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Finger tip unit

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In medicine, a finger tip unit (FTU) is defined as the amount of ointment, cream or other semi-solid dosage form expressed from a tube with a 5 mm diameter nozzle, applied from the distal skin-crease to the tip of the index finger of an adult.[1][2] The "distal skin-crease" is the skin crease over the joint nearest the end of the finger. One FTU is enough to treat an area of skin twice the size of the flat of an adult's hand with the fingers together, i.e. a "handprint". Two FTUs are approximately equivalent to 1 g of topical steroid.

One handprint is 0.8% (i.e. approximately 1%) of the total body surface area,[3] and one FTU covers approximately two handprints. As two FTUs are approximately equivalent to 1g of topical application, the "Rule of Hand" states that "4 hand areas = 2 FTU = 1 g".[4]

In the original study in the UK,[1] one FTU weighed 0.49 g in men and 0.43 g in women. The area covered by one FTU was 312 cm2 in men and 257 cm2 in women.[2] Very similar results were found in a Mexico study.[5] The weight of an FTU has been recalculated in Japan, relating to the use of 5 g tubes of ointment with a much smaller nozzle diameter.[6] The weight of ointment is less if the nozzle diameter is smaller than the standard 5 mm.

When a topical drug was used as a foam, the weight of an FTU was 52.5 μg: the area covered by one foam FTU was less than that of an FTU of cream.[7]

Clinical use of FTU in patients

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The FTU is particularly useful when counseling patients with regards to the amount of topical steroid cream they should be applying in order to minimize the side-effects which are associated with their use. The FTU can also be used in children.[8]

The FTU concept has been used as a central part of an education programme for parents of children with atopic eczema.[9]

The use of the FTU has been advocated to reduce the variation in usage of topical steroids [10] and to encourage adherence to therapy.[11] The FTU can also be used to guide the use of topical sunscreens.[12]

Guidelines recommending use of FTU

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Dermatology Working Groups in the UK [13] and in Poland [14] have recommended that guidance for use of topical corticosteroids in patient information leaflets should include clear FTU instructions, preferably with images of a FTU and a chart to show the number of units required for specific areas of the body. USA guidelines of care [15] for the management of psoriasis with topical therapies include guidance of amount to be used based on the FTU.

European Guidelines for the treatment of atopic eczema recommend that application amount of topical anti-inflammatory therapy should follow the FTU rule.[16] In the USA it has been recommended that the FTU should be used as part of the treatment plan and communication with patients and caregivers of children with atopic eczema.[17]

Use of FTU in research

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The FTU has been used to standardize the amount of cream being applied in clinical research studies in the UK,[18] Belgium,[19] Turkey,[20] India,[21] Iran,[22] Pakistan,[23] Malaysia,[24] and the USA.[25][26]

References

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  1. ^ a b Finlay AY, Edwards PH, Harding KG. “Fingertip unit” in dermatology. Lancet 1989; II, 155.
  2. ^ a b Long CC, Finlay AY. The fingertip unit: a new practical measure. Clin Exper Dermatol 1991; 16: 444-446.
  3. ^ Thomas CL, Finlay AY. The “handprint” approximates to 1% of the total body surface area whereas the "palm minus the fingers" does not. British Journal of Dermatology 2007; 157: 1080-1081.
  4. ^ Long CC, Finlay AY, Averill RW. The rule of hand: 4 hand areas = 2 FTU = 1 g. Arch Dermatol 1992; 128: 1130-1131.
  5. ^ Castanedo-Cazares JP, Torres-Alvarez B, Martinez-Rodriguez A, Diaz-Rosales A, Moncada B. Analysis of the digital unit as reference measurement for the topical prescription in Mexico (in Spanish). Gac Med Mex 2006; 142: 35-38.
  6. ^ Dekio I, Morita E. The weight of a finger-tip unit of ointment in 5-gram tubes. J Dermatolog Treat 2011; 22: 302-3.
  7. ^ Feldman SR, Sangha N, Setaluri V. Topical corticosteroid in foam vehicle offers comparable coverage compared with traditional vehicles. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42: 1017-1020.
  8. ^ Long CC, Mills C, Finlay AY. A practical guide to topical therapy in children. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138: 293-296.
  9. ^ Futamura M1, Ito K, Otsuji K, Hirayama M, Hayashi K, Ohya Y, Masuko I.[Effects of "Skin Care School," a parental education program on childhood atopic dermatitis conducted during short hospitalization stays].[Article in Japanese] Arerugi. 2009 Dec;58(12):1610-8.
  10. ^ McHenry PM, Williams HC, Bingham EA. Management of atopic eczema. Joint workshop of the British Association of Dermatologists and the Royal College of Physicians of London. BMJ 1995;310(6983): 843-847.
  11. ^ Feldman SR, Horn EJ, Balkrishnan R, Basra MKA, Finlay AY, McCoy D, Menter A, van de Kerkhof P. Psoriasis: improving adherence to therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59: 1009-1016.
  12. ^ Diffey BL. What can be done to reduce personal ultraviolet radiation exposure? Chapter 13 in: Prevention of skin cancer. Editors Hill DJ, Elwood JM, English DR. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2004.
  13. ^ Bewley A; Dermatology Working Group. Expert consensus: time for a change in the way we advise our patients to use topical corticosteroids. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158: 917-920.
  14. ^ Kaszuba A, Pastuszka M. Kaszuba A. Glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of dermatological diseases – the recommended standards. Fam Med Forum 2009; 3: 347-358.
  15. ^ Menter A, Korman NJ, Elmets CA, Feldman SR et al. Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 60: 643-659.
  16. ^ Ring J, Alomar A, Bieber T, et al., European Dermatology Forum (EDF), European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV), European Federation of Allergy (EFA), European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis (ETFAD), European Society of Pediatric Dermatology (ESPD), Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN). Guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) part I. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26(8):1045–1060. See Page 1051.
  17. ^ Lawrence F. Eichenfield, Mark Boguniewicz, Eric L. Simpson, John J. Russell, Julie K. Block, Steven R. Feldman, Adele R. Clark, Susan Tofte, Jeffrey D. Dunn, Amy S. Paller, Translating Atopic Dermatitis Management Guidelines Into Practice for Primary Care Providers. Pediatrics 2015; 136: 554-565.
  18. ^ Cork MJ, Britton J, Butler L, Young S, Murphy R, Keohane SG. Comparison of parent knowledge, therapy utilization and severity of atopic eczema before and after explanation and demonstration of topical therapies by a specialist dermatology nurse. Br J Dermatol 2003; 149: 582-589.
  19. ^ Letawe C, Pierard-Franchimont C, Pierard GE. Squamometry in rating the efficacy of topical corticosteroids in atopic dermatitis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 51: 253-257.
  20. ^ Karabulut AA, Izol Serel B, Eksioglu HM. A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, split-face study with pimecrolimus cream 1% for papulopustular rosacea. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22: 729-734.
  21. ^ Rai R, Uppal M, Sharma NK, Srinivas CR, Mathew A. Half an hour versus three hour contact of topical steroid (clobetasol propionate). Indian J Dermatol, Venereol and Leprol 2004; 70: 214-216.
  22. ^ Shohrati M, Davoudi M, Almasi M, Sadr B. Peyman M. Comparative study of Unna’s Boot and betamethasone cream in the treatment of sulfur mustard-related pruritus. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2007; 26 (4): 303-9.
  23. ^ Kapadia N, Ghouri S. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of mometasome furoate 0.1% cream, ointment and lotion in childhood eczema. J Pakistan Ass Dermatol 2008; 18; 93-96.
  24. ^ Siddique MI, Katas H, Iqbal Mohd Amin MC, Ng SF, Zulfakar MH, Buang F, Jamil A. Minimization of Local and Systemic Adverse Effects of Topical Glucocorticoids by Nanoencapsulation: In Vivo Safety of Hydrocortisone-Hydroxytyrosol Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci. 2015 Oct 8. doi: 10.1002/jps.24666.
  25. ^ Safavi K. Serum vitamin A levels in psoriasis: results from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Dermatol 1992: 128; 1130-1131.
  26. ^ Maloney JM, Morman MR, Stewart DM, Tharp MD, Brown JJ, Rajagopalan R. Clobetasol propionate emollient 0.05% in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 1998; 37: 142-144.

See also

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