
First and only ballot

Candidate		First Ballot
		Votes cast	%
	Stephen Harper	48,561	55.0%
	Stockwell Day	33,074	37.5%
	Diane Ablonczy	3,370	3.8%
	Grant Hill	3,223	3.7%
Total		88,228	100.0%

2004 Conservative Party leadership election

For more detailed information about the 2004 Conservative Party leadership election, see Conservative Party of Canada leadership election, 2004.

The Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative parties merged in December 2003. In March, 2004, the party held its first leadership election. The vote was based on the 308 Conservative riding associations. Each riding association had 100 points. All party members had the right to vote through their riding associations, and each riding association's points were allocated in proportion to the local vote.

Conservative Leadership Election, March 20, 2004
First and only ballot

Candidate		Votes cast		Points won
	Stephen Harper	67,143	68.9%	17,296	56.2%
	Belinda Stronach	22,286	22.9%	10,613	34.5%
	Tony Clement	7,968	8.2%	2,887	9.4%
Total		97,397	100.0%	30,796	100.1%1

¹ Rounding error.

See also

• Electoral history of Paul Martin - Harper's principal opponent in two general elections and predecessor as Prime Minister.
• Electoral history of Justin Trudeau - Harper's successor as Prime Minister.

External links

• Library of Parliament: History of Federal Ridings since 1867