Hair cloning

Hair multiplication, or hair cloning, is a proposed technique to counter hair loss. The technology is in its early stages, but multiple groups have demonstrated pieces of the technology at a small scale, with a few in commercial development.

Scientists previously assumed that in the case of complete baldness, follicles are completely absent from the scalp, so they cannot be regenerated. However, the follicles are not entirely absent, as there are stem cells in the bald scalp from which the follicles naturally arise. The behavior of these follicles is suggested to be the result of progenitor cell deficiency in these areas.

The basic idea of hair cloning is that healthy follicle cells or dermal papillae can be extracted from the subject from areas that are not bald and are not suffering hair loss. They can be multiplied (cloned) by various culturing methods^[1] and the new cells can be injected back into the bald scalp, where they would produce healthy hair.

Research

Early trials

One of the first companies to begin experimenting with hair cloning was Intercytex.^[2] Intercytex tried to clone new hair follicles from the stem cells harvested from the back of the neck. They hoped that if they multiplied the follicles and then implanted them back in the scalp in the bald areas, they would be successful in regrowing the hair itself.^[3] In 2008, Intercytex interpreted that they failed in fully developing the hair cloning therapy and decided to discontinue all research.^[3]

The first time scientists were able to grow artificial hair follicles from stem cells was in 2010. Scientists at the Technische Universität Berlin in Germany, with Intercytex and several other research teams, took animal cells and created follicles by using them. As a result, they produced follicles "thinner than normal". They were able to clone one or two follicles from an extracted hair.

Aderans Research Institute, a Japanese company, worked on what they called the "Ji Gami" process, which involved the removal of a small strip of the scalp, which is broken down into individual follicular stem cells. After the extraction, these cells are cultured and injected back into the bald areas of the scalp.^{[citation needed]} The trials continued in 2012. Aderans decided to discontinue the funding of its hair multiplication research in July 2013.^[4]^{[better source needed]}

University of Pennsylvania

In 2012, scientists from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine published their own findings regarding hair cloning.^[5] During their investigation, they found that non-bald and bald scalps have the same number of stem cells, but the progenitor cell number was significantly depleted in the case of the latter. Based on this, they concluded that it is not the absence of the stem cells that are responsible for hair loss but the unsuccessful activation of said cells.^[6]

Development

In 2015, initial trials for human hair were successful in generating new follicles,^[7] but the hairs grew in varying directions.

In 2016, scientists in Japan announced they had successfully grown human skin in a lab.^[8] The skin was created using induced pluripotent stem cells, and when implanted in a mouse, the skin grew hairs successfully. The group has formed partnerships with Organ Technologies and Kyocera Corporation to commercially develop the research.^[9]

dNovo Bio, a Silicon Valley–based company, was founded in 2018 and has demonstrated growing a patch of human hair on a mouse.^[10]^{[better source needed]} In July 2019, a researcher from San Diego–based Stemson Therapeutics, partnered with UCSD, successfully grew his own follicles on a mouse using iPSC-derived epithelial and dermal cell therapy. The hair was aligned properly with a 3D-printed biodegradable shaft. The hairs were permanent and regenerated naturally.^[11] Stemson intends to enter clinical trials in 2026.^[12]

In October 2022, researchers from the Japan-based Yokohama National University successfully cloned fully-grown mouse hair follicles for the first time in history.^[13]

References

^ "Methods of Hair cloning". hairforlife.info. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
^ "Hair Care and Trichology | Health Articles | The Future of Hair Restoration". Worldwidehealth.com. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Detail How Intercytex Failed Fully In Developing Hair Cloning Therapy". HD Hairlines. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
^ "Aderans to no Longer Fund its Hair Multiplication Research | Hair Loss Q & A". Regrowhair.com. 30 July 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
^ "Perelman School of Medicine Experts Identify Inhibitor Causing Male Pattern Baldness and Target for Hair Loss Treatments". Penn Medicine News. 21 March 2012.
^ Chueh SC, Lin SJ, Chen CC, Lei M, Wang LM, Widelitz R, et al. (March 2013). "Therapeutic strategy for hair regeneration: hair cycle activation, niche environment modulation, wound-induced follicle neogenesis, and stem cell engineering". Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 13 (3): 377–391. doi:10.1517/14712598.2013.739601. PMC 3706200. PMID 23289545.
^ "Grow New Follicles". columbia.edu. 14 December 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
^ Takagi R, Ishimaru J, Sugawara A, Toyoshima KE, Ishida K, Ogawa M, et al. (April 2016). "Bioengineering a 3D integumentary organ system from iPS cells using an in vivo transplantation model". Science Advances. 2 (4): e1500887. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E0887T. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500887. PMC 4820374. PMID 27051874.
^ "Kyocera Corporation, RIKEN And Organ Technologies Launch Joint Research In Regenerative Medicine To Treat Hair Loss". BioSpace. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "Going bald? Lab-grown hair cells could be on the way". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ Prebys, Sanford Burnham (27 June 2019). "Functional hair follicles grown from stem cells". Eurekalert.
^ "Hair Cloning Research And Progress 2023 – Follicle Thought". Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^ Kageyama T, Shimizu A, Anakama R, Nakajima R, Suzuki K, Okubo Y, Fukuda J (October 2022). "Reprogramming of three-dimensional microenvironments for in vitro hair follicle induction". Science Advances. 8 (42): eadd4603. Bibcode:2022SciA....8D4603K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.add4603. PMC 9586475. PMID 36269827.