Li Da (philosopher)

In this Chinese name, the family name is Li.

Li Da
李达
President of Wuhan University
In office November 1952 – August 1966
Preceded by	Zhou Gengsheng
Succeeded by	Zhuang Guo
President of Hunan University
In office December 1949 – January 1953
Preceded by	Yi Dingxin
Succeeded by	Zhu Fan
Personal details
Born	(1890-10-02)2 October 1890 Lingling, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
Died	24 August 1966(1966-08-24) (aged 75) Wuhan, Hubei, China
Political party	Chinese Communist Party
Spouse	Wang Huiwu
Children	3, including Li Xintian
Education	Beijing Normal University University of Tokyo
Alma mater	Hunan Yongzhou No.1 High School
Occupation	Philosopher, writer

Li Da (simplified Chinese: 李达; traditional Chinese: 李達; pinyin: Lǐ Dá; 2 October 1890 – 24 August 1966) was a Chinese Marxist philosopher. He led the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party after the foundation of the party. Li left the Chinese Communist Party in the 1920s due to what he viewed as its turn to reformism. However, he maintained close ties with the party and its underground apparatus. Li translated many European Marxist works into Chinese. Li's most important work was Elements of Sociology, which had a great influence on Mao Zedong. Li helped popularize the New Philosophy that gained dominance in the Soviet Union in the 1930s. After the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, Li rejoined the Chinese Communist Party. He was heavily criticized and beaten at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, and died in 1966. He was posthumously rehabilitated after Mao's death.

Early Life

Li was born to a tenant farmer family in Lingling in Hunan. His father, though a farmer, had some schooling and had taught in primary schools as well as engaged in business. He witnessed local resistance efforts against Japan in the post-First Sino-Japanese War era including boycotting and Japanese product burning.

Academic Background

In 1913 he enrolled as a study abroad government-sponsored student in Japan having passed provincial examinations. He caught tuberculosis and was compelled to return home; in 1917 he again went to Japan to study, taking courses in mining and metallurgy at Tokyo Imperial University. With the Russian Revolution taking place, Li began learning of Marxism–Leninism via Japanese sources, making him one of the earliest Chinese Marxists. He again left Japan in 1918 per renewed political tensions between Japan and the Chinese government of Duan Qirui, although for the third time returned that same year.

He abandoned his studies of science and focused on Marxist theory under the direction of Hajime Kawakami. He soon was translating works of Marxist theory into Chinese, including works by Herman Gorter, Motoyuki Takabatake, and Karl Kautsky. His translations were some of the earliest and was one of the key steps in disseminating Marxism into China.

He did not witness the May Fourth Movement as he was in Japan at the time. He began writing articles of a socialist bent that were both introductory (explaining the goals of socialism), historical (on European socialism before the war) and contemporary (on Chen Duxiu). In 1920, Li traveled back to China (Shanghai).

Chinese Communist Party Founding

Li was directly involved in the formation of the Chinese Communist Party. During his time at Shanghai, he met with Chen Duxiu and others and founded what was later called the "Shanghai Committee for the Establishment of the Chinese Communist Party". In addition to making contacts with other regions of China, it also founded the first Chinese Communist Party journal ("The Communist") and made Li it's editor. The journal, becoming one of the ideological rallying points of the early Party, was later described by Mao Zedong as a "bright flag".

In 1921, the first Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held, with Li (along with Li Hanjun) representing Shanghai. Li was elected to the Provisional Central Executive Bureau and appointed head of the Party's Propaganda Department. Li would later state that at this time in his life, his two major tasks were "first, propaganda and second, organizing the workers." Also later in 1921, Li was made the director of the Party's first publishing house, the People's Publishing House. He was now fully immersed in translation, editing, and publishing, while also writing articles for workers, exposing them to socialism. He also became a headmaster for a school for girls established by the Party in Shanghai.

By this time, Li had established himself as indispensable in spreading Marxist ideas throughout China. He chaired the Second Congress of the CCP in July 1922, and in late 1922 Mao Zedong invited him to become principal of the Self-Study University in Changsha, as well as editor of the university's journal. Li became close to Mao during this period.

Family

Li was married to Wang Huiwu and they had three children. Their eldest daughter, Li Xintian (李心田), died of an illness during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Their second daughter was Li Xinyi (李心怡). Their only son was Li Xintian (李心天), who helped introduce and develop medical psychology in China.