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Eric I, Duke of Mecklenburg

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Eric, Duke of Mecklenburg
Bornprobably in 1365, definitely after 1359
Died(1397-07-26)26 July 1397
Klintehamn south of Visby[1]
Noble familyHouse of Mecklenburg
Spouse(s)Sophie of Pomerania-Wolgast
FatherAlbert III, Duke of Mecklenburg
MotherRichardis of Schwerin
Eric was buried in Visby Cathedral.

Eric I, Duke of Mecklenburg (after 1359, probably in 1365 – 26 July 1397) was the eldest son of Albert, King of Sweden and heir to the throne of Sweden.[2] Eric played a significant role in his father's attempts to secure and reclaim the Swedish throne. Eric and Albert were defeated in battle of Åsle in 1389 and imprisoned by the Danish Queen Margaret I of Denmark. They were released in 1395 against a ransom guaranteed by the Hanseatic league.

Albert tried to regain the Swedish crown by sending Eric to conquer Gotland in 1396. Eric briefly became the ruler of Gotland. Eric died in 1397, and his death led to the loss of Gotland from Mecklenburg to pirates, who were later conquered by the Teutonic Order.

Early life

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Eric was the eldest son of Albert, King of Sweden (reigned 1364–1389) and Queen Richardis, a daughter of Count Otto I of Schwerin. The date and place of their marriage are unknown, but it most likely took place in Sweden after 1364. This is inferred from a contemporary genealogy that records Albert's betrothal and succession to the throne in 1364 but does not mention the marriage, suggesting it had not yet occurred at that time. Eric was likely born in Sweden, where he also spent his childhood and youth.[3][4]

He may have been named after his great-grandfather, Duke Eric Magnusson. The name Eric was common among Swedish kings, suggesting that he was intended to follow in his father's footsteps and inherit the Swedish throne.[4]

Preparations for war

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Eric's father, Albert, attempted to consolidate his position as King of Sweden in 1386. Contemporary sources first mention Eric as his father's companion during a trip to Mecklenburg in 1385–86. In late 1386 or early 1387, Albert sent Eric on a mission to the Teutonic State, during which Eric also spent some time in Danzig. While Albert remained in Mecklenburg to gather troops, Eric returned to Sweden, where he, along with his cousin Duke John IV of Mecklenburg, governed in his father's absence.[4]

Imprisonment

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In 1389 Queen Margaret I of Denmark defeated Albert in the battle of Åsle, on the plains of Falköping in Västergötland. Albert and Eric were captured after the battle. The castles in Sweden surrendered to Margaret, who now became the ruler of the three Scandinavian kingdoms. In Sweden, only Stockholm remained in the hands of the Mecklenburgs, but even it was besieged by Margaret's troops.[5]

To support Stockholm from the sea, the dukes of Mecklenburg employed a company of privateers, who later known as Vitalienbrüder, 'Victual brothers'. In 1391, the Mecklenburgs conquered Bornholm and Visby. The pirates obtained bases in Gotland and Finland and disrupted trade in the Baltic Sea. The Hansa started negotiations with Margaret in order restore their commercial rights in Baltic. In 1395, Albert and Eric were released against a large ransom after three years of negotiations involving Hinrich Westhof and Johann Niebur, the mayors of Lübeck. Stockholm was given as a pledge to the Hanseatic cities that guaranteed the ransom.[6][5] If the ransom was not paid within three years, Stockholm would be given to Margaret.[7]

After his release, Albert returned to Mecklenburg with his son and resumed his duties as the duke. On February 10-15 in 1396, a double wedding took place in Schwerin. Albert married the twice widowed Agnes of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Eric married Sophie, the daughter of Duke Bogislaw VI of Pomerania-Wolgast. Eric's and Sophie's marriage produced no children.[6]

Master of Gotland

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Albert could not raise the money for the ransom and attempted to reconquer his kingdom. In 1396, he tasked Eric with the reconquest of Gotland. In the summer or fall of 1396, Eric landed on the island with an army and began to build fortifications. Sven Sture had also arrived to the island with Danish troops. In the spring of 1397, with the help of Victual Brothers, Eric defeated Sven Sture, who was forced to change sides and swear allegiance to Albert III.[8] After Sven Sture's defeat, Eric was the master of Gotland. Due to his association with the Victual Brothers and Sven Sture's men, he is sometimes portrayed as a pirate chieftain.[9]

In June 1397 Eric, accompanied by Sven Sture's men, launched a failed surprise attack against Stockholm, now controlled by the Hanseatic league.[9] Around the same time, the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden were united into the Kalmar Union, which cemented the position of Queen Margaret and crushed Mecklenburg's hopes of regaining the Swedish crown.

Death and burial

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Tracing of the Mecklenburg coat of arms from Eric's tomb

Duke Eric died suddenly of some disease in 1397 at his fortress called Landeskrone or Klinteholm, located close to the port of Klintehamn, south of Visby in Gotland.[1] After Eric's death, the dukes of Mecklenburg lost control of the island to the pirates, and had to withdraw from the island in April 1398 with Eric's widow Sophie and 400 men. The fortress of Landeskrona was destroyed in 1398 when the Teutonic Order and the leading Prussian cities conquered the island to put an end to piracy.[9][10]

Eric was buried in St. Mary's Church, also known as Visby Cathedral, where part of his original tomb is on display.[11] Notably, he was not buried in a prestigious place in the choir of the church. According to German historian Nikolaus Marschalk [de] (d. 1525) this was because he died of plague. The reliability Marschalk's claim is questionable, as there is no known outbreak of plague from that time.[12]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Starbäck, Carl Georg; Bäckström, Per Olof. "Berättelser ur svenska historien". Project Runeberg. Stockholm: F. & G. Beijers Förlag. p. 27. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  2. ^ Nordman 1939, p. 336.
  3. ^ Röpcke 2020, p.25
  4. ^ a b c Carlsson, Gottfrid (1953). "Erik". Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  5. ^ a b Helle 2008, pp. 723-728
  6. ^ a b Röpcke 2020, pp. 26-27
  7. ^ Harreld 2015, pp. 76-78
  8. ^ see: Puhle, p. 93 and Bracker, 2003, p. 24 and Hanse Records I 4 Nr. 438, §4, p. 416
  9. ^ a b c Röpcke 2020, pp. 27-28
  10. ^ Schmandt, Raymond H. (1975). "The Gotland Campaign of the Teutonic Knights, 1398-1408". Journal of Baltic Studies. 6 (4). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 247–258. ISSN 0162-9778. JSTOR 43210707. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  11. ^ Article (in Swedish) at guteinfo.com
  12. ^ Röpcke 2020, pp. 30-31

References

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  • Bracker, Jörgen (2003): Klaus Störtebeker – Nur einer von ihnen. Die Geschichte der Vitalienbrüder. In Wiechmann, Ralf. Klaus Störtebecker: ein Mythos wird entschlüsselt, Fink, Paderborn/München, ISBN 3-7705-3837-4, pp. 9–59
  • Harreld, Donald J., ed. (2015). A Companion to the Hanseatic League. Brill's Companions to European History. Vol. 8. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-28476-0.
  • Helle, Knut, ed. (2008). The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Vol. 1 : Prehistory to 1520. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47299-7.
  • Nordman, Viljo Adolf (1939). Albrecht Herzog von Mecklenburg König von Schweden, Annales Academiae scientiarum Fennicae. Series B:44:1, Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia
  • Puhle, Matthias (1994): Die Vitalienbrüder: Klaus Stortebeker und die Seeräuber der Hansezeit, 2d ed., Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag,, ISBN 3-593-34525-0
  • Röpcke, Andreas (2020). "Der vergessene Königssohn : Erinnerung an Herzog Erich von Mecklenburg, Prinz von Schweden, Herr von Gotland". Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher, 135. Jahrgang (in German). Vereins für mecklenburgische Geschichte und Altertumskunde e.V. pp. 25–34. doi:10.18453/rosdok_id00003675. ISSN 0930-8229.
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