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Ira Einhorn

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Ira Einhorn
Einhorn's 1979 mugshot and a 2001 mugshot taken upon his return to the U.S.
Born
Ira Samuel Einhorn

(1940-05-15)May 15, 1940
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedApril 3, 2020(2020-04-03) (aged 79)
State Correctional Institution – Laurel Highlands, Somerset Township, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Other namesThe Unicorn Killer, The Unicorn
OccupationEnvironmental activist
Criminal statusDeceased
Criminal chargeMurder
PenaltyLife imprisonment

Ira Samuel Einhorn (May 15, 1940 – April 3, 2020), known as "The Unicorn Killer", was an American environmental activist and convicted murderer. His moniker, "the Unicorn", was derived from his surname; Einhorn means "unicorn" in German. As an environmental activist, Einhorn was a speaker at the first Earth Day event in Philadelphia in 1970.[1] On September 9, 1977, Einhorn's ex-girlfriend Holly Maddux disappeared following a trip to collect her belongings from the apartment she and Einhorn had shared in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Eighteen months later, police found her partially decomposed body in a trunk in Einhorn's closet.[2]

After his arrest, Einhorn fled the country and spent twenty-two years in Europe before being extradited to the United States. He took the stand in his own defense, claiming his ex-girlfriend had been killed by CIA agents who had framed him for the crime because he knew too much about the agency's paranormal military research. He was convicted of murdering Holly Maddux and served a life sentence until his death in prison on April 3, 2020.[2][3]

Early life and education

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Ira Einhorn was born in Philadelphia into a middle-class Jewish family.[2][4] As a student at the University of Pennsylvania, where he received his undergraduate degree in English in 1961 before returning to complete some graduate work in the discipline in 1963,[5][6] he became active in ecological groups and was part of the counterculture, anti-establishment, and anti-war movements of the 1960s and 1970s.[2]

Career and activism

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Einhorn was a speaker at the first Earth Day event in Philadelphia in 1970[1] and later claimed to have been instrumental in creating and launching the event,[2] but event organizers dispute his account.[7][8]

Einhorn served as an instructor of English at Temple University during the 1964–1965 academic year, although his contract was not renewed after he conceded his "contempt for the academic world" and boasted of proffering "straight answers about the delights and dangers" of cannabis and LSD to students in an interview.[9] He also was a resident fellow at the Harvard Institute of Politics during the autumn 1978 semester.[6][10][11]

Murder of Holly Maddux

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Einhorn had a five-year relationship with Holly Maddux, a graduate of Bryn Mawr College who was from Tyler, Texas. In 1977, Maddux broke up with Einhorn and went to New York City, where she became involved with Saul Lapidus. On September 9, 1977, Maddux returned to the Powelton Village apartment[12] she had previously shared with Einhorn to collect her belongings (which Einhorn had reportedly threatened to throw out into the street as trash) and was never seen again. Several weeks later, the Philadelphia police questioned Einhorn about her disappearance. He claimed that Maddux had gone out to the neighborhood co-op to buy some tofu and sprouts, and never returned.

Einhorn's initial alibi came into question when his neighbors began complaining about a foul smell coming from his apartment, which in turn aroused the suspicion of authorities. During this time, Einhorn was dating filmmaker Cecelia Condit, who could not smell the body due to medication she was on affecting her smell. Condit would later go on to make the short film Beneath the Skin about this experience.[13] Eighteen months later, on March 28, 1979, Maddux's decomposing corpse was found by police in a trunk stored in Einhorn's closet. After finding the body, a police officer reportedly said to Einhorn, "It looks like we found Holly," to which he reportedly replied, "You found what you found." Einhorn's lawyer, Arlen Specter, negotiated bail of $40,000; he was released from custody after posting a bond of $4,000, or 10% of the $40,000. This was paid by Barbara Bronfman (née Baerwald), a Montreal socialite who married into the wealthy Bronfman family and met Einhorn through a shared interest in the paranormal.[6] During Einhorn's flight he was again aided by Bronfman, who continued to support him financially until 1988, when she read Steven Levy's damning book on Einhorn, The Unicorn's Secret.[6][14]

In 1981, just days before his murder trial was to begin, Einhorn skipped bail and fled to Europe. He lived there for the next seventeen years and married a Swedish woman named Annika Flodin. In Pennsylvania, as Einhorn had already been arraigned, the state convicted him in absentia of Maddux's murder in 1996. Einhorn was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.

Extradition

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In 1997, Einhorn was arrested in Champagne-Mouton, France, where he had been living under the name "Eugène Mallon". The extradition process, however, proved more complex than initially envisioned. Under the extradition treaty between France and the United States, either country may refuse extradition under certain circumstances, and Einhorn used multiple avenues to avoid extradition.

Although Einhorn was not sentenced to death, his defense attorneys argued that he would face the death penalty if he were returned to the United States. France, like many countries that have abolished the death penalty, does not extradite defendants to jurisdictions that retain the death penalty without assurance that it will be neither sought nor applied. Pennsylvania authorities pointed out that when the murder occurred, the state did not practice the death penalty and so Einhorn could not be executed because the state and federal constitutions forbid ex post facto law. Einhorn's next strategy involved French law and the European Court of Human Rights, which require a new trial when the defendant was tried in absentia and unable to present his defense. On this basis, the court of appeals of Bordeaux rejected the extradition request.

Following the court's decision, thirty-five members of Congress sent a letter to French President Jacques Chirac to ask for Einhorn's extradition. However, under France's doctrine of the separation of powers, which was invoked in this case, the President cannot give orders to courts and does not intervene in extradition affairs. Therefore, in 1998, to secure Einhorn's extradition, the Pennsylvania legislature passed a bill, nicknamed the "Einhorn Law", allowing defendants convicted in absentia to request another trial. In another delay tactic, Einhorn's attorneys criticized the bill as unconstitutional and tried to get the French courts to once again deny the extradition on the grounds that the law would be inapplicable. However, the French court ruled itself unable to evaluate the constitutionality of foreign laws. Another point of friction with the United States was that the court freed Einhorn under police supervision, as French laws put restrictions on remand, the imprisonment of suspects awaiting trial. Einhorn then became the focus of intense surveillance by French police.

The matter went before Prime Minister Lionel Jospin; extraditions, after having been approved by courts, must be ordered by the executive. The French Green Party stated that Einhorn should not be extradited until it was certain that the "Einhorn Law" could not be reversed.[15] Jospin rejected the claims and issued an extradition decree. Einhorn then litigated against the decree before the Conseil d'État, which ruled against him; again, the Council declined to review the constitutionality of foreign law.[16] He then attempted to slit his own throat to avoid imprisonment[17] and eventually litigated his case before the European Court of Human Rights, which also ruled against him. On July 20, 2001, Einhorn was extradited to the United States.[18]

Trial and sentencing

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Taking the stand in his own defense, Einhorn claimed that Maddux was murdered by CIA agents, who attempted to frame him due to his investigations into the Cold War and psychotronics.[19]

After two hours of deliberation, the jury convicted Einhorn on October 17, 2002, concluding the month-long trial.[5] The following day, he was sentenced to a mandatory life term without the possibility of parole.[20] Einhorn began serving his sentence at Pennsylvania State Correctional Institution (SCI) Houtzdale. In November 2006, Einhorn's sentence was unanimously affirmed by the Superior Court of Pennsylvania.[21]

Death

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On April 3, 2020, Einhorn died in the Pennsylvania SCI Laurel Highlands.[22] His death was reported to be of natural causes.[23]

See also

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b "Behind the Photo That Made People Think Earth Day Was Founded by a Convicted Killer". Time. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e Melina, Remy (April 21, 2011). "Earth Day co-founder killed, composted girlfriend". NBC News. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  3. ^ ""Unicorn Killer" Ira Einhorn Dies in Prison". 6abc.com. April 3, 2020. Archived from the original on April 8, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  4. ^ Cohen, Anne (April 22, 2015). "When Jewish Earth Day Co-Founder Killed, Composted Girlfriend". The Schmooze. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Ex-Fugitive Convicted in 25-Year-Old Murder", The New York Times, October 18, 2002, archived from the original on August 31, 2018, retrieved February 19, 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d Lopez, Steve (July 20, 2001). "The Ira Einhorn Case". Time. Archived from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2020. Einhorn won a teaching fellowship at Harvard
  7. ^ Earth Week Committee of Philadelphia. "Einhorn" (Letter). AMGOT. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
  8. ^ "No, Ira Einhorn Didn't Found Earth Day". phillymag.com. April 22, 2015. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  9. ^ Levy, Steven (November 8, 2016). The Unicorn's Secret: Murder in the Age of Aquarius. Open Road Media. ISBN 978-1-5040-4213-0. Archived from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
  10. ^ Drucker, Linda S. (November 4, 1978). "Institute Fellow Einhorn: Yippie Turned Teacher". The Crimson. Archived from the original on April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020. He is a fellow at the Institute of Politics and sleeps in a sleeping bag on the floor of his room in North House. He is Ira Einhorn
  11. ^ "Ira Einhorn". The Institute of Politics at Harvard University. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  12. ^ Geringer, Joseph. "Ira Einhorn: The Unicorn Killer". crimelibrary.org.
  13. ^ Breda, Alix (November 29, 2017). "Cecelia Condit's Body of Becoming: Women and the Dark Forest of Dreams". Another Gaze: A Feminist Film Journal. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  14. ^ "He was a guru like there never have been gurus". The Guardian. April 11, 1999. Archived from the original on November 16, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  15. ^ "Ira Einhorn extradé" (in French). Les Verts. July 20, 2001. Archived from the original on October 26, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
  16. ^ "Council of State Ruling" (in French). Revue de l'actualité juridique française. July 12, 2001. Archived from the original on September 29, 2002. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  17. ^ "France Agrees to Extradition Of Culprit in Killing in U.S." The New York Times. July 13, 2001. Archived from the original on May 16, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  18. ^ "Ex-Fugitive Convicted in 25-Year-Old Murder". AP. October 18, 2002. Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2017 – via The New York Times.
  19. ^ "Dave Lindorff's 2002 article on the Einhorn trial in Salon". October 18, 2002. Archived from the original on August 31, 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
  20. ^ Steward, Stephanie (October 18, 2002). "Einhorn sentenced to life in prison". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2012.
  21. ^ Commonwealth v. Einhorn, 911 A.2d 960 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2006).
  22. ^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (April 7, 2020). "Ira Einhorn, Counterculture Guru and Murderer, Dies in Prison at 79". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  23. ^ "Ira Einhorn, 1970s Pa. killer who fled to Europe for decades, dies in prison". pennlive. Associated Press. April 4, 2020. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.

General and cited references

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  • Einhorn, Ira (1972). 78-187880. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. ISBN 9780385063876. OCLC 417964. The title is the book's Library of Congress Control Number.
  • Einhorn, Ira (August 2005). Prelude to Intimacy. ISBN 1411649117. Einhorn's account of his life underground from the time he fled the United States in early January 1981 until he met his Swedish wife, Annika, in November 1987.
  • Levy, Steven. (1988). The Unicorn's Secret: Murder in the Age of Aquarius ISBN 0451401662. Published while Einhorn's whereabouts were unknown.
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