Itkul culture
56°05′24″N 60°18′00″E / 56.090000°N 60.300000°E
.png)  Location of the Itkul culture and contemporary cultures circa 500 BCE.[1] | |
| Geographical range | Eastern Ural |
|---|---|
| Period | Iron Age |
| Dates | 6th-4th century BCE |
| Preceded by | Andronovo culture |
| Followed by | Sarmatian culture |
The Itkul culture (Ru: Иткульская культура, 7th-5th century BCE) is one of these Early Saka culture, based in the eastern foothills of the Urals,[2] it is possible that in addition to the Saks, it was inhabited by the Finno-Ugrians.[3] The Itkul culture was part of an East to West mouvement of Asiatic Saka tribes towards the Ural regions during the Iron Age (c.1000 BCE and later) period.[2] Other Saka groups, such as the Tasmola culture circa 600 BCE, were also involved in similar mouvements and settled in the southern Urals.[2]
The Itkul culture was a culture of metalworkers.[4] They played a key role in exploited the metallurgical ressources of the Urals, and established fortified settlements to protect them.[4] They were probably provided of metal weapons for other tribes of the steppes.[2]
The Itkul culture was eventually assimilited into the Early Sarmatian culture (early Prokhorovka period), and contributed to its varied genetic makeup.[2] As a result of these mouvements, a large-scale integrated union of nomads from Central Asia and the Near East formed in the area in the 5th–4th century BCE, with fairly uniformized cultural practices.[2] This cultural complex, with notable ‘‘foreign elements’’, corresponds to the ‘‘royal’’ burials of the Filippovka kurgans, and define the "Prokhorovka period" of the Early Sarmatians.[2]
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Itkul culture artifacts: 1 to 4-Kuganak hoard 5 to 6-Akberdino 3 settlement 7-Elder Shipovo burial ground 8-Kasianov hillfort (1-4 bronze; 5-8 ceramics) -
Itkul housing reconstruction
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Genetics
[edit]The Itkul culture had haplogroup R1a. Unlike the preceding Mezhovskaya culture, which genetically descended from steppe cattle breeders associated with the Andronovo culture with a small East Eurasian contribution, the Itkul had a very significant East Eurasian component.[5][6]
References
[edit]- ^ The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Scythian and Sarmatian Treasures from the Russian Steppes : the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, and the Archaeological Museum, Ufa. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2000. p. 43, Fig.44. ISBN 978-0-87099-959-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g Järve, Mari; Saag, Lehti; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Pathak, Ajai K.; Montinaro, Francesco; Pagani, Luca; Flores, Rodrigo; Guellil, Meriam; Saag, Lauri; Tambets, Kristiina; Kushniarevich, Alena; Solnik, Anu; Varul, Liivi; Zadnikov, Stanislav; Petrauskas, Oleg; Avramenko, Maryana; Magomedov, Boris; Didenko, Serghii; Toshev, Gennadi; Bruyako, Igor; Grechko, Denys; Okatenko, Vitalii; Gorbenko, Kyrylo; Smyrnov, Oleksandr; Heiko, Anatolii; Reida, Roman; Sapiehin, Serheii; Sirotin, Sergey; Tairov, Aleksandr; Beisenov, Arman; Starodubtsev, Maksim; Vasilev, Vitali; Nechvaloda, Alexei; Atabiev, Biyaslan; Litvinov, Sergey; Ekomasova, Natalia; Dzhaubermezov, Murat; Voroniatov, Sergey; Utevska, Olga; Shramko, Irina; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Metspalu, Mait; Savelev, Nikita; Kriiska, Aivar; Kivisild, Toomas; Villems, Richard (22 July 2019). "Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance". Current Biology. 29 (14): e4–e5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019. ISSN 0960-9822.
- ^ Török, Tibor (July 2023). "Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians". Genes. 14 (7): 1345. doi:10.3390/genes14071345. ISSN 2073-4425. PMC 10379071. PMID 37510249.
- ^ a b Stepanov, Ivan S.; Artemyev, Dmitry A.; Blinov, Ivan A.; Nepomniashchi, Aleksandr V.; Naumov, Anton M.; Ankushev, Maksim N. (1 June 2023). "Copper technology at the Early Iron Age fortified settlements near Lakes Itkul and Irtyash, middle Trans-Urals". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 49. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.103964. ISSN 2352-409X.
- ^ Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Refoyo-Martínez, Alba; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Fischer, Anders; Barrie, William; Ingason, Andrés; Stenderup, Jesper; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Pearson, Alice; Sousa da Mota, Bárbara; Schulz Paulsson, Bettina; Halgren, Alma; Macleod, Ruairidh; Jørkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup (January 2024). "Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia". Nature. 625 (7994): 301–311. Bibcode:2024Natur.625..301A. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10781627. PMID 38200295.
- ^ Järve, Mari; Saag, Lehti; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Pathak, Ajai K.; Montinaro, Francesco; Pagani, Luca; Flores, Rodrigo; Guellil, Meriam; Saag, Lauri; Tambets, Kristiina; Kushniarevich, Alena; Solnik, Anu; Varul, Liivi; Zadnikov, Stanislav; Petrauskas, Oleg (2019). "Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance". Current Biology. 29 (14): 2430–2441.e10. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31303491. S2CID 195887262.