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William Henry Smyth

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William Henry Smyth
refer to caption
Smyth, as depicted in his The Sailor's Word-Book
Born(1788-01-21)21 January 1788
Westminster, London
Died8 September 1865(1865-09-08) (aged 77)
Stone, Buckinghamshire
Buried
Stone, Buckinghamshire
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Service / branchRoyal Navy
Years of service1804–1846
RankAdmiral
Commands
Battles / wars
AwardsOrder of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit
Spouse(s)Eliza Anne "Annarella" Warington
Other workAstronomer and numismatist

Admiral William Henry Smyth KFM DCL FRS FSA FRAS FRGS (21 January 1788 – 8 September 1865) was an English Royal Navy officer, hydrographer, astronomer and numismatist. He is noted for his involvement in the early history of a number of learned societies, for his hydrographic charts, for his astronomical work, and for a wide range of publications and translations.

Origins

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William Henry Smyth was the only son of Joseph Smyth (died 1788) and Georgiana Caroline Pitt Pilkington (died 1838), the daughter of John Carteret Pilkington and the granddaughter of Laetitia Pilkington and her husband Matthew Pilkington. His father, Joseph Smyth, an American Loyalist from New Jersey who served as a lieutenant in the King's Royal Regiment of New York during the Revolutionary War, was the sixth son of Benjamin Smyth (died 1769),[1] a landowner in what is now Blairstown,[2] and his first wife Catherina Schoonhoven (died 1750).

Never having known his father, the Admiral grew up with a half-brother Augustus Earle and a half-sister Phoebe Earle.

To conceal the disreputability of his parents and his probable illegitimacy, his descendants, in particular his daughter Henrietta Grace Smyth, invented an imaginary ancestry.[3] Their claims, which were reproduced in works like Burke's Peerage,[4] included alleged descent from the childless Captain John Smith, whose coat of arms they adopted, and a fictitious relationship with Lord Nelson.[3] Genealogical research they had commissioned in England and the USA, suggesting that his father Joseph Smyth was in fact a forger, a perjurer and a bigamist, was suppressed.[3]

Royal Navy

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In 1802, aged 14, Smyth ran away from his poverty-stricken home to be a cabin boy aboard a merchant ship, which was subsequently commandeered by the Royal Navy; he entered as an ordinary seaman.[3] In 1804 he was in the East India Company's ship Marquis Cornwallis, which the government chartered for an expedition against the Seychelles. In the following March, as Cornwallis the vessel was bought by the Royal Navy to be a 50-gun ship under the command of Captain Charles James Johnston, with whom Smyth remained, seeing much active service in Indian, Chinese, Australian and Pacific waters. In February 1808 he followed Johnston to Powerful, which, on returning to England, was part of the force in the expedition to the Scheldt, and was paid off in October 1809. He afterwards served in the 74-gun Milford on the coast of France and Spain, and was lent from her to command the Spanish gunboat Mors aut Gloria at the defence of Cadiz from September 1810 to April 1811. In July 1811 he joined Rodney off Toulon, and through 1812 served on the coast of Spain.[5]

On 25 March 1813 (aged 25) he was promoted to lieutenant and appointed to the Sicilian flotilla, in which he combined service against the French from Naples with a good deal of unofficial hydrographic surveying and antiquarian research. For his services in defending Sicily, he was subsequently awarded the Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit by King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, and received permission from the Prince Regent to wear it.[6]

Smyth's chart of the harbour of Villa-Franca (Villefranche-sur-Mer)

On 18 September 1815 (aged 27) he was promoted to Commander and in command of the brig Scylla continued surveying the coast of Sicily, the adjacent coasts of Italy, and the opposite shores of Africa. In 1817 his survey work was put on a more formal footing by his appointment to Aid. In 1821 this vessel was renamed Adventure and later accompanied Beagle on the first voyage of the Beagle, in which Smyth's half-brother Augustus Earle was the official artist. In Aid, Smyth carried on the hydrographic survey of the Italian, Sicilian, Greek, and African coasts, and constructed a very large number of charts, used by the Royal Navy among others until the mid-20th century. As a result, he became known as "Mediterranean Smyth". His hydrographic operations in the Adriatic, in collaboration with the Austrian and Neapolitan authorities, resulted in the Carta di Cabottaggio del Mare Adriatico, published in 1822–24.[7]

While in Sicily in 1817, he met the Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi in Palermo and visited his observatory; this sparked his interest in astronomy and he gave his second son (who became a noted astronomer) the name Piazzi. Smyth published some of his work in his Memoir description of the Resources, Inhabitants, and Hydrography of Sicily and its Islands (London, 1824),[8] which was followed in 1828 by a Sketch of Sardinia. Subsequently, in 1854, he was awarded the Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal in recognition of his survey work in the Mediterranean.[9]

On 7 February 1824, aged 36, he was promoted to Post-Captain, and in November he paid off the Adventure. He remained on the Active List on full pay, ready for active service, but this actually was the end of his service at sea, and he turned to a life of literary and scientific pursuits.[5] In 1846 aged 58, he retired from the Navy on half-pay,[10][11] being advanced on the retired list to Rear-Admiral on 28 May 1853,[12][13] then to Vice-Admiral on 17 May 1858,[14] and finally to Admiral on 14 November 1863, aged 75.[15]

Astronomy

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The Great Comet of 1811, as drawn by William Henry Smyth

Returning to England and settling at Bedford, in 1825 he fitted out a private observatory equipped with a 5.9-inch refractor telescope[16] at his home at 6 The Crescent.[17][18] He used this instrument to observe a variety of deep sky objects over the course of the 1830s, including double stars, star clusters and nebulae. He published his observations in 1844 in the Cycle of Celestial Objects, which earned him the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1845 and also the presidency of the society. The first volume of this work was on general astronomy, but the second volume became known as the Bedford Catalogue[19] and contained his observations of 1,604 double stars and nebulae. It served as a standard reference work for many years afterward; no astronomer had previously made as extensive a catalogue of dim objects such as this. It was reprinted in 1986 with a foreword stating:[20]

What makes it so special is that it is the first true celestial Baedeker and not just another "cold" catalogue of mere numbers and data. Like the original Baedeker travel guidebooks of the last century, this work is full of colorful commentary on the highlights of the heavenly scene and heavily influenced several subsequent works of its type, even to the present day. ...It is in the descriptive material that Smyth is a delight. He not only describes what the user of a small telescope will see, but also includes much fascinating astronomical, mythological, and historical lore. Many of these descriptions are especially valuable for the novice and user of small telescopes of a size similar to Smyth's.

Having completed his observations, he moved to Cardiff in 1839 to supervise the construction of the Bute Dock which he had designed.[21] His observatory was dismantled and the telescope was sold to Dr John Lee, who re-erected it in a new observatory of Smyth's design at Hartwell House near the village of Stone in Buckinghamshire. Smyth moved to Stone in 1842 and, still having access to the telescope, performed a large number of additional astronomical observations from 1839 to 1859. The telescope is now in the Science Museum, London.[22][23][18]

He also produced observations in a publication on star colours entitled "Sidereal Chromatics" in 1864,[24] which attempted to explain their nature, the effects of the Earth's atmosphere, and the possibility of change in colour due to Doppler Shift. While his premise proved ultimately wrong, he discussed and created a summary on observing star colours of many double stars under his so-called Hartwell Experiment.[25] Some of his ideas continued to be promoted into the early 20th century, but were mostly then rejected by the overwhelming evidence from astronomical spectroscopy.[25]

Numismatics

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He was a numismatist of some standing, being a founding member of the Royal Numismatic Society in 1836 and one of the first members of its council. He maintained a lifelong interest in coins and was the author of a number of treatises on the subject.[26][27]

Involvement with learned institutions

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In 1821 he became a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London and of the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS). On 15 June 1826 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1830 was one of the founders of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS).[28] In 1845–6 he was president of the RAS and in 1849–50, of the RGS. He was vice-president and foreign secretary of the Royal Society; vice-president and director of the Society of Antiquaries; and an honorary or corresponding member of at least three-fourths of the literary and scientific societies in Europe.[5] as well as those in the United States. Among these were the Royal Irish Academy, the Institut de France, the Accademia Pontaniana, the National Institute of Washington, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1847),[29] and the Naval Lyceum of New York. He also served on the Board of Visitors to the Greenwich Observatory.[30] He contributed numerous papers to the Philosophical Transactions and the Proceedings of the RAS and RGS, and from 1829 to 1849 to the United Service Journal.

Later literary work

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He was the author of many works, the best known of which are:

  • A Cycle of Celestial Objects for the use of Naval, Military, and Private Astronomers for which he was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society. Published as two volumes in 1844, volume I: Prolegomena; Volume II: The Bedford Catalogue., it is still in print;
  • The Mediterranean: a Memoir Physical, Historical, and Nautical (1854). His charts of the Mediterranean, made in the 1820s, were still in use by the Royal Navy until the 1960s;
  • The Sailor's Word-Book, first published in 1867, and still available in print and as an e-book. This is a comprehensive dictionary of nautical terms which, as well as sail, covers the early years of steam propulsion.[31]

He also translated and edited François Arago's treatises on Popular Astronomy and on Comets.[32][5]

Last years

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As well as his home at St John's Lodge in Stone, he kept a house at 3 Cheyne Walk in Chelsea, London, where he stayed while attending the various learned societies and where he entertained his like-minded friends.

In early September 1865, he suffered a heart attack at St John's Lodge and at first seemed to recover. On the evening of 8 September he showed the planet Jupiter to his young grandson, Arthur Smyth Flower, through a telescope. He died a few hours later, in the early morning of 9 September, at the age of 78, and was buried in the graveyard of St John the Baptist church at Stone, Buckinghamshire.

His obituary in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society noted:[33]

As President of the Astronomical Club, he was always genial & courteous, ever keeping things in happy order, and by his ready wit and flow of humour compelling the maintenance of good fellowship. He used to fill his pockets with new half-pennies to distribute to any children he met in his daily walks. Whatever he did, he did it with his might.

A lunar mare was named Mare Smythii in his honour, as was Smyth Channel in the fiords of Chile and Cape Smyth in the Antarctic.[citation needed]

Family

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In Messina on 7 October 1815, when both were aged 27, he married Eliza Anne ("Annarella"), only child of Thomas Warington, the British consul in Naples, and his first wife Anne, widow of Lewis Bradshaw Peirson and daughter of William Robinson. They had eleven children, five of whom either achieved prominence or married notable spouses:

Portraits

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William Henry Smyth in 1855

An 1818 watercolour portrait by James Green exists,[34][35][36] but an 1861 portrait in oils by E. E. Eddis of him and his wife cataloguing the Duke of Northumberland's numismatic collection was destroyed during the London blitz.[37]

Publications

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References

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  1. ^ By 1760, Benjamin Smyth had built a gristmill in what is now the historic Blairstown Village Accessed 7 February 2018
  2. ^ "The Loyalists of New Jersey" E Alfred Jones, NJ Hist Soc, 1927, p 204
  3. ^ a b c d Tim Jeal (1989). Baden-Powell. London: Pimlico. pp. 4-5 and 578-580. ISBN 0-7126-5026-1.
  4. ^ L.G. Pine, ed. (1953). Burke's Peerage Baronetage & Knightage. London. p. 1704.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ a b c d Laughton, J. K. (1898). "Smyth, William Henry (1788–1865), admiral and scientific writer". Dictionary of National Biography Vol. LIII. Smith, Elder & Co. Retrieved 31 October 2012. Lee, Sidney, ed. (1898). "Smyth, William Henry". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 53. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  6. ^ "No. 17126". The London Gazette. 9 April 1816. pp. 65–66.
  7. ^ "Cabotage Map of the Adriatic Sea" Presciuttini, Paola (2012). "Nautical cartography : Great Britain". sullacrestadellonda.it. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  8. ^ "Review of Memoir description of the Resources, Inhabitants, and Hydrography of Sicily and its Islands, interspersed with Antiquarian and other Notices by Captain W. H. Smyth, R.N., 1824". The Quarterly Review. 30: 382–403. January 1824.
  9. ^ "List of Past Gold Medal Winners" (PDF). Royal Geographical Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  10. ^ 18 shillings a day,
  11. ^ "No. 20656". The London Gazette. 3 November 1846. pp. 3839–3840.
  12. ^ Without increase of pay
  13. ^ "No. 21445". The London Gazette. 3 June 1853. p. 1549.
  14. ^ "No. 22140". The London Gazette. 18 May 1858. pp. 2454–2455.
  15. ^ "No. 22790". The London Gazette. 20 November 1863. p. 5586.
  16. ^ Steinicke, W. (2017). "William Henry Smyth : Photos". Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  17. ^ "Admiral William Henry Smyth –". www.bedsastro.org.uk. Bedford Astronomical Society. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  18. ^ a b Peeling, Robert (2020). "The Story of the Lee Equatorial and Smythian Telescopes". The Antiquarian Astronomer. 14. Society for the History of Astronomy: 51–65. Bibcode:2020AntAs..14...51P.
  19. ^ Lovi, George (2008). "The Bedford Catalog from Cycle of Celestial Objects by William H. Smyth". willbell.com. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  20. ^ Tirion, Will (1993). "Obituary: George Lovi (1939–1993)". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 103 (4): 201. Bibcode:1993JBAA..103..201T. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  21. ^ A copy of his Report is held at the Institution of Civil Engineers
  22. ^ See his book "Aedes Hartwellianae, or notices of the Mansion of Hartwell" (1851), which has illustrations by his wife, two of his sons, one daughter, and his son-in-law Baden Powell.
  23. ^ Smyth, William Henry (2013). "Aedes Hartwellianae: or, Notices of the Manor and Mansion of Hartwell". books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  24. ^ James, A. (1864). "Sidereal Chromatics : Being a Re-print, With Additions, "Bedford Cycle of Celestial Objects," and Its "Harwell Continuation" of the Colours of Multiple Stars". Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  25. ^ a b James, A. (26 April 2017). "The Application of Admiral Smyth's "Sidereal Chromatics"". Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  26. ^ The history of the Society, Part 1: 1836–1874, describes the founding of the Society including the role of Admiral Smyth: :The first meetings, held on 26 June 1836 ... proposed that ... the friends of Numismatic Science should ... be formed into ... the Numismatic Society, that Capt. William Henry Smyth be requested to act as President.
  27. ^ Carson, R.A.G. (2013). "History of the Society Part 1: 1836–1874" (PDF). Royal Numismatic Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  28. ^ Markham, Sir Clements Robert (1881). The Fifty Years' Work of the Royal Geographical Society. J. Murray. p. 23.
  29. ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter S" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  30. ^ O'Byrne, William Richard (1849). "Smyth, William Henry" . A Naval Biographical Dictionary . John Murray – via Wikisource.
  31. ^ Revised and edited by his friend Sir Edward Belcher
  32. ^ The complete story of his literary activity is contained in Synopsis of the published and privately printed Works of Admiral W. H. Smyth (1864), which enumerates his fugitive papers as well as his larger works.
  33. ^ "Obituary : Admiral William Henry Smyth". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 26: 121. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  34. ^ "Portrait study of Captain William Henry Smyth, R.N., in dress uniform and wearing his insignia of the Order of St. Ferdinand by James Green (1771–1834)". christies.com. 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  35. ^ "William Henry Smyth by William Brockedon". National Portrait Gallery. 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  36. ^ "Portrait photograph of William Henry Smyth by Maull & Polyblank". National Portrait Gallery. 1855. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  37. ^ R.J., Lane (1956). "History of the Society Part 1: 1836–1874". Image:William Henry Smyth; Annarella Smyth (née Warington). Retrieved 26 April 2017.
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 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Smyth, William Henry". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

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O'Byrne, William Richard (1849). "Smyth, William Henry" . A Naval Biographical Dictionary . John Murray – via Wikisource.

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