Lamium bifidum
| Lamium bifidum | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | Lamium |
| Species: | L. bifidum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Lamium bifidum | |
| Synonyms[1][2] | |
| |
Lamium bifidum is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to the Southern Europe. It was first described by botanist Domenico Cirillo in 1788.
Description
[edit]Lamium bifidum is an annual herbaceous plant.[3] It possesses an erect or decumbent stem, white flowers and a deeply bifid lower lip.[4][5] Flowers form in verticillasters of 20 or more flowers.[6] These flowers are sometimes cleistogamous.[7]
An analysis of the essential oil of Lamium bifidum bracts and leaves identified the highest constituents as germacrene D (34.9%), β-caryophyllene (11.5%) and α-Humulene (6.8%).[8] This contrasted with the primary constituents identified in the flowers: myrcene (47.2%), β-caryophyllene (11.8%) and sabinene (11.0%).[9]
The species possesses a chromosome count of 2n = 18.[10][11]
Taxonomy
[edit]Domenic Cirillo first described Lamium bifidum in his Plantarum Rariorum Regni Neapolitani, published in 1788. John Isaac Briquet's 1897 taxonomy placed the species within the subsection Amplexicaulia, within the larger section Pollichia.[12] Jacob Mennema's 1989 revision of the genus narrowed its close relations, placing it instead within the Subgenus Lamium, in a smaller Section Lamium on the basis of morphological similarities, namely a straight corolla tube and presence of bracteoles.[13][14] This section consists of L. bifidum as well as Lamium purpureum and Lamium confertum.[15] 21st century phylogenetic studies brought this change into question however, finding a closer genetic relationship between L. bifidum and Lamium amplexicaule var. amplexicaule and Lamium incisum.[16][17] A 2016 study of pollen structuring provided further evidence for this closer relation to the species of section Amplexicaule rather than section Lamium.[18]
Authors have identified as many as four subspecies:
- subsp. bifidum
- subsp. albimontanum Rech. f. - endemic to Crete[19]
- subsp. balcanicum Velen. endemic to the Balkan Peninsula & Romania, specifically the west Moesian-south Dacian area[3][20]
- subsp. gevorense Gómez Hern. - endemic to Spain - identified in 1977, but proposed in 2005 to be raised as a separate species, Lamium gevorense[21]
The albimontanum and balcanicum subspecies are distinguished from the type species by their pink or purple flowers.[22][19]
Lamium bifidum var. clandestinum was previously raised to the separate species of Lamium cryptanthum, but this is now merely regarded as a synonym.[23]
Distribution
[edit]Lamium bifidum has been described as having a broadly Mediterranean distribution.[15] One or more subspecies have been documented as present in parts of Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Sardinia, Spain, Tunisia and the former Yugoslavia.[24][2][3][25]
The species inhabits open spaces and clearings, waste places, mountain slopes and forest edges.[3][22]
Uses
[edit]A chemical constituent of Lamium bifidum, hesperetin, has identified anti-estrogen, tumorigenesis and breast cancer cell inhibition properties.[26]
Notes
[edit]- ^ "Lamium bifidum Cirillo — The Plant List". The Plant List. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
- ^ a b "Lamium bifidum Cirillo". The Euro+Med Plantbase Project. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
- ^ a b c d "Lamium bifidum Cirillo". Osogovo nature. 2021-11-13. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
- ^ Flamini, Cioni & Morelli 2005, p. 63.
- ^ Mennema 1989, p. 92.
- ^ Mennema 1989, p. 92-93.
- ^ Mennema 1989, p. 10.
- ^ Flamini, Cioni & Morelli 2005, p. 66-67.
- ^ Salehi et al. 2019, p. 4.
- ^ Olivencia & Téllez 1989, p. 175.
- ^ Mennema 1989, p. 12.
- ^ Mennema 1989, p. 48.
- ^ Mennema 1989, p. 19.
- ^ Bendiksby et al. 2011, p. 987.
- ^ a b Mennema 1989, p. 18.
- ^ Bendiksby et al. 2011, p. 992.
- ^ Krawczyk, Szczecińska & Sawicki 2014, p. 280-281.
- ^ Atalay et al. 2016, p. 82.
- ^ a b Gómez Hernández & Pujadas salvá 2005, p. 158.
- ^ Veljić et al. 2006, p. 127.
- ^ Gómez Hernández & Pujadas salvá 2005, p. 160.
- ^ a b Mennema 1989, p. 94.
- ^ Boullu 1879, p. 165.
- ^ "European Wild plant: Lamium bifidum No English name". UK Wildflowers. 2010-03-05. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
- ^ "Lamium bifidum Cirillo". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
- ^ Koirala et al. 2016, p. 105.
References
[edit]- Atalay, Zeynep; Celep, Ferhat; Bilgili, Bilgehan; Doğan, Musa (2016-03-01). "Pollen morphology of the genus Lamium L. (Lamiaceae) and its systematic implications". Flora. 219: 68–84. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2015.12.011. ISSN 0367-2530. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
- Bendiksby, Mika; Brysting, Anne K.; Thorbek, Lisbeth; Gussarova, Galina; Ryding, Olof (2011). "Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Lamium L. (Lamiaceae): Disentangling origins of presumed allotetraploids". Taxon. 60 (4): 986–1000. doi:10.1002/tax.604004. ISSN 1996-8175. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
- Boullu, Antoine Etienne (1879). "Note sur la variété clandestinum des Lamium amplexicaule L. et Lamium bifidum Cyr". Publications de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon. 6 (2): 163–165. doi:10.3406/linly.1879.17554. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
- Flamini, Guido; Cioni, Pier Luigi; Morelli, Ivano (2005-06-01). "Composition of the essential oils and in vivo emission of volatiles of four Lamium species from Italy: L. purpureum, L. hybridum, L. bifidum and L. amplexicaule". Food Chemistry. 91 (1): 63–68. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.05.047. ISSN 0308-8146. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
- Gómez Hernández, Pedro; Pujadas salvá, Antonio J. (2005). "Lamium gevorense (lamiaceae), combinación y estatus taxonómico nuevo. neotipificación, caracterización y distribución en la península ibérica: Neotipificación, caracterización y distribución en la Península Ibérica". Acta Botanica Malacitana. 30: 157–187. doi:10.24310/abm.v30i0.7189.
- Koirala, Niranjan; Thuan, Nguyen Huy; Ghimire, Gopal Prasad; Thang, Duong Van; Sohng, Jae Kyung (2016-05-01). "Methylation of flavonoids: Chemical structures, bioactivities, progress and perspectives for biotechnological production". Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 86: 103–116. doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.02.003. ISSN 0141-0229. PMID 26992799. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
- Krawczyk, K.; Szczecińska, M.; Sawicki, J. (2014). "Evaluation of 11 single-locus and seven multilocus DNA barcodes in Lamium L. (Lamiaceae)". Molecular Ecology Resources. 14 (2): 272–285. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.12175. ISSN 1755-0998. PMID 24118979. S2CID 32997839. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
- Salehi, Bahare; Armstrong, Lorene; Rescigno, Antonio; Yeskaliyeva, Balakyz; Seitimova, Gulnaz; Beyatli, Ahmet; Sharmeen, Jugreet; Mahomoodally, Mohamad Fawzi; Sharopov, Farukh; Durazzo, Alessandra; Lucarini, Massimo; Santini, Antonello; Abenavoli, Ludovico; Capasso, Raffaele; Sharifi-Rad, Javad (2019-05-17). "Lamium Plants—A Comprehensive Review on Health Benefits and Biological Activities". Molecules. 24 (10): 1913. doi:10.3390/molecules24101913. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 6571824. PMID 31109023.
- Mennema, Jacob (1989). A Taxonomic Revision of Lamium (Lamiaceae). Brill Archive. ISBN 978-90-04-09109-2.
- Olivencia, Ana Ortega; Téllez, Trinidad Ruiz (1989). "Números cromosomáticos de plantas occidentales, 551-555". Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid. 47 (1): 175–177.
- Veljić, Milan; Marin, Petar D.; Krivošej, Zoran; Ljubić, Biljana (2006). "Vascular Flora of the Uvac River Gorge in Serbia". Archives of Biological Sciences. 58 (2): 125–133. doi:10.2298/ABS0602125V.