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Indonesia–Philippines relations

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Filipino–Indonesian relations
Map indicating locations of Indonesia and Philippines

Indonesia
Philippines
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Indonesia, Manila CityEmbassy of Philippines, Jakarta City
Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte is welcomed by Indonesian President Joko Widodo upon his arrival at Istana Merdeka in Jakarta on September 9, 2016.

Indonesia–Philippines relations (Indonesian: Hubungan Indonesia dan Filipina; Filipino: Ugnayang Indonesia at Pilipinas) are the bilateral relations between Indonesia and the Philippines. The two countries established diplomatic relations on November 24, 1949.[1] Since then, both countries enjoy a cordial bilateral relationship in the spirit of kinship. [citation needed] The two countries are considered allies, and their relationship is often seen as one of the most important bilateral relationships in ASEAN.[2] Both countries have established embassies in each other’s capital city. Indonesia has an embassy in Manila and consulate in Davao City, while the Philippines has an embassy in Jakarta and a consulate in Manado. High-level state visits have been conducted between the two countries for years.[3]

Both nations are founding members of ASEAN, and they are also members of the Non-Aligned Movement and APEC. Both countries are members of the East ASEAN Growth Triangle together with Brunei Darussalam and Malaysia in the BIMP-EAGA. Both countries are mostly composed of islands, and they also both reject territorial claims of the People's Republic of China in the region.

The Philippines and Indonesia also share several non-traditional security concerns, including climate change, terrorism, and economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic amid the Russo-Ukrainian war and the ongoing tension in the Taiwan Strait.[4]

History

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Warrior from Java in the Philippines, c. 1590 in Boxer Codex

Ancient era

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Both the Philippines and Indonesia were part of the Maritime Jade Road.[5][6][7][8] Indonesia and the Philippines are both archipelagic countries with ethnic populations and national languages that have common Austronesian ancestry. The historical links between ancient Indonesia and the Philippines have commenced since around the 9th century.[citation needed] The Laguna Copperplate Inscription dated from 900 CE mentioned the Javanese Medang Kingdom and the Srivijaya Empire. The writing system used is the Kawi Script, while the language is a variety of Old Malay, and contains numerous loanwords from Sanskrit and a few non-Malay vocabulary elements whose origin is between Old Tagalog and Old Javanese.[9] The 14th century Nagarakretagama manuscript written during the height of Majapahit empire, mentioned several states that is now Philippines; Kalka, Selurong (Manila), and Solot (Sulu), suggested that Majapahit empire influences had reached the Philippine archipelago.[citation needed]

Moluccan Warrior in the Philippines, c. 1590 in Boxer Codex

European occupation

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In the 16th century the two realms were divided under European colonial powers; Philippines archipelago was held under Spanish Empire while on the south the Moluccas spice islands (now Eastern parts of Indonesia) was under Portuguese possession, later wrestled by Dutch Empire. European colonials identify both archipelagic realms as East Indies, Spanish East Indies and Dutch East Indies.

Warriors from Siau Island, North Sulawesi in the Philippines, c. 1590 Boxer Codex

From 1925 to 1926, Indonesian national hero and former PKI member Tan Malaka lived in Manila. There he became a correspondent of the nationalist newspaper El Debate, edited by Francisco Varona. Publication of Malaka's works, such as a second edition of Naar de Republiek Indonesia (December 1925) and Semangat Moeda (Young Spirit; 1926) might have been supported by Varona. He wrote his admiration for José Rizal struggle. There Malaka also met Mariano de los Santos, José Abad Santos, and Crisanto Evangelista.[10][11]

Modern-day

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Presidents Joko Widodo and Benigno Aquino III shaking hands during the courtesy call at the Malacañang Palace, 2015

Since Indonesia's proclamation of independence on August 17, 1945, and the Philippines independence on July 4, 1946, the old cordial relationship between Indonesians and the Filipinos are reestablished. On November 24, 1949, the two countries established diplomatic relations.[12] Since 1949, the Indonesian Government has opened its representative office (Consular Office) in Manila but it was not until the early 1950s that a diplomatic office (embassy) was established headed by an Ambassador.[citation needed] In 1967, both countries together with Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia founded ASEAN to ensure the peace and stability in the region.

In 2012, Indonesian television producers spawned their national franchise of the Philippine game-television show Eat Bulaga!, known as Eat Bulaga! Indonesia. The first Indonesian version adopted many activities and game segments from their original Philippine counterpart, before switching TV stations and adding their own twists.[13]

However, with the case of Mary Jane Veloso, a Filipina death-row inmate in Indonesia convicted of drug trafficking, relations between the two nations may take a minor strain. Veloso has however requested her family and the Philippine government not to damage the Indonesia–Philippines relations.[14] In the end, Veloso's execution was further delayed on the day she was scheduled to be executed.

In 2016, in an effort to improve the country's maritime capabilities, the Philippine Navy purchased its newest warship, the BRP Tarlac, from Indonesia. It is based on the Makassar-class ships used by the Indonesian Navy. The ship was built by PT PAL Indonesia, in Surabaya, East Java where it is to be exported from. This would enable the Philippines to rely less on foreign allies for military maritime transport.[15]

In June 2016, economic relations between Indonesia and the Philippines took a minor strain, when the Indonesian officials suspended coal exports to the Philippines. This decision was made after 7 Indonesian sailors carrying boats of coal en route to the Philippines were kidnapped by Filipino militants in the Sulu Sea. It is unknown of whether the militants were part of the Abu Sayyaf. Indonesian minister for foreign affairs Retno Marsudi stated that the moratorium would last until the Philippine government could provide confident security to Indonesian nationals. Indonesia currently is the Philippines' biggest supplier of coal, approximately 70%.[16][17]

In January 2017, the Philippines granted residence permits to persons of Indonesian descent (PIDs) and stateless people with Indonesian ancestry living in southern Philippines.[18]

Culture

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Linguistic diversity

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Both countries have a massive number of languages, for example, Indonesia has about 700 languages,[19] while the Philippines has over 180 languages spoken in the country.[20]

Ethnic groups

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Both countries have a massive number of ethnic groups, the Philippines has about 182 ethnic groups,[21]: 5 [note 1] while Indonesia has about 1,300,[22][note 2] most of whom speak Austronesian languages.

Similarities

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Land

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Both countries are an archipelago and have a massive number of islands. Indonesia has 17,000 islands,[23] about 6,000 of which are inhabited. the biggest islands are Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and the Indonesian part of New Guinea. The Philippines however has 7,641 islands.[24][25] Many people remember it having 7,107, but in 2016 the National Mapping and Resource Information recently discovered 500 new islands.[26]

Season

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Both countries are a Tropical archipelagos. There are only 2 seasons, which are Rainy seasons and Dry seasons.[27][28]

Colonization & Invasions

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Both countries were colonized by European powers.

Both countries were invaded by Japan in 1941-1942 and occupied until 1945.[29][30]

Language

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The languages Filipino and Indonesian have some similarities in words.

Nouns[31]
Indonesian Filipino English
aku ako me
kami kami we/us
Numbers[31]
Indonesian Filipino English
Empat Apat Four
Lima Lima Five
Enam Anim Six

Dictatorships and revolutions

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Both countries were ruled by Dictators following decolonization, which ruled for decades until they were overthrown in popular revolutions which paved the way for democracy.

Philippines

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Indonesia

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Both the Marcos and Suharto regimes were known for their extreme corruption, with the Marcos family embezzling from US$5 billion to $13 billion, and the Suharto family embezzling from US$15 billion to $35 billion.

Women Leaders

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Both countries have history of female presidents.

Other

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Both countries are known to have high amounts of workers emigrating to territories such as Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates.

Trade

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According to the Indonesian Ministry of Trade, that figure has gone from $1.12 billion in 2003 to $2.9 billion in 2009 and $3.89 billion in 2010.[32] Indonesia is currently the Philippines' biggest supplier of coal, exporting about 70% of the Philippines' coal imports. In June 2016, Indonesian coal exports to the Philippines was put under a moratorium due to the growing concern of piracy in the Sulu Sea.[16] That being said, the total trade between the two countries is in excess of $5.2 billion in 2016 with the balance of trade significantly favoring Indonesia, whose exports to Philippines compose over 85% of said figure.[33][34] The first Indonesian warship to be exported was also delivered to the Philippines in May 2016.[35] During 2020, Indonesia had a large net trade with Philippines in the exports of Transportation ($1.94B), Mineral Products ($1.46B), and Foodstuffs ($803M).[36] Philippines also had a large net trade with Indonesia during 2020 in the exports of Machines ($211M), Chemical Products ($77.6M), and Metals ($72.3M).[36]

Transportation

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The two countries are also actively supporting the Master Plan of ASEAN Connectivity, which will enhance greater mobility within the region. The Philippines in particular is eager to develop the ASEAN Roll-On/Roll-Off (RORO) Network and Short Sea Shipping. In April 2017, the new shipping route connecting Davao in the Philippines with Bitung in Indonesia was inaugurated. This shipping route is within the BIMP-EAGA agreement and expected to boost Indonesia-Philippines trade relations.[37]

In an effort to improve and modernise their railway service, the Philippine National Railways has bought diesel multiple unit train sets from PT INKA Indonesia, and deployed in December 2019.[38]

Cooperation against border terrorism and separatism

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Indonesia and the Philippines are working hand-in-hand to explore ways of cooperation to combat terrorism and other forms of transnational crimes threatening their borders and more broadly within Southeast Asia.[32]

The Indonesian-Philippines naval border areas in Sulawesi Sea near Sulu archipelago and Mindanao waters are known as the piracy hotspots as well as terrorist's corridor. The Islamist militant operating in Poso, Central Sulawesi, has established relations with their Islamist terrorist counterparts in Sulu and Mindanao areas in Southern Philippines. Arms supply for Poso Islamist guerillas are suspected has been supplied by arm dealer operating in the Philippines blackmarket. On March 26, 2016, 10 Indonesian sailors were held hostage by Islamist militant group Abu Sayyaf operating in Sulu archipelago in southern Philippines. The Indonesian vessels were freighting coal from South Borneo heading for Batangas port was hijacked near Sulu waters. The Philippines and Indonesian authority has been working together to crack down this hostage crisis. On May 2, 2016, 10 of Indonesian sailor hostages were released by their captors.[39] In July 2024 The Indonesian and Philippine navies launched a joint patrol in their maritime border of Sulawesi and Mindanao waters to strengthen their capabilities against piracy and terrorism.[40]

In September 2024, Indonesia and The Philippines started joint patrols as part of the third phase of the Philippine-Indonesia Coordinated Patrol mission. The joint patrol was launched officially at Felix Apolinario Naval Station in Davao, the Philippines.[41]

Boundary agreement

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Indonesia and Philippines share maritime borders mainly on Sulawesi Sea. In the past both countries were involved in territorial disputes over Miangas island (Island of Palmas Case). It was fought between the Netherlands and the United States and won by Netherlands East Indies in 1932.[citation needed] Today there is no territorial disputes between Indonesia and Philippines.

On May 23, 2014, the Philippines and Indonesia signed a historic agreement that drew a maritime boundary between the two countries' overlapping exclusive economic zones. Philippine Foreign Affairs Secretary Albert del Rosario and his Indonesian counterpart, Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa, inked the deal in Manila with Philippine President Benigno Aquino III and Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as witnesses. The EEZ is an area 200 nautical miles from a coastal state's baselines, or edges, within which the state has the sovereign rights to explore and exploit, and conserve and manage natural resources, among others. “The conclusion of the negotiations attests to the friendship, patience, goodwill, and commitment of the governments of the Philippines and Indonesia to peacefully address maritime issues,” said Foreign Affairs Undersecretary Evan Garcia, who led the Philippine team in negotiations.[42]

Disaster relief

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Both Indonesia and Philippines archipelago are prone to natural disasters, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis and storms (typhoons, tornadoes, etc.). Both countries often help each other in times of need. The Indonesian government on Monday December 10, 2012, came to the aid of thousands of typhoon “Pablo” (Bopha) victims in the Visayas and Mindanao, donating $1 million and four tons of relief items through the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Besides the financial aid, the Indonesian government also gave 1,000 military blankets, 3,000 packs of ready-to-eat meals and 50 boxes of instant noodles.[43]

In November 2013, Indonesian Government sent humanitarian aid of goods and logistics worth $1 million to help the victims of Typhoon Haiyan in Central Philippines as part of ASEAN solidarity. Indonesian Red Cross also sent 688,862 tonnes emergency supplies. Three Indonesian Air Force Hercules aircraft deployed with supplies to affected areas. Logistical aid including aircraft, food, generators and medicine. The Indonesian Red Cross deployed KM Emir cargo ship loaded with emergency supplies and also 30 Indonesian Red Cross volunteers.[44][45][46][47]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The most common amongst the Filipino ethnic groups are the Tagalog people, Cebuano people, Bikol people and Mangyan.
  2. ^ The most common amongst the Indonesian ethnic groups are the Javanese people, Batak people, Sundanese people and Minangkabau.

References

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  1. ^ Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (January 4, 2024). "PBBM, Indonesian President Widodo to meet on Jan. 10". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
  2. ^ "Indonesia And The Philippines Have An Alliance In The Works". 21st Century Asian Arms Race. October 28, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
  3. ^ "Philippines' Marcos meets Indonesia's Jokowi in 1st state visit". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
  4. ^ "The Importance of Robust Philippines-Indonesia Security Relations". The Diplomat. September 6, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
  5. ^ Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751
  6. ^ Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.
  7. ^ Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.
  8. ^ Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.
  9. ^ Postma, Antoon. (1992). The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary. Philippine Studies vol. 40, no. 2:183-203
  10. ^ Jarvis, Helen (1987). "Tan Malaka: Revolutionary or Renegade?" (PDF). Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars. 19 (1): 46. doi:10.1080/14672715.1987.10409868. ISSN 0007-4810. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
  11. ^ McVey, Ruth T. (1965). The Rise of Indonesian Communism. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 206.
  12. ^ "Briefer: Diplomatic relations between the Philippines and Indonesia". Official Gazette of the Philippines. Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on May 2, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  13. ^ Dewi, Ratna (July 14, 2012). "14 Host Pandu 'Eat Bulaga' Indonesia". KapanLagi.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved November 2, 2015.
  14. ^ Esmaquel, Paterno II (April 28, 2015). "Mary Jane Veloso: Don't harm ties with Indonesia". Rappler. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
  15. ^ "Janes | Latest defence and security news". Janes.com.
  16. ^ a b "Indonesia says coal on hold for Philippines after seven sailors abducted". Reuters.
  17. ^ "'Go to hell Philippines': Indonesian workers ask Duterte to act on Abu Sayyaf kidnappings". Rappler. Archived from the original on July 26, 2016.
  18. ^ Network, The Jakarta Post/Asia News (January 9, 2018). "Indonesians to get residence permits in southern Philippines". INQUIRER.net.
  19. ^ Indonesia at Ethnologue. (subscription required)
  20. ^ Philippines at Ethnologue. (subscription required)
  21. ^ Reyes, Cecilia M.; Mina, Christian D.; Asis, Ronina D. (2017). PIDS DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES: Inequality of Opportunities Among Ethnic Groups in the Philippines (PDF) (Report). Philippine Institute for Development Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
  22. ^ "Unity in Diversity: Indonesia's Six Largest Ethnic Groups". Jakarta Globe. July 17, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  23. ^ "Facts & Figures – Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia | Washington D.C." Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  24. ^ "Know before you go: the Philippines". Travel. June 4, 2019. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  25. ^ "About the Philippines - GOV.PH". www.gov.ph. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  26. ^ "Philippines | History, Map, Flag, Population, Capital, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  27. ^ "Weather, Climate & Season - Indonesia Travel". www.indonesia.travel. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  28. ^ "PAGASA". www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  29. ^ "1941: December 8 to 1942: May 06: Battle of the Philippines". NHHC. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  30. ^ Sato, Shigeru (May 15, 2006). "Indonesia 1939–1942: Prelude to the Japanese Occupation". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 37 (2): 225–248. doi:10.1017/s0022463406000531. hdl:1959.13/29951. ISSN 0022-4634. S2CID 55622966.
  31. ^ a b Conde, Tiffany (May 11, 2021). "Spot the Difference: 70 Words That Look Similar in Bahasa Indonesia and Tagalog". TripZilla. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  32. ^ a b Bartolome, Clarisse Ann (April 11, 2012). "Away From the Spotlight, Indonesia and the Philippines Have Forged a Tight Bond". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  33. ^ "Foreign Trade Statistics of the Philippines: 2016" (PDF). Philippines Statistics Authority. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
  34. ^ "NERACA PERDAGANGAN INDONESIA dengan PILIPINA Periode: 2012 - 2017" (in Indonesian). Indonesian Ministry of Trade. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
  35. ^ Parameswaran, Prasanth. "Will Philippines Get More Indonesia-Built Warships?". The Diplomat. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
  36. ^ a b "Indonesia (IDN) and Philippines (PHL) Trade | OEC". OEC - The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  37. ^ Sofia Tomacruz (April 28, 2017). "PH-Indonesia RoRo first to sail on new shipping route". Rappler.
  38. ^ "PNR deploys new Indonesian-made trains". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
  39. ^ Tim Hume and Kathy Quiano (May 2, 2016). "10 Indonesian hostages released by Islamist militant group, president says". CNN.
  40. ^ Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus) (July 1, 2024). "Indonesia, Philippines strengthen cooperation to fight piracy". Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus). Retrieved July 2, 2024.
  41. ^ antaranews.com (September 13, 2024). "Indonesia, Philippines hold joint maritime patrol". Antara News. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
  42. ^ "Philippines, Indonesia seal historic maritime deal". Rappler. May 23, 2014.
  43. ^ Ramos, Marlon (December 11, 2012). "Indonesia donates $1M, 4 tons of relief goods for typhoon Pablo victims". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  44. ^ Primanita, Arientha (November 13, 2013). "Indonesia Sends $2m Typhoon Haiyan Aid to Philippines". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on November 18, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
  45. ^ "Indonesia to Send Typhoon Aid to Philippines". Jakarta Globe. November 10, 2013. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
  46. ^ "Pelepasan Misi Kemanusiaan PMI Untuk Filipina" (in Indonesian). Indonesian Red Cross. November 22, 2013. Archived from the original on November 28, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  47. ^ "Typhoon Haiyan: UN launches $301m Philippines aid appeal Aid at a glance". BBC. November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
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