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Horst Hannig

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Horst Hannig
Hannig, on account of the Knight's Cross presentation
Born13 November 1921
Frankenstein, Lower Silesia, Poland
Died15 May 1943(1943-05-15) (aged 21)
near Rocquancourt, Normandy, German-occupied France
Cause of deathKilled in action
Buried
Saint-Désir-de-Lisieux German war cemetery, Lisieux, Normandy
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branch Luftwaffe
Years of service1939–1943
RankOberleutnant (posthumously)
UnitJG 54, JG 2 "Richthofen"
Commands5./JG 54, 2./JG 2
Battles / warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Horst Hannig (13 November 1921 – 15 May 1943) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace and posthumous recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognize extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat.[1] Hannig is credited with 98 aerial victories claimed in over 350 combat missions. He was killed in action following combat with Royal Air Force (RAF) Supermarine Spitfire fighters on 15 May 1943.

Early life and career

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Hannig was born on 13 November 1921 in Frankenstein, present-day Ząbkowice Śląskie, at the time in Lower Silesia. He was the son of a secretary of justice (Justizsekretär). After he graduated with his Abitur (diploma), Hannig joined the military service in the Luftwaffe as a Fahnenjunker (officer cadet) in October 1939.[2] Hannig had a brother Walter who received the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 28 April 1943 as an observer with Aufklärungsgruppe (reconnaissance group) 4.(F)/14 of the Luftwaffe.[3]

Following flight training,[Note 1] he was posted to the 6. Staffel (6th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 54 "Grünherz" (JG 54—54th fighter wing) in early 1941.[5] At the time, 6. Staffel was commanded by Oberleutnant Franz Eckerle while II. Gruppe (2nd group), to which the Staffel was subordinated, was headed by Hauptmann Dietrich Hrabak.[6]

World War II

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The German invasion of Poland had begun on 1 September 1939, and marked the beginning of World War II in Europe. In April 1941, II. Gruppe of JG 54 had fought in the invasion of Yugoslavia. Following the surrender of the Royal Yugoslav Army on 17 April 1941, while stationed at an airfield at Zemun near Belgrade, the Geschwader received orders on 3 May 1941 to turn over all Bf 109-Es so they could receive the new Bf 109-F variant. Transition training was completed at Airfield Stolp-Reitz in Pomerania. Following intensive training, the Geschwader was moved to airfields in Eastern Prussia.[7]

Operation Barbarossa

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II. Gruppe under command of Hrabak was moved to Trakehnen on 20 June 1941.[8] The Wehrmacht launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, on 22 June with II. Gruppe supporting Army Group North in its strategic goal towards Leningrad.[7] On the first day of the invasion, II. Gruppe flew multiple missions in support of German bombers attacking Soviet airfields near Kowno, present-day Kaunas.[7] That day, Hannig claimed his first aerial victory, a Tupolev SB-2 bomber.[9] On 25 June, the Gruppe followed the German advance and relocated to an airfield at Kowno. Two days later they moved to Dünaburg, present-day Daugavpils, where Hannig claimed an Ilyushin DB-3 bomber shot down. On 28 June, the 8th Panzer Division had established a bridgehead across the Daugava. Operating from Dünaburg over the bridgehead, Hannig claimed a SB-2 bomber shot down on 30 June, three SB-3 bombers on 2 July, and another SB-2 bomber on 6 July. The following day, III. Gruppe moved to Ostrov.[10] On 17 July, for seven aerial victories to date, he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse).[2] That day, the Gruppe moved to an airfield named Sarudinje located near Pleskov, present-day Pskov, southeast of Lake Peipus. Here, Hannig claimed an I-18 fighter, an early German designation for a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1 fighter, on 19 July and a DB-3 bomber on 25 July.[11]

On 25 July, II. Gruppe moved to a makeshift airfield named Mal. Owsischtschi located near Lake Ozero Samro (58°58′18″N 28°46′16″E / 58.97167°N 28.77111°E / 58.97167; 28.77111) east of Lake Peipus where they remained until 7 September. Here, the Gruppe supported German forces in the attack on Leningrad.[12] In August, II. Gruppe flew missions to Leningrad and over the coastal area west of Leningrad. Here, Hannig claimed an Polikarpov I-16 fighter and I-18 fighter on 12 August, another I-16 fighter the following day, an SB-2 bomber on 14 August, two I-18 fighters on 18 August, another I-16 fighter the next day, and a Polikarpov I-15 fighter on 5 September.[13] On 7 September, the Gruppe relocated to Torrossowa, an airfield closer to Leningrad.[14] In September, Hannig was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse) and the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 15 September.[2] Flying from Torrossowa, he was credited with nine I-18 fighters shot down, two on 11 September, one on 12, 14, 16 and 19 September each, two further on 23 September. On 26 September he claimed an I-16 fighter before the Gruppe moved to Staraya Russa south of Lake Ilmen on 27 September.[15] Here, Hannig claimed two I-18 fighters, one on 2 and 5 October each, and a SB-3 bomber on 14 October, taking his total to 30 aerial victories.[16] In early November, the Gruppe was withdrawn from the Eastern Front for a period of rest and replenishment where they were based at airfields in Döberitz, and later at Uetersen.[17] On 24 November, Hannig was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold).[2]

Eastern Front

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On 20 January 1942, the Gruppe began relocating to the Eastern Front where they would be based at Siverskaya near Leningrad.[18] Flying missions over the Volkhov, Hannig claimed his first aerial victory in 1942 over an I-18 fighter on 5 February.[19] Operating from Siverskaya during the Battle of Lyuban, Hannig claimed five further aerial victories. On 14 February, he shot down a Polikarpov R-5 reconnaissance bomber followed by another R-5 aircraft three days later. He then claimed a Petlyakov Pe-2 bomber on 23 February.[20] Hannig then claimed a Lend-Lease Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighter on 5 March followed by an I-18 fighter on 15 March.[21]

On 20 March, II. Gruppe moved to Rjelbitzi Airfield, located 26 kilometers (16 miles) north of Dno and 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) west-southwest of Soltsy on the northern bank of the Shelon. Here, the Gruppe supported German forces fighting in the Demyansk Pocket and Kholm Pocket.[22] In late March and April 1942, Hannig claimed further twelve aerial victories, increasing his total to 48 aerial victories claimed.[23] Here on 7 May, Hannig claimed a Yakovlev Yak-1 fighter shot down.[24] On 9 May 1942, Leutnant (second Lieutenant) Hannig was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) having flown over 200 operations and claiming 48 victories. He and Leutnant Hans Beißwenger received the Knight's Cross from General der Flieger Helmuth Förster at Siverskaya.[25][26] Following the Knight's Cross presentation, Hannig claimed his next aerial victory on 11 May when he shot down a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter in the Demyansk combat area. He then shot down two Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighters, one on 15 and 18 May each.[27]

In July 1942, II. Gruppe was re-equipped with the Bf 109 G-2. Hannig then claimed a Yak-1 fighter shot down near Zaluchye located approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) west of Demyansk on 7 July.[28] On 24 July, he claimed his 54th victory, an Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft near Lychkovo located southeast of Lake Ilmen.[29][Note 2] On 12 August, 5. Staffel was detached from II. Gruppe and sent to Oryol where they were based at an airfield named Oryol-West.[32] On 31 August, II. Gruppe was again united at Rjelbitzi where the Gruppe came under control of Luftflotte 1 (Air Fleet 1).[33] On the morning of 2 September, Hannig and Unteroffizier Walter Heck claimed two Yak-1 fighters shot down, one each. The a Yak-1 fighters belonged to the 21 IAP Fighter Regiment.[Note 3] The pilots, Starshiy Leytenant Rubtsov survived the encounter with injuries while Serzhant Levinskiy was killed in action.[34]

On 7 October, Hauptmann Joachim Wandel, the commander of 5. Staffel was killed in action. In consequence, Hannig succeeded Wandel as Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 5. Staffel the following day.[35] In early November, the Gruppe fought in the combat area north of Demyansk. Here, Hannig claimed his last aerial victories on the Eastern Front on 5 November. Taking his total to 90 aerial victories claimed, he was credited with destroying four LaGG-3 fighters that day.[36] Three of which on one mission.[37] On 28 September in aerial combat, Hannig flew his Bf 109 G-2 (Werknummer 10366—factory number) into the ground near Andronovo.[38] Hannig was then transferred to the Western Front and command of 5. Staffel was passed on to Hauptmann Paul Steindl.[35]

Western Front and death

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Focke Wulf Fw 190 A-4 of I./JG 2, flown by Leutnant Hannig, early 1943

On 27 January 1943, Hannig was appointed Staffelkapitän of 2. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd fighter fing) based in France. He replaced Oberleutnant Christian Eickhoff who had been killed in action the day before. The Staffel was subordinated to I. Gruppe of JG 2 headed by Major Helmut-Felix Bolz.[39] While serving with 2. Staffel of JG 2, he claimed further eight aerial victories, including one four-engine United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) heavy bomber. On 16 February, the USAAF VIII Bomber Command attacked Saint-Nazaire. I. Gruppe claimed the destruction of five Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers, including one shot down by Hannig northeast of Lannion. On 28 March, bombers of VIII Bomber Command escorted by Supermarine Spitfire fighters headed for Rouen. I. Gruppe claimed six aerial victories, including a Spitfire claimed by Hannig northwest of Fécamp. VIII Bomber Command targeted Antwerp on 4 April. Fighting this attack force, Hannig was credited with the destruction of a Spitfire shot down northeast of Cherbourg.[40] On 13 April, he claimed two further Spitfires shot down southwest of Caen. Two days later he claimed a Hawker Typhoon fighter north-northwest of Goderville and another Spitfire on 16 April north-northwest of Saint-Valery-en-Caux.[41]

His grave at the Saint-Désir-de-Lisieux German war cemetery.

The Royal Air Force (RAF) targeted the Caen-Carpiquet Airdrome on 15 May 1943. Defending against this attack, elements of I. Gruppe intercepted the RAF fighters and claimed four aerial victories, two of which were not confirmed. Hannig was credited with the destruction of a Spitfire shot down east of Troarn, his 98th aerial victory.[42] In this engagement JG 3 lost four aircraft with three pilots killed in action, including Hannig.[43] He was shot down in his Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-4 (Werknummer 0734) near the airfield at Rocquancourt.[44] His victor was Squadron Leader J. Charles leading Yellow Section of No. 611 Squadron. He had managed to bail out but his parachute failed to open.[45][46] Hannig was posthumously awarded the 364th Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 3 January 1944 and posthumously promoted to Oberleutnant (first Lieutenant). He was interred at the Saint-Désir-de-Lisieux German war cemetery.[47] He was succeeded by Oberleutnant Karl Haberland as commander of 2. Staffel.[39]

Summary of career

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Aerial victory claims

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According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Hannig was credited with 98 aerial victories.[48] Obermaier and Spick also list him with 98 aerial victories, 90 on the Eastern Front and 8 on the Western Front, claimed in over 350 combat missions.[5][49] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 97 aerial victory claims. This number includes 90 on the Eastern Front and 7 on the Western Front, including one four-engined bomber.[50]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 54251". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[51]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[52]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 5 December 1941
1 22 June 1941 17:27 SB-2[53] 16 19 August 1941 07:10 I-16[54]
2 27 June 1941 13:50 DB-3[55] 17 5 September 1941 15:20 I-15[56]
3 30 June 1941 13:12 SB-2[55] 18 11 September 1941 13:00 I-18 (MiG-1)[56]
4 2 July 1941 20:30 SB-3[57] 19 11 September 1941 13:15 I-18 (MiG-1)[56]
5 2 July 1941 20:40 SB-3[57] 20 12 September 1941 15:00 I-18 (MiG-1)[56]
6 2 July 1941 20:42 SB-3[57] 21 14 September 1941 17:09 I-18 (MiG-1)[56]
7 6 July 1941 09:10 SB-2[57] 22 16 September 1941 16:00 I-18 (MiG-1)[56]
8 19 July 1941 06:20 I-18 (MiG-1)[58] 23 17 September 1941 09:25 I-18 (MiG-1)[56]
9 25 July 1941 07:57 DB-3[58] 24 19 September 1941 07:20 I-18 (MiG-1)[56]
10 12 August 1941 12:55 I-16[59] 25 23 September 1941 07:35 I-18 (MiG-1)[56]
11 12 August 1941 17:15 I-18 (MiG-1)[54] 26 23 September 1941 10:03 I-18 (MiG-1)[56]
12 13 August 1941 08:17 I-16[54] 27 26 September 1941 10:50 I-16[60]
13 14 August 1941 09:25 SB-2[54] 28 2 October 1941 09:30 I-18 (MiG-1)[60]
14 18 August 1941 12:15 I-18 (MiG-1)[54] 29 5 October 1941 16:20 I-18 (MiG-1)[60]
15 18 August 1941 12:35 I-18 (MiG-1)[54] 30 14 October 1941 15:31 SB-3[61]
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[62]
Eastern Front — 20 January – 30 April 1942
31 5 February 1942 15:30 I-18 (MiG-1) northwest of Orelje[63] 40 5 April 1942 16:05 I-18 (MiG-1)[64]
32 14 February 1942 14:50 R-5[63] 41 15 April 1942 07:45 LaGG-3[64]
33 17 February 1942 11:31 R-5[63] 42 16 April 1942 07:45 Yak-1[64]
34 23 February 1942 16:10 Pe-2[65] 43 18 April 1942 06:35 MiG-3[64]
35 5 March 1942 16:05 P-40[65] 44 19 April 1942 07:40 LaGG-3[64]
36 15 March 1942 08:50 I-18 (MiG-1)[65] 45 20 April 1942 13:00 MiG-3[64]
37 26 March 1942 08:30 I-18 (MiG-1)[65] 46 20 April 1942 05:10 R-5[64]
38 28 March 1942 14:05 I-26 (Yak-1)[65] 47 24 April 1942 19:40 Yak-1[64]
39 30 March 1942 09:35 R-5[66] 48 24 April 1942 07:40 Yak-1[64]
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[67]
Eastern Front — 1 May 1942 – 3 February 1943
49 7 May 1942 12:25 Yak-1[68] 70 22 August 1942 18:05 LaGG-3 PQ 54251[69]
25 km (16 mi) west-northwest of Belyov
50 11 May 1942 04:40 MiG-3[68] 71 23 August 1942 10:05 Yak-1 PQ 64262[69]
25 km (16 mi) northwest of Plavsk
51 15 May 1942 04:35 LaGG-3[68] 72 24 August 1942 12:45 Yak-1 south of Zubtsov[69]
15 km (9.3 mi) west-northwest of Belyov
52 18 May 1942 08:25 LaGG-3[70] 73 25 August 1942 18:20 MiG-3 PQ 54263[69]
south of Lubzoff
53 7 July 1942 10:00 Yak-1 Zaluchye[71] 74 1 September 1942 10:08 MiG-3 PQ 10243[72]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Shlisselburg
54 24 July 1942 11:00 Il-2 Lychkovo[73] 75 2 September 1942 09:29 Yak-1 PQ 00582[72]
15 km (9.3 mi) west-southwest of Shlisselburg
55 27 July 1942 19:07 Yak-1 east of Pola train station[73] 76 2 September 1942 18:20 Yak-1 eastern area of Leningrad[72]
56 2 August 1942 12:35 Pe-2 southwest of Kresttsy[73] 77 17 September 1942 16:33 Yak-1 PQ 2912[74]
57 3 August 1942 10:00 Yak-1 northeast of Pola train station[73] 78 28 September 1942 10:20?[Note 4] Yak-1 PQ 10441[74]
30 km (19 mi) south-southeast of Staraya Russa
58 9 August 1942 10:10 Yak-1 PQ 56164[73]
30 km (19 mi) southwest of Volokolamsk 		79 6 October 1942 12:55 MiG-3 PQ 38714[76]
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Ostashkov
59 9 August 1942 15:28 Yak-1 PQ 56152[73]
45 km (28 mi) north-northeast of Gagarin 		80 12 October 1942 15:50 LaGG-3 PQ 38783[76]
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Ostashkov
60 10 August 1942 15:55 Yak-1 PQ 47421[77]
20 km (12 mi) north-northwest of Staritsa 		81 14 October 1942 16:26 Il-2 PQ 19333[76]
20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Novgorod
61 10 August 1942 18:32 Yak-1 PQ 47562[77]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Rzhev 		82 28 October 1942 10:00 LaGG-3 PQ 18264[76]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa
62 12 August 1942 18:50 Il-2 PQ 54473[77]
25 km (16 mi) west-northwest of Bolkhov 		83 28 October 1942 10:03 LaGG-3 PQ 18264[76]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa
63 14 August 1942 18:47 Yak-1 PQ 55882[77]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Sukhinichi 		84 29 October 1942 10:45 LaGG-3 PQ 28112[78]
40 km (25 mi) northwest of Demyansk
64 15 August 1942 10:45 Yak-1 PQ 54182[77]
30 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Zhizdra 		85 30 October 1942 08:35 LaGG-3 PQ 18282[78]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa
65 15 August 1942 11:00 Yak-1 PQ 54242[77]
25 km (16 mi) south-southeast of Sukhinichi 		86 31 October 1942 16:40 Il-2 PQ 09871[78]
66 21 August 1942 06:30 I-180 (Yak-7) PQ 55872[79]
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Sukhinichi 		87 5 November 1942 08:00 LaGG-3 13 km (8.1 mi) north of Pola train station[78]
67 22 August 1942 06:03 Il-2 PQ 54462[79]
20 km (12 mi) north-northwest of Bolkhov 		88 5 November 1942 08:10 LaGG-3 PQ 28112[78]
40 km (25 mi) northwest of Demyansk
68 22 August 1942 06:10 Il-2 PQ 54424[79]
25 km (16 mi) southwest of Belyov 		89 5 November 1942 08:15 LaGG-3 PQ 28111[78]
40 km (25 mi) northwest of Demyansk
69 22 August 1942 14:55 Il-2 PQ 64173[69]
vicinity of Belyov 		90 5 November 1942 14:25 LaGG-3 PQ 28664[78]
25 km (16 mi) north-northwest of Ostashkov
– 2. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" –[80]
Western Front — 1 January – 15 May 1943
91 16 February 1943 11:55 B-17 50 km (31 mi) northeast of Lannion[41] 95 13 April 1943 16:48 Spitfire 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Caen[41]
92 28 March 1943 13:26 Spitfire 40 km (25 mi) northwest of Fécamp[41] 96 15 April 1943 17:00 Typhoon 2 km (1.2 mi) north-northwest of Goderville[41]
93 4 April 1943 10:05 Spitfire 40 km (25 mi) northeast of Cherbourg[41] 97 16 April 1943 08:50 Spitfire 45 km (28 mi) north-northwest of Saint-Valery-en-Caux[41]
94 13 April 1943 16:46 Spitfire 12 km (7.5 mi) southwest of Caen[41] 98?[Note 5] 15 May 1943 17:06 Spitfire 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Troarn[41]

Awards

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Notes

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  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[4]
  2. ^ According to Bergström, Dikov, Antipov and Sundin, Hannig claimed his 54th aerial victory on 21 July over a Petlyakov Pe-2 reconnaissance aircraft, near Lake Ilmen. Which according to the authors was JG 54s 2,500th aerial victory to date.[30] According to Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock, neither Hannig nor any other pilot of II. Gruppe of JG 54 claimed any aerial victories on 21 July 1942.[31]
  3. ^ IAP—Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk (Fighter Aviation Regiment—Истребительный Авиационный Полк)
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:05.[75]
  5. ^ This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[80]
  6. ^ According to Scherzer as pilot in the 5./Jagdgeschwader 54.[84]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Spick 1996, pp. 3–4.
  2. ^ a b c d Stockert 2013, p. 275.
  3. ^ a b Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 164.
  4. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  5. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 60.
  6. ^ Prien et al. 2003a, p. 243.
  7. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003b, p. 212.
  8. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, pp. 212, 222.
  9. ^ Weal 2007, pp. 7–8.
  10. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, pp. 212, 214, 229, 231.
  11. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, pp. 216, 233.
  12. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, pp. 216, 223.
  13. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, pp. 217, 234–235, 237.
  14. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 219.
  15. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, pp. 219, 237–238.
  16. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, pp. 219, 238–239.
  17. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 220.
  18. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 209.
  19. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 210, 220.
  20. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 210–211, 220, 222.
  21. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 211, 213, 222.
  22. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 213.
  23. ^ Prien et al. 2005, pp. 222–224.
  24. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 116, 144.
  25. ^ Weal 2001, p. 57.
  26. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 209.
  27. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 118, 144–145.
  28. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 124, 146.
  29. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 125, 147.
  30. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 100.
  31. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 146–147.
  32. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 128.
  33. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 131.
  34. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 197.
  35. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 140.
  36. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 136, 155.
  37. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 204.
  38. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 162.
  39. ^ a b Prien et al. 2010, p. 438.
  40. ^ Prien et al. 2010, pp. 432, 443.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2010, p. 443.
  42. ^ Prien et al. 2010, pp. 433, 443.
  43. ^ Prien et al. 2010, p. 433.
  44. ^ Prien et al. 2010, p. 447.
  45. ^ Weal 2000, p. 100.
  46. ^ Page 2020, p. 40.
  47. ^ Stockert 2013, p. 276.
  48. ^ Zabecki 2014, p. 1613.
  49. ^ Spick 1996, p. 233.
  50. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 478–480.
  51. ^ Planquadrat.
  52. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 478.
  53. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 228.
  54. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2003b, p. 235.
  55. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003b, p. 229.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2003b, p. 237.
  57. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003b, p. 231.
  58. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003b, p. 233.
  59. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 234.
  60. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003b, p. 238.
  61. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 239.
  62. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 478–479.
  63. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2005, p. 220.
  64. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2005, p. 224.
  65. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2005, p. 222.
  66. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 223.
  67. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 479–480.
  68. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 144.
  69. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 150.
  70. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 145.
  71. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 146.
  72. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 151.
  73. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 147.
  74. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 152.
  75. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 479.
  76. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 154.
  77. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 148.
  78. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2006, p. 155.
  79. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 149.
  80. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 480.
  81. ^ a b Thomas 1997, p. 242.
  82. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 94.
  83. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 213.
  84. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 365.
  85. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 76.

Bibliography

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  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
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  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.
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  • Page, Neil (2020). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe 1943–45. Philadelphia, PA: Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61200-879-0.
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  • Weal, John (2007). More Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 76. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-177-9.
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