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Kathleen Lonsdale

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Dame
Kathleen Lonsdale
DBE FRS
Lonsdale in 1968
Born
Kathleen Yardley

(1903-01-28)28 January 1903
Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland
Died1 April 1971(1971-04-01) (aged 68)
London, England
Alma materBedford College for Women
University College London
Known forX-ray crystallography[2][3][4]
AwardsDavy Medal (1957)
Fellow of the Royal Society[1]
Scientific career
FieldsCrystallographer
InstitutionsUniversity College London
Royal Institution
University of Leeds
Doctoral advisorWilliam Henry Bragg

Dame Kathleen Lonsdale DBE FRS (née Yardley; 28 January 1903 – 1 April 1971) was a British crystallographer, pacifist, and prison reform activist. She proved, in 1929, that the benzene ring is flat by using X-ray diffraction methods to elucidate the structure of hexamethylbenzene.[2] She was the first to use Fourier spectral methods while solving the structure of hexachlorobenzene in 1931. During her career she attained several firsts for female scientists, including being one of the first two women elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1945[1] (along with Marjory Stephenson), first female professor at University College London, first woman president of the International Union of Crystallography, and first woman president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

Early life and education

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She was born Kathleen Yardley in Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland. [12] She was born to English born Harry Yardley, the town postmaster, and Jessie Cameron a Baptist of Scottish descent.

She was the youngest of ten children, four of whom died in infancy.[13] During her time living in Newbridge she attended St. Patrick's National School,[14][15] and her earliest memories were of the local Church of Ireland service and the Methodist Sunday school.[16]

Kathleen's father had issues with alcohol, which meant her family was often short on money. [17] As the unrest in Ireland became more severe Kathleen's mother separated from her father and took the rest of the family to England.[17] [18]

Her family moved to Seven Kings, Essex, England, when she was five years old.[5] The family's financial troubles meant the four older children left school early to support the family. For the same reason, her brother Fred was unable to take up an educational scholarship, though he later become one of the first wireless operators.[19]

Kathleen attended Downshall Elementary school from 1908 to 1914.[20] She studied at Ilford County High School for Girls, then transferred to Ilford County High School for Boys to study mathematics and science, because the girls' school did not offer these subjects. Kathleen had the highest score in physics that any student at London University ever had.[20] She graduated with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree from Bedford College for Women in 1922, and Master of Science (MSc) degree in physics from University College London in 1924.[21]

Career and research

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In 1924 she joined the crystallography research team headed by William Henry Bragg at the Royal Institution. Following her marriage in 1927, she moved to the University of Leeds, but continued to correspond with Bragg.[22] From 1929 to 1934, she started a family and largely stayed at home while continuing her work calculating structure factors.[23][24] Her husband Thomas Lonsdale was a textile chemist who supported his wife's research. He encouraged his wife to work from home and to go back to work when offered.[24] He worked at Silk Research Association in Leeds after they were married.[24]

In 1934, Lonsdale returned to work with Bragg at the Royal Institution as a researcher. She was awarded a DSc from University of London in 1936 while at the Royal Institution. In addition to discovering the structure of benzene and hexachlorobenzene, Lonsdale worked on the synthesis of diamonds. She was a pioneer in the use of X-rays to study crystals. Lonsdale was one of the first two women elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1945[1] (the other was the biochemist Marjory Stephenson).

Lonsdale returned to University College London (UCL) in 1946 with the rank of reader.[25] In 1949, she was appointed Professor of Chemistry and head of the Department of Crystallography at UCL.[5] She was the first woman to be made a professor at UCL,[26] an appointment she held until 1968 when she was named professor emeritus.

As a keen table tennis player, Lonsdale made use of ping pong balls to demonstrate the molecular structure to her students. One such model—of the silicate group Si2O5—is in the Science Museum collection [27]

During her later career, she became interested in stones and minerals produced in the human body e.g. kidney stones or gall stones.[28] Some of her crystallographic models are in the collection of the Science Museum in London.

Selected publications

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Library resources about
Kathleen Lonsdale
By Kathleen Lonsdale
  • Simplified Structure Factor and Electron Density Formulae for the 230 Space Groups of Mathematical Crystallography, G. Bell & Sons, London, 1936.
  • "Divergent Beam X-ray Photography of Crystals," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 240A: 219 (1947).
  • Crystals and X-Rays, G. Bell & Sons, London, 1948.
  • “Human Stones”, Science Vol. 159, Issue 3820, pp. 1199-1207,  15 Mar 1968
  • Quakers visit Russia, Edited by Kathleen Lonsdale : an account of a visit to the Soviet Union in July 1951 by seven British Quakers, 145 pages. Published by the East-West Relations Group of the Friends Peace Committee. Other authors: Margaret Ann Backhouse,[29] B Leslie Metcalfe, Gerald Bailey, Paul S Cadbury, Mildred Creak, Frank Edmead.
  • Removing the Causes of War, 1953.
  • Is peace possible? (1957)
  • Forth in Thy Name: The Life and Work of Godfrey Mowatt (1959)[30]
Photograph of a building in grey stone with columns.
The Kathleen Lonsdale building at University College London

Personal life

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Lonsdale plaque, Newbridge
Pamphlet written by Kathleen Lonsdale on Prison Reform in 1943
Pamphlet written by Kathleen Lonsdale on Prison Reform in 1943

After beginning her research career, in 1927 Yardley married Thomas Jackson Lonsdale. They had three children – Jane, Nancy, and Stephen. Stephen became a medical doctor and worked for several years in Nyasaland (now Malawi).[citation needed]

Lonsdale was a vegetarian and teetotaller.[1]

Pacifism

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Though she had been brought up in the Baptist denomination as a child, Kathleen Lonsdale became a Quaker in 1935, simultaneously with her husband. Already committed pacifists, both were attracted to Quakerism for this reason.[31] She was a Sponsor of the Peace Pledge Union.[32]

She served a month in Holloway prison during the Second World War because she refused to register for civil defence duties, or to pay a fine for refusing to register. During this time she experienced a range of issues which would eventually result in Lonsdale becoming a prison reform activist[33] and she joined the Howard League for Penal Reform.[34]

"What I was not prepared for was the general insanity of an administrative system in which lip service is paid to the idea of segregation and the ideal of reform, when in practice the opportunities for contamination and infection are innumerable, and those responsible for re-education practically nil"[35]

In 1953, at the Yearly Meeting of the British Quakers, she delivered the keynote Swarthmore Lecture, under the title Removing the Causes of War. A self-identified Christian pacifist,[36] she wrote about peaceful dialogue and was appointed the first secretary of Churches' Council of Healing by the Archbishop of Canterbury William Temple.[37]

Death

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Lonsdale died on 1 April 1971, aged 68, from cancer.[1]

Legacy and honours

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Hodgkin, D.M.C. (1975). "Kathleen Lonsdale (28 January 1903 – 1 April 1971)". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 21: 447–26. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1975.0014.
  2. ^ a b Lonsdale, K. (1929). "The Structure of the Benzene Ring in C6 (CH3)6". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 123 (792): 494–515. Bibcode:1929RSPSA.123..494L. doi:10.1098/rspa.1929.0081.
  3. ^ Lonsdale, K. (1931). "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 133 (822): 536. Bibcode:1931RSPSA.133..536L. doi:10.1098/rspa.1931.0166.
  4. ^ Lonsdale, K. (1944). "Diamonds, Natural and Artificial". Nature. 153 (3892): 669. Bibcode:1944Natur.153..669L. doi:10.1038/153669a0.
  5. ^ a b c d Hudson, G. (2004). "Lonsdale, Dame Kathleen (1903–1971)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31376. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  6. ^ Staff (2004). "Kathleen Lonsdale profile". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2012. Or see alternative source Archived 25 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ^ Staff (January 2003). "Chemistry World: Woman of substance". Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  8. ^ Staff. "Kathleen Yardley Lonsdale 1903–1971". CWP at University of California. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  9. ^ Staff. "Papers and correspondence of Dame Kathleen Lonsdale, 1903–1971". ArchivesHub.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2012. An overview of the scope and content of the collection of Lonsdale's papers that are kept at University College London.
  10. ^ Reville, William (2004). "Kathleen Lonsdale – Famous Irish Scientist" (PDF). University College Cork. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2012. This article first appeared in The Irish Times, 13 December 2001.
  11. ^ "Archival material relating to Kathleen Lonsdale". UK National Archives. Edit this at Wikidata
  12. ^ FUSIO. "Charlotte House, Charlotte Street, Eyre Street, GREATCONNELL, Newbridge, KILDARE". Buildings of Ireland. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  13. ^ Byers, Nina; Williams, Gary (17 August 2006). Out of the Shadows: Contributions of Twentieth-Century Women to Physics. Cambridge University Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-521-82197-1.
  14. ^ "Film about Newbridge-born scientist". Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  15. ^ "Newbridge school marks 150 years of serving community". Kildare Nationalist. 16 November 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  16. ^ Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (1975). "Kathleen Lonsdale, 28 January 1903 - 1 April 1971". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 21: 447–484. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1975.0014. ISSN 0080-4606. S2CID 73380010.
  17. ^ a b "Paper-Research: Bio of Kathleen Lonsdale". www.paper-research.com. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  18. ^ Rayner-canham, Marelene; Rayner-canham, Geoffrey (30 December 2019). Pioneering British Women Chemists: Their Lives And Contributions. World Scientific. ISBN 978-1-78634-770-1.
  19. ^ Mollan, Charles (15 November 2007). It's Part of What We Are - Volumes 1 and 2 - Volume 1: Richard Boyle (1566-1643) to John Tyndall (1820-1893); Volume 2: Samuel Haughton (18210-1897) to John Stewart Bell (1928-1990): Some Irish Contributors to the Development of the Chemical and Physical Sciences. Charles Mollan. p. 1595. ISBN 978-0-86027-055-3.
  20. ^ a b Hudson, Gill (23 September 2004). "Lonsdale [née Yardley], Dame Kathleen". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31376. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  21. ^ Authier, André (1 August 2013). Early Days of X-ray Crystallography. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191635014. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  22. ^ Wilson, Jennifer (3 July 2015). "Dame Kathleen Lonsdale (1903–1971): Her Early Career in X-ray Crystallography". Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. 40 (3): 265–278. Bibcode:2015ISRv...40..265W. doi:10.1179/0308018815Z.000000000117. ISSN 0308-0188. S2CID 146373963. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  23. ^ January 2003, Chemistry World1. "Woman of substance". Chemistry World. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ a b c Baldwin, Melinda (20 March 2009). "'Where are your intelligent mothers to come from?': marriage and family in the scientific career of Dame Kathleen Lonsdale FRS (1903–71)". Notes and Records. 63 (1): 81–94. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2008.0026. ISSN 0035-9149. PMID 19579358.
  25. ^ "Kathleen Lonsdale". Astrea. University College London. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  26. ^ "Female Firsts: a celebration of pioneering women". UCL News. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2023. Crystallography specialist Dame Professor Kathleen Lonsdale, the first woman to be elected a fellow of the Royal Society and UCL's first female Professor
  27. ^ "Teaching model showing Si2 O5 | Science Museum Group Collection". collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  28. ^ Lonsdale, Kathleen (1968). "Human Stones". Science. 159 (3820): 1199–1207. Bibcode:1968Sci...159.1199L. doi:10.1126/science.159.3820.1199. PMID 4886077. S2CID 34902612.
  29. ^ "Margaret Ann Backhouse". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/103381. ISBN 9780198614111. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  30. ^ Lonsdale, Dame Kathleen (1959). Forth in Thy Name: The Life and Work of Godfrey Mowatt. Wykeham Press. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
  31. ^ "Quakers in the World – Kathleen Lonsdale". quakersintheworld.org. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  32. ^ Wilson, J. M. (28 September 2017). Crystallographer and Campaigner: The life and work of Dame Kathleen Lonsdale FRS (1903-1971) (Doctoral thesis). UCL (University College London). Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  33. ^ Lonsdale, Dame Kathleen; Page, Roger (1943). Some Account of Life in Holloway Prison for Women. Prison Medical Reform Council. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  34. ^ Logan, A. (3 November 2008). Feminism and Criminal Justice: A Historical Perspective. Springer. ISBN 9780230584136.
  35. ^ Brock, Peter (2004). "These Strange Criminals": An Anthology of Prison Memoirs by Conscientious Objectors from the Great War to the Cold War. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802086617.
  36. ^ Lonsdale, Kathleen Yardley. 1957. Is peace possible?. Penguin Books. p. 95
  37. ^ Harpur, Tom. 2013. The Uncommon Touch. McClelland & Stewart. p. 76
  38. ^ "The Woman Engineer". www2.theiet.org. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  39. ^ a b "Most influential British women in science". royalsociety.org. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  40. ^ "Honorary Graduates 1966 to 1988 | University of Bath". Bath.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  41. ^ Frondel, C.; U.B. Marvin (1967). "Lonsdaleite, a new hexagonal polymorph of diamond". Nature. 214 (5088): 587–589. Bibcode:1967Natur.214..587F. doi:10.1038/214587a0. S2CID 4184812.
  42. ^ Frondel, C.; U.B. Marvin (1967). "Lonsdaleite, a hexagonal polymorph of diamond". American Mineralogist. 52 (5088): 587. Bibcode:1967Natur.214..587F. doi:10.1038/214587a0. S2CID 4184812.
  43. ^ "Dictionary of Irish Biography – Cambridge University Press". dib.cambridge.org. Archived from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  44. ^ DCU names three buildings after inspiring women scientists Archived 5 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine Raidió Teilifís Éireann, 5 July 2017
  45. ^ "Applying for The Kathleen Lonsdale RIA Chemistry Prize | Royal Irish Academy". www.ria.ie. 1 July 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  46. ^ Mulvihill, Mary (27 January 2003). "An Irishwoman's Diary". The Irish Times. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  47. ^ reporter, KildareNow. "Newbridge Business Centre to light up in green for St Patrick's Day". www.leinsterleader.ie. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  48. ^ "Diana, Princess of Wales, to be celebrated with London blue plaque". The Guardian. 31 March 2021. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  49. ^ "Blue Plaques: Princess Diana and Kathleen Lonsdale among those honoured - CBBC Newsround". Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  50. ^ "Princess Diana's life to be honoured with an English Heritage blue plaque - but the site is a mystery". Sky News. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  51. ^ "Dame Kathleen Lonsdale | Crystallographer and Peace Campaigner | Blue Plaques". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  52. ^ "Meeting Rooms". Friends House. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
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