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Enoch Olinga

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Enoch Olinga
For the genus of caddiesflies, see Olinga (caddisfly).

Enoch Olinga (June 24, 1926 – September 16, 1979) was born to a Ugandan family of the Iteso ethnic group. He became a Baháʼí, earned the title Knight of Baháʼu'lláh and was appointed as the youngest[1] Hand of the Cause, the highest appointed position in the religion. He served the interests of the religion widely and especially in Africa. He returned to Uganda during a time of turmoil and ultimately was murdered with his family.

Early history

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The second son to Samusan Okadakina and Eseza Iyamitai,[2] his father was a catechist and missionary for the Anglican church. In 1927, Enoch's family moved to the village of Tilling[2] where he was educated in missionary schools.[1] He studied economics and learned several languages enough to work as a translator. Eventually he learned six languages and published three books on language issues.[3] In 1941 Olinga joined the British Royal Army Educational Corps and served in Nairobi, capital of Kenya and beyond. On return to Uganda in 1946 he soon married and began having children (eight.) Around 1950, he moved to Kampala.[2] and encountered the Baháʼí Faith in 1951.[4] Though Olinga had already lost a government job to alcoholism he attended classes taught by Nakhjavani and became the third Ugandan to become a Baháʼí and swore off alcohol in February 1952.[5] He did so at the forefront of a period of large scale growth in the religion.[6][7] It was also the year he published Kidar Aijarakon, a translation of the New Testament in Ateso.[8][9] By October 1952 Olinga's father joined the religion.[10]

Father of victories

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In 1953 he became the first Baháʼí pioneer to British Cameroon, and was given the title Knight of Baháʼu'lláh for that country. Ali Nakhjavani, and his wife along with Olinga and two other Baháʼís travelled from Uganda to Cameroon - the other Baháʼís were dropped along the way in other countries.[11] As the number of Baháʼís grew in Cameroon new Baháʼís left the immediate region to pioneer in other surrounding areas, each becoming a Knight of Baháʼu'lláh including Ghana, and Togo. Because of the successive waves of people becoming Knights of Baháʼu'lláh, Enoch Olinga was entitled "Abu'l-Futuh", a Persian name meaning "the father of victories" by Shoghi Effendi.[12] In 1954 a Baháʼí book belonging to Olinga, Paris Talks, became the basis of a Baha'i Church in Nigeria in Calabar which operated in 1955-56. The church was disconnected from the Baháʼí community but applied the Baháʼí teachings with virtually all of the Cameroonian men on one large palm plantation. The church was established, flourished, and then collapsed utterly unrecognized and unknown to the Baháʼís and to the international Baha'i community until one of the founders tried to return the book. Both leaders of the church later officially joined the religion and helped form the first Local Spiritual Assembly of Calabar in 1957 and served in other positions.[13]

A biography published in 1984 examined his impact in Cameroon and beyond.[14] The first person in Cameroon to join the religion withstood beatings to persevere in his choice. The first woman to become a Baháʼí in Cameroon did so from his impact on her life though she had been an active Christian before - both she and her husband converted and were among the first to move to Togo and then Ghana. Another early Baháʼí, the first of the Bamiliki tribe, moved to what was then French Cameroon to help there. Another early contact joined the religion later but his wife was the first Baháʼí of Nigeria. The researcher again found that there was an emphasis not on rooting out cultural traditions among the peoples but instead focusing on awareness of the religion and awareness of scientific knowledge should not relate to social class. There were accusations of political intrigue of which Olinga was acquitted. It was judged that Olinga was always sincere and never belittled.

Worldwide service and travels

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In February 1957, in four years, Olinga traveled on Baháʼí pilgrimage for 10 days.[2] Immediately afterwards he was able to visit back to Uganda to attend the laying of the foundation stone of the first Baháʼí House of Worship of Africa.[11] In October 1957 Shoghi Effendi appointed him as a Hand of the Cause of God at the age of 31.[1] He was the only native African named as a Hand of the Cause.[3] In November news of the death of Shoghi Effendi spread through Olinga was unable to attend the funeral in London. However Olinga was in attendance for the first Conclave of the Hands in Bahjí on November 18, 1957 to review the situation and the way forward leading to the election of the Universal House of Justice.[2] Ebony magazine covered a conference in Uganda in January 1958 which Olinga and his wife attended and pictured him on page 129.[15] However Olinga did not stay in Uganda - he returned to Haifa where he served at the Baháʼí World Center until 1963[2] when Olinga chaired the opening session of the first Baháʼí World Congress in 1963 which announced the election of the first Universal House of Justice.[16] He then returned to live in East Africa and found he was estranged from his wife Eunica. They separated and divorced; he moved to Nairobi with his second wife, Elizabeth and all of his children and he continued to travel widely.[2] After fellow Hand of Cause Músá Banání died, Enoch purchased his home in Kampala. Additional travels after 1968 were extensive, including a tour of Upper West Africa in 1969 and later that same year, South America, Central America, passing through the United States, then the Solomon Islands, and Japan. In 1977, Olinga represented the Universal House of Justice at the International Conference held in Brazil and then attended another one in Mérida, Mexico.[2]

His co-religionist Dizzy Gillespie wrote a song named Olinga; and it was the title track of an album by Milt Jackson, produced by Creed Taylor, recorded in 1974 and re-issued in 1988[17] and covered by Judy Rafat on her tribute album to Gillespie in 1999.[18] Olinga was also a song released by Mary Lou Williams in 1995.[19]

Return to Uganda

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In September 1977 the administrative institutions of the religion in Uganda had been disbanded by the government along with over two dozen other groups.[20] Soon the Uganda-Tanzania War broke out in 1978 and President Amin was overthrown by early 1979. Olinga returned to Uganda to protect the community as much as he could.[5][21]

The country was in a period of street violence from 1978.[20] In March 1979 the Olinga home was robbed though the temple was undisturbed and there was a suspicious accident where Olinga's car was rammed and forced down a hill by a troop transport vehicle, where he was robbed and left for dead,[5] and Olinga's son George was disappeared for a week by soldiers of Amin.[20] Death threats perhaps simply because of his prominence came to Olinga from his home town.[20] Meanwhile, after President Amin fled in April the religion began to re-organize. After a night of area bombardment when Olinga spent the night praying in the temple and it and he emerged undamaged the organization of the religion began though his house was being plundered upon his return.[2] First was the re-opening of the Baháʼí House of Worship again,[22] and the beginning of reforming the national assembly in August.[20] Olinga chaired its first organizational meeting.

Murder

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Neighbors and a garden servant boy bore witness mostly by hearing events of the execution of the Olinga family.[5][22] Sunday, September 16, 1979 was the birthday of one of Olinga's daughters, and planned as a day of a family reunion; a few could not arrive in time.[20] After 8pm local time five soldiers entered Olinga's home. While one stood guard at the household gate, the others killed Olinga, his wife, and three of their five children. Trails of blood went from the kitchen to the back of the house. One of the children had been hurt and roughly bandaged before the family was executed. Enoch himself was killed out in the yard where he had been heard weeping, after perhaps seeing his dead family in the very same house in which he had joined the religion.[20] The news was conveyed initially by the garden servant to a member of the national Baháʼí administration, and then to a 79-year-old pioneer, Claire Gung, who called internationally. Ultimately news reached the Universal House of Justice, the head of the religion, while it sat in session on the 17th. All the dead were buried in the Baháʼí cemetery on the grounds of the Ugandan Baháʼí House of Worship on the 25th while civil war and terrorism continued.[20] The funeral included hundreds of Baháʼís who could make the trip and several members of the government of Uganda.[23]

Commemorations

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One of Olinga's surviving sons, George Olinga, in about February 1985 made a return trip to Uganda where he and another gave a talk at one of the primary schools about the religion and the institutions of the religion.[24] Also in February 1985 Claire Gung died.[25]

  • Since 1996[26] the Olinga Foundation for Human Development has offered training in remote primary and junior secondary schools in Ghana's Western Region.[27][28] In 2009 Enlightening the Hearts Literacy (EHL) Campaign of the Olinga Foundation is an educational programme reaching more than 400 schools across rural Ghana. Its two main goals are to improve literacy rates of children aged 9 –15 through better literacy instruction and to increase capabilities of teachers and children through moral education and personal transformation. The programme is a 2009 finalist for Emerging ChangeMakers Network Champions of Quality Education in Africa competition.[29]
  • An online university, The Enoch Olinga College of Intercultural Studies, Inc. (ENOCIS) was founded in his name seeking to promote globalistic approach to the problem of poverty.[30]
  • The Olinga Academy in Australia seeks to promote and carry out social and economic development, in primarily rural and indigenous communities, through projects and training.[31]
  • A documentary, Enoch Olinga, was conceived in 1986, begun in December 1996 and finished in April 2000 as a four-part, 144-minute video.[32] This was showcased at the Dawn Breakers International Film Festival.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Lee, Anthony A. (2008). "Enock Shabulinzenze". Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African-American Experience. Oxford University Press.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Francis, N. Richard. "Excerpts from the lives of early and contemporary believers on teaching the Baháʼí Faith: Enoch Olinga, Hand of the Cause of God, Father of Victories". History; Excerpts From the Lives of Some Early and Contemporary Baháʼís. Archived from the original on February 28, 2008. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  3. ^ a b "Enoch Olinga (1926-1979) "Are You Happy?"". Brilliant Star. No. July/ August 2003. 2003. pp. 10–11. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  4. ^ prepared under the supervision of the Universal House of Justice.; Universal House of Justice (1986). In Memoriam. Vol. XVIII. Baháʼí World Centre. pp. Table of Contents and pp.619, 632, 802–4. ISBN 0-85398-234-1. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  5. ^ a b c d Francis, N. Richard (1998). "Olinga, Enoch". Baháʼí Faith Website of Reno, Nevada. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Hassall, Graham (2003-08-26). "References to Africa in the Baháʼí Writings". Asian/Pacific Collection. Asia Pacific Baháʼí Studies. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  7. ^ "Overview Of World Religions". General Essay on the Religions of Sub-Saharan Africa. Division of Religion and Philosophy, University of Cumbria. Archived from the original on 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  8. ^ Olinga, Enoch (1952). Kidar Aijarakon. Uganda: The Eagle Press. p. 48.
  9. ^ Olinga, Enoch. An Introduction to the Ateso Language. Uganda: Hazell, Watson and Viney Ltd.
  10. ^ "Unusual teachings activities in Uganda/ Extracts from letter to the Guardian from the British Africa Committee/ African Baháʼí Letter to British Committee". Baháʼí News. No. 262. December 1952. pp. 7–8.
  11. ^ a b Mughrab, Jan (2004). "Jubilee Celebration in Cameroon" (PDF). Baháʼí Journal of the Baháʼí Community of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Vol. 20, no. 5. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United Kingdom.
  12. ^ Baháʼí International Community (2003-09-23). "Cameroon celebrates golden time". Baháʼí World News Service.
  13. ^ Lee, Anthony A. (November 1997). "The Baha'i Church of Calabar, West Africa: The Problem of Levels in Religious History". Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies. 01 (6).
  14. ^ "Enoch Olinga: The pioneering years". Baháʼí News. No. 638. May 1984. pp. 4–9. ISSN 0195-9212.
  15. ^ McKenty, Beth (April 1968). "Baha'is Commemorate Predictions and Warnings of Founder; African Conference is the focal point of worldwide observance of religious group". Ebony. Johnson Publishing Company. pp. 125–126, 128. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
  16. ^ Francis, Richard (1998). "Enoch Olinga Hand of the Cause of God Father of Victories". Collected Biographies. Baháʼí Library Online. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
  17. ^ "Milt Jackson: Olinga". JAZZ / HARD BOP / VIBRAPHONE 1974. CTI Records. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  18. ^ "Con Alma - A Tribute to Dizzy Gillespie". JAZZ / HARD BOP / VIBRAPHONE 1974. Timeless Records. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  19. ^ "Olinga". Zoning. Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. 1995. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h "A sacrifice to fidelity- The senseless, brutal slayings of Enoch Olinga, his wife and children". Baháʼí News. No. 590. May 1980. pp. 2–7.
  21. ^ Smith, Peter; Momen, Moojan (1989). "The Baha'i Faith 1957-1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments". Religion. 19 (1): 63–91. doi:10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8.
  22. ^ a b "The Hand of the Cause of God Enoch Olinga 'The Father of Victories'". Baháʼí News. No. 585. December 1979. pp. 2–3. ISSN 0195-9212.
  23. ^ "Funeral in Uganda for Hand of Cause Enoch Olinga". Baháʼí News. No. 590. May 1980. p. 7. ISSN 0195-9212.
  24. ^ "The World; Uganda". Baháʼí News. No. 647. February 1985. p. 16. ISSN 0195-9212.
  25. ^ "Uganda". Baháʼí News. No. 647. April 1985. p. 12. ISSN 0195-9212.
  26. ^ "History of The Olinga Foundation". Who We Are... The Olinga Foundation for Human Development. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  27. ^ In Ghana, innovative literacy program produces dramatic results Gonukrom Village, Western Region, Ghana. 3 December 2007 (BWNS)
  28. ^ "Our Inspiration". Who We Are... The Olinga Foundation for Human Development. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  29. ^ Casely-Hayford, Leslie (June 24, 2009). "The 'Enlightening the Hearts Literacy Campaign', under the auspices of the Olinga Foundation for Human Development, Ghana". Champions Of Quality Education In Africa. Archived from the original on 2010-04-20. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  30. ^ "Who We Are pg 2..." Who We Are... ENOCIS. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  31. ^ "Mission Statement". manager-at-olingaacademy.org. December 5, 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
  32. ^ Olinga, Joyce (2010). "Workbook for Enock Olinga Video Documentary". Olinga Productions. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  • Harper, Barron (1997). Lights of Fortitude (Paperback ed.). Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-413-1.
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