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List of Hypericum species

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hypericum
Hypericum perforatum,

the type species of the genus

Hypericum calycinum,

an ornamental plant of the genus

Clades[1]


The genus Hypericum contains approximately 500 species which are divided into 36 sections as described by botanist Norman Robson.[2] This division into distinct sections is largely due to the fact that a genus-wide monograph was performed by Robson in 1977, which allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the genus's taxonomy.[3] A phylogenetic study was more recently completed for the genus, which gave evidence to suggest that the genus Triadenum is a clade within Hypericum and that the genus Thornea is sister to Hypericum. In addition, the study found that about 60% of the sections of Hypericum are monophyletic.[4]

Almost all species of Hypericum are either perennial herbs, shrubs, or small trees, but the genus also contains a small amount of subshrubs and annual herbs.[3] Most of its species contain hypericin or hyperforin and some are used for their healing properties in folk medicine. The species' leaves are always placed opposite, and are normally decussate.[5] Their flowers are generally homostylous, but very few are dimorphically heterostylous. The petals are normally golden yellow or orange, but some are white or cream, and are veined dorsally. They have 4-5 stamen fascicles, 2-5 ovaries, and 2-5 styles. Some species grow capsular fruit which are colored red or blackish.[6]

Hypericum species can be found all over the world in temperate to tropical areas. The genus is most diverse in Turkey (~80 species) and China (~60 species), but can be found across Asia and Europe, in parts of Africa and South America, Australia, and across the United States and southern Canada.[7] Non-native species have also been introduced into various regions of the United States and Argentina.[8] The genus are generally found in dry, desert areas to being in shallow water, and can be found from warm temperate climates to cold temperate climates.[6]

Some Hypericum species are used as ornamental plants because of their large, spreading flowers.[9] These include H. aegypticum, H. androsaemum, H. calycinum, and H. olympicum. In addition, there are a number of hybrids and cultivars that have been developed for use in horticulture. Some notable cultivars are H. × moserianum, H. 'Hidcote', and H. 'Rowallane'. Several species are also used for their medicinal properties, especially their ability to alleviate mild clinical depression, by drawing out the oily extract from the flowers.[10] H. perforatum is the most potent out of all the species, and is the only species cultivated commercially for herbalism and medicine.[11]

Legend

[edit]
Type species[12]
  Type species of section
  Type species of genus
Binomial The binomial name of the Hypericum species.
Common Name The name that the species is commonly called
Type The type of plant that the species is described as
Distribution The country or region where the species is most densely found

Sect. Adenosepalum

[edit]

Adenosepalum Spach is divided into four subsections: Adenosepalum, Aethiopica, Caprifolia, and the Huber-Morathii Group. These subsections contain eight, seven, eleven, and five species, respectively, giving the section Adenosepalum a total of thirty-one species. In addition, Adenosepalum contains two Nothospecies: H. × joerstadii and H. pubescens × tomentosum. H. annulatum has three distinct subspecies.

Adenosepalum is made up of primarily perennial herbs, and also includes shrubs and shrublets. Its species grow to be approximately 2.5 meters tall, and are generally deciduous. Species in Adenosepalum are glabrous or have simple hairs, and almost always have dark black glands on their leaves, sepals, and rarely on their petals and stems. Their leaves are placed opposite and have no ventral glands. Their flowers are stellate or homostylous. They have 5 sepals, 5 stamen fascicles, and 5 petals.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
Subsection Adenosepalum
H. annulatum

Moris (1827)

Perennial herb Balkans, Saudi Arabia, East Africa [13][14][15][16][17]
H. athoum

Boiss. & Orph. (1867)

Perennial herb Greece [18][13][14][19][20]
H. atomarium

Boiss. (1827)

Perennial herb Greece, Turkey, Portugal (Naturalized) [21][22][18][13][23]
H. cuisinii

Barbey (1885)

Perennial herb Europe [21][18][13][24][25]
H. delphicum

Boiss. & Heldr. (1854)

Perennial herb Evvoia and Andros, Greece [21][18][13][14][24]
H. lanuginosum

Lam. (1797)

Perennial herb Middle East, Turkey, Cyprus [26][2][27][28][29]
H. montanum

L. (1755)

Pale St. John's Wort Perennial herb Eurasia and Morocco [21][14][19][30][31]
H. reflexum

L.f. (1782)

Shrub Canary Islands [32][33][34][15][35]
Subsection Aethiopica
H. abilianum

N.Robson (1980)

Subshrub Huíla Province, Angola [8][22][35][36][23]
H. aethiopicum

Thunb. (1800)

Perennial herb Southern Africa [37][35][36][38][39]
H. afrum

Lam. (1797)

Perennial herb Tunisia, Algeria [40][18][33][35][23]
H. conjungens

N.Robson (1958)

Shrub/subshrub Southwest Tanzania to Zambia [26][35][23][41][42]
H. glandulosum

Aiton (1789)

Malfurada del Monte Shrub Canary Islands and Madeira [32][43][24][44]
H. kiboënse

Oliv. (1887)

Shrub/Subshrub Uganda, Kenya and North Tanzania [45][46][24]
Subsection Caprifolia
H. caprifolium

Boiss. (1838)

Perennial herb Spain [21][18][13][15][35]
H. coadunatum

Chr. Sm. (1825)

Subshrub/Perennial herb Canary Islands [32][33][15][35][44]
H. collenetteae

N.Robson (1993)

Subshrub/Perennial herb Saudi Arabia [26][2][23][24]
H. naudinianum

Coss. & Durieu (1855)

Perennial herb Morocco, Algeria [45][35][43][24]
H. psilophytum

(Diels) Maire (1935)

Perennial herb Morocco, Algeria [8][33][35][24]
H. pubescens

Boiss. (1838)

Perennial herb Southern Iberia, North Africa [21][22][47][35][43]
H. scruglii

Bacch., Brullo & Salmeri (2010)

Perennial herb Sardinia [45][24][48][49]
H. sinaicum

Hochst. ex Boiss. (1867)

Perennial herb Egypt, Arabian Peninsula [45][33][29][24][50]
H. somaliense

N.Robson (1958)

Perennial herb Somalia [8][35][24]
H. tomentosum

L. (1753)

Perennial herb Western Mediterranean [21][33][34][15][16]
Huber-Morathii Group
H. decaisneanum

Coss. & Daveau (1889)

Perennial herb Libya [45][18][33][35][24]
H. formosissimum

Takht. (1940)

Perennial herb Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey [26][22][27][24][25]
H. huber-morathii

N.Robson (1967)

Perennial herb Anatolia, Turkey [51][52][33][24][25]
H. minutum

P.H.Davis & Poulter (1954)

Perennial herb Mediterranean [8][2][27][24][25]
H. sechmenii

Ocak & O.Koyuncu (2009)

Perennial herb Turkey [53][24][54][26][25]

Sect. Adenotrias

[edit]

Adenotrias (Jaub. & Spach) R. Keller contains three species: H. aciferum, H. aegypticum, and H. russeggeri. Its type species is H. russeggeri. It is not divided into any subsections. H. aegypticum has three subspecies: H. aegypticum aegypticum L., H. aegypticum maroccanum (Pau) N.Robson, and H. aegypticum webbii (Spach) N.Robson.[55]

Adenotrias contains shrubs and shrublets. Its species can grow to be up to 2 meters tall. Its species are glabrous, but have no dark glands. Their leaves are lined and glandular, and are cortex green. Their flowers are almost tubular, and are heterostylous. They have 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 3 stamen fascicles.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. aciferum

(Greuter) N.Robson (1967)

Shrublet Crete [8][50][21][18][13]
H. aegypticum

L. (1753)

Egyptian St. John's Wort Shrub/shrublet North Africa, Greece, Sardinia [56][47][57][58][59]
H. russeggeri

(Fenzl) R.Keller

Shrub/shrublet Turkey, Syria [50][45][33][27][25]

Sect. Androsaemum

[edit]

Androsaemum (Duhamel) Godron contains four species: H. androsaemum, H. foliosum, H. grandifolium, and H. hircinum. In addition, Androsaemum contains one Nothospecies: H. × inodorum. It is not divided into subsections. Its type species is H. androsaemum. One of its species, H. grandifolium, has five different subspecies. The section's species are often collectively referred to as Tutsan.

Androsaemum contains shrubs that grow to be from 0.3–2 meters tall. Its species are deciduous and glabrous, but have no dark glands. Their leaves are opposite, decussate, free, and are a pale color. Every species has 20 flowers, branching out from 2 separate nodes, which are homostylous. They have 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 5 stamen fascicles.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. androsaemum

L. (1753)

Sweet-Amber Shrub Southern Europe, North Africa [60][61][62][63][64]
H. foliosum

Aiton (1789)

Azorean St. John's Wort Shrub Portugal (The Azores) [21][40][43][45]
H. grandifolium

Choisy (1821)

Malfurada Shrub Madeira and the Canary Islands [62][65][66][67][68]
H. hircinum

L. (1753)

Stinking Tutsan Shrub France, Iberia, Italy, Middle East, North Africa [28][29][66][69][70]

Sect. Arthrophyllum

[edit]

Arthrophyllum Jaub. & Spach contains five species, and is not divided into any subsections. Its type species is H. rupestre. Arthrophyllum is most closely related to Webbia.[71]

Arthrophyllum contains shrubs that grow to be approximately 0.9 meters tall and are deciduous but never leafless. Species in Arthrophyllum are glabrous, with reddish to dark glands. Their leaves are placed opposite and are either decussate, sessile, free, or perfoliate and have no ventral glands. They are 40-flowered, and their flowers are stellate and homostylous. They have 5 sepals that lack marginal glands. Arthrophyllum's species also have 5 petals and 3 stamen fascicles, each with 20-40 stamens. Their seeds are narrow and cylindrical.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. cardiophyllum

Boiss. (1867)

Shrub Turkey, Lebanon and Syria [72][50][18][27][23]
H. nanum

Poir. (1814)

Shrub Lebanon, Syria and Israel [72][50][27][29][43]
H. pamphylicum

N.Robson & P.H.Davis (1980)

Shrub Turkey [50][45][18][27][24]
H. rupestre

Jaub. & Spach (1842)

Shrub Turkey [50][51][33][27][35]
H. vacciniifolium

Hayek & Siehe (1914)

Shrub East Cilicia, Southern Turkey [50][22][27][19][24]

Sect. Ascyreia

[edit]

Ascyreia Choisy contains exactly 50 species and also includes four nothospecies. The section is one of the largest in the genus that is not divided into any subsections. Its type species is H. calycinum. The section is synonymous with Norysca Spach..[7]

Ascyreia is made up of mostly shrubs or shrublets, but also contains a few trees. Its species generally grow to be from 4–5 meters tall. Some of the species are evergreen, but most are deciduous. They are glabrous, and lack dark glands. Their leaves are opposite, decussate, and free. The section's species have anywhere from 1-25 flowers, which are stellate and homostylous. They have five sepals, which are free. They also have five petals and five stamen fascicles, which each have 20-100 stamens. Their seeds are cylindric or ellipsoid, and some are laterally winged.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. acmosepalum

N.Robson (1970)

Shrub China [14][66][23][73][7]
H. addingtonii

N.Robson (1985)

Addington's St. John's Wort Shrub China [56][14][66][74][73]
H. augustinii

N.Robson (1970)

Augustine's St. John's Wort Shrub China [14][66][23][73][7]
H. beanii

N.Robson (1970)

Shrub China [75][76][34][15][77]
H. bellum

H.L.Li (1944)

Shrub China [63][14][61][78][66]
H. calycinum

L. (1767)

Great St. John's Wort

Aaron's Beard

Rose of Sharon

Shrub Bulgaria, Turkey [56][63][79][61][64]
H. choisianum

Wall. ex N.Robson (1973)

Shrub China, India, Pakistan [80][63][14][66][73]
H. cohaerens

N.Robson (1985)

Shrub China [73][7][24]
H. cordifolium

Choisy (1824)

Shrub Nepal [63][2][66][23][43]
H. curvisepalum

N.Robson (1985)

Shrub China [14][73][7]
H. elatoides

R.Keller (1904)

subshrub China [69][73][7]
H. forrestii

(Chitt.) N.Robson (1970)

Forest Tutsan Shrub China, Burma [80][14][78][81][77]
H. gaitii

Haines (1919)

Shrub India [51][82][63]
H. gracilipes

Stapf ex C.E.C.Fisch. (1940)

Shrub India, Bangladesh [8][24]
H. griffithii

Hook.f. & Thomson ex Dyer (1874)

Shrub Bhutan, India [83][84][63][7]
H. henryi

H.Lév. & Vaniot (1908)

Shrub China, Southeast Asia [56][73][7][24]
H. hookerianum

Wight & Arn. (1834)

Hooker's St. John's Wort Shrub East and South Asia [76][63][62][14][43]
H. kouytchense

H.Lév. (1904)

Shrub China [56][61][64][73][85]
H. lacei

N.Robson (1985)

Shrub Myanmar [51][22][24]
H. lagarocladum

N.Robson (1985)

Shrub China [2][73][7][24]
H. lancasteri

N.Robson (1985)

Shrub China [14][73][7][24]
H. leschenaultii

Choisy (1824)

Shrub/small tree Indonesia [45][66][15][43][86]
H. lobbii

N.Robson (1970)

Shrub India [8][66][24]
H. longistylum

Oliv.

China
H. maclarenii

N.Robson (1985)

Shrub China [14][73][7][24]
H. monogynum

L. (1763)

Shrub China (Southeast), Taiwan [63][78][66][73][87]
H. mysurense

Wall. ex Wight & Arn. (1934)

Shrub India (South), Sri Lanka [63][2][46][24]
H. oblongifolium

Choisy (1821)

Pendant St. John's Wort Shrub Pakistan, India, Nepal [80][63][14][15][43]
H. pachyphyllum

Collett & Hemsl. (1890)

Shrub/undershrub Myanmar [51][43][24]
H. patulum

Thunb. (1784)

Goldencup St. John's Wort

Yellow Mosqueta

Shrub China [34][88][61][78]
H. podocarpoides

N.Robson (1977)

Shrub Nepal, India [63][24]
H. prattii

Hemsl. (1892)

Shrub China [73][7][24]
H. pseudohenryi

N.Robson (1970)

Irish Tutsan Shrub China [81][89][90][31]
H. reptans

Hook.f. & Thomson ex Dyer (1874)

Shrublet China, Burma, India, Nepal [63][66][19][73][7]
H. sherriffii

N.Robson & D.G.Long (1983)

Shrub Bhutan [40][22][24]
H. siamense

N.Robson (1985)

Shrub Thailand [45][2][24]
H. stellatum

N.Robson (1970)

Shrub China [63][66][73][7][24]
H. subsessile

N.Robson (1985)

Shrub China [14][66][73][7][24]
H. tenuicaule

Hook.f. & Thomson ex Dyer (1874)

Shrub Bhutan, India, Nepal [51][63][24]
H. uralum

Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don (1823)

Shrub China, Burma, India [76][63][90][73][91]
H. wardianum

N.Robson (2005)

Shrub China, Burma [22][73][7][24]
H. williamsii

N.Robson (1977)

Shrub Nepal [45][63][24]
H. wilsonii

N.Robson (1970)

Shrub China [2][66][15][73][7]

Sect. Brathys

[edit]

Brathys (Mutis ex L.f.) Choisy is the largest section in Hypericum. It is divided into four subsections: Brathys, Phellotes, Spachium, and Styphelioides. Brathys contains 38 species and the type species, H. juniperinum. Phellotes contains 32 species, Spachium contains 14 species, and Styphelioides contains just 2 species. In total, the section contains 86 species.

Brathys contains a wide variety of plants, including small trees, shrubs, shrublets, and herbs. The largest species in the section grow to be 6 meters tall, and are evergreen. Its species are glabrous—though a few have simple hairs—and lack any dark glands. Their stems are either 4 or 6-lined, and are compressed when the plant is young, but later become terete. Their leaves are placed opposite, are decussate and sessile, and have dense marginal glands. All the species have either one flower on the uppermost node of the plant or 2-15 flowers branching from the uppermost node and from lower secondary nodes. The flowers are stellate or sometimes obconic, and are homostylous. The species have 5 petals which are persistent. They have 5 stamen fascicles which contain anywhere from 1-50 stamens each, formed in a tight ring, to give the plants a total of anywhere from 5-250 stamens. The plants have 5 ovaries, 5 sepals, and 3-5 styles.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
Subsection Brathys
H. aciculare

Kunth (1821)

Shrub Peru, Ecuador [8][92][88][23][24]
H. andinum

Gleason (1929)

Shrub/shrublet Bolivia, Peru [45][34][92][23][93]
H. baccharoides

Cuatrec. (1959)

Shrub Colombia, Venezuela [22][23][24]
H. bolivaricum

N. Robson (1987)

Shrub Colombia [92][23][24]
H. bryoides

Gleason (1929)

Subshrub Colombia [2][23][24]
H. caracasanum

Willd.

Shrub/shrublet Venezuela [23][24]
H. cardonae

Cuatrec.

Shrub/shrublet Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia [22][23][24]
H. cassiopiforme

N. Robson

Shrub Peru [2][23]
H. costaricense

N. Robson

Costa Rica St. John's Wort Shrub/shrublet Colombia, Costa Rica [26][23]
H. decandrum

Turcz.

Shrub/shrublet Ecuador, Peru [88]
H. harlingii

N. Robson

Shrub Ecuador [88]
H. horizontale

N. Robson

Shrublet Colombia [24]
H. jaramilloi

N. Robson

Shrub Costa Rica, Colombia
H. juniperinum

Kunth

Shrub/shrublet Colombia, Venezuela [26]
H. lancifolium

Gleason

Shrub Colombia, Venezuela [2]
H. lancioides

Cuatrec.

Shrub Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela [8][92][88]
H. llanganaticum

N. Robson

Shrub Ecuador [40][8][88]
H. magdalenicum

N. Robson

Shrub/small tree Colombia, Venezuela [45]
H. magniflorum

Cuatrec.

Shrub Colombia, Venezuela [22]
H. marahuacanum

N. Robson

Shrub Colombia, Venezuela
H. mexicanum

L.

Shrub/shrublet Colombia, Venezuela [26][43]
H. millefolium

Urb. & Ekman

Shrub Haiti
H. parallelum

N. Robson

Shrub Colombia
H. pimeleoides

Planch. & Linden ex Triana & Planch.

Shrub Colombia [2]
H. prietoi

N. Robson (1945)

Shrub Ecuador [40][88]
H. prostratum

Cuatrec.

Shrub/Shrublet Colombia [22]
H. pycnophyllum

Urb.

Shrub Dominican Republic
H. recurvum

N. Robson

Shrub Peru [92]
H. ruscoides

Cuatrec.

Shrub Colombia, Ecuador [88]
H. selaginella

N. Robson

Shrublet Colombia [8]
H. sprucei

N. Robson

Shrub Ecuador [45][92][88]
H. strictum

Kunth

Shrub Colombia [94][88]
H. struthiolifolium

Juss.

Shrub Peru [26][92][43]
H. stuebelii

Hieron.

Shrub South America [2]
H. tetrastichum

Cuatrec.

Shrub/shrublet Colombia [8]
H. valleanum

N. Robson

Shrub Colombia [22]
H. wurdackii

N. Robson

Shrub Peru
Subsection Phellotes
H. acostanum

Steyerm. ex N. Robson

Shrub Ecuador [8][40][88][23]
H. asplundii

N. Robson

Shrublet Ecuador [40][88][23]
H. callacallanum

N. Robson

Shrub Peru [40][23]
H. carinosum

R. Keller

Shrub Colombia, Venezuela [26][23]
H. castellanoi

N. Robson

Shrub/shrublet Colombia, Venezuela [2][23]
H. cuatrecasii

Gleason

Shrub Colombia
H. espinalii

N. Robson

Shrub Colombia
H. garciae

Pierce

Shrub Colombia, Venezuela [8]
H. gladiatum

N. Robson

Shrub Colombia
H. goyanesii

Cuatrec.

Shrub Colombia [2]
H. hartwegii

Benth. (1843)

Shrub Ecuador [40][88]
H. humboldtianum

Steud. (1840)

Shrub/shrublet Colombia, Venezuela [45][43]
H. irazuense

Kuntze ex N. Robson

Shrub/small tree Costa Rica, Panama [26][95]
H. laricifolium

Juss.

Shrub/small tree Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela [8][92][88][43][96]
H. loxense

Benth.

Shrub/shrublet Ecuador, Peru [22][92][88]
H. lycopodioides

Triana & Planch.

Shrub Colombia
H. maguirei

N. Robson

Shrub Ecuador [40][88]
H. martense

N. Robson

Shrublet Colombia [34]
H. matangense

N. Robson (1990)

Shrub Ecuador [40][88]
H. myricariifolium

Hieron.

Shrub Colombia [8]
H. papillosum

N. Robson

Shrub Colombia [22]
H. paramitanum

N. Robson

Shrub/small tree Venezuela [2]
H. phellos

Gleason (1929)

Shrub/small tree Colombia, Venezuela [8]
H. piriai

Arechav.

Atlantic St. John's Wort Shrub/perennial herb Brazil, Uruguay [45][24]
H. quitense

R.Keller

Shrub/shrublet Ecuador [40][88]
H. radicans

N. Robson

Shrublet Colombia [22]
H. roraimense

Gleason

Shrub Venezuela [95]
H. sabiniforme

Trevis.

Shrub Colombia [26]
H. simonsii

N. Robson

Shrub (?) Colombia [2]
H. stenopetalum

Turcz.

Shrub/small tree Colombia, Venezuela [95]
H. thuyoides

Kunth

Shrub/small tree Colombia [43]
H. woodianum

N. Robson

Shrub Colombia [8]
Subsection Spachium
H. arbuscula

Standl. & Steyerm.

Subshrub/shrublet Mexico, Guatemala [22][34][23]
H. beamanii

N. Robson

Shrublet Guatemala [23]
H. chamaemyrtus

Triana & Planch.

Subshrub Colombia, Venezuela [2][23]
H. cymobrathys

N. Robson

Shrub Colombia
H. dichotomum

Lam.

Perennial herb Dominican Republic, Haiti [97][96]
H. diosmoides

Griseb.

Puerto Rico St. John's Wort Perennial herb Caribbean [75][34][43][98]
H. drummondii

(Grev. & Hook.) Torr. & A. Gray

Drummond's St. John's Wort

Nits and Lice

Annual herb United States [75][99][100][101][102]
H. eastwoodianum

I.M.Johnst.

Eastwood's St. John's Wort Subshrub/shrublet Mexico [26][34]
H. fuertesii

Urb.

Shrublet/perennial herb Dominican Republic, Haiti [22]
H. galinum

S.F. Blake

Shrublet Mexico [8]
H. gentianoides

(L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.

Pineweed

Orangegrass

Annual herb Canada, United States, South America [103][104][100][102][31]
H. gnidioides

Seem.

Subshrub/shrublet Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama [22][92][43][95]
H. peninsulare

Eastw.

Subshrub/perennial herb Mexico [45][34]
H. rubritinctum

N. Robson

Shrublet Mexico

N. Robson[34]

Subsection Styphelioides
H. styphelioides

A.Rich.

Shrub Cuba [26][92]
H. terrae-firmae

Sprague & L.Riley

Shrub/small tree Belize [8][34][95]

Sect. Bupleuroides

[edit]

Bupleuroides Stef. contains one species, H. bupleuroides, which shares the name of the section.

H. bupleuroides is a perennial herb that grows to be approximately 75 centimeters tall. The species' stems sprout from branching rhizomes, and are glabrous and lack dark glands. The leaves are placed opposite and are terete and are perfoliate. It has anywhere from 4-25 flowers that branch from 1-5 nodes and are stellate and homostylous and have 5 petals. There are either 3 or 4 stamen fascicles with 20-25 stamens each. The species has 5 sepals, 3 ovaries, and 3 styles.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. bupleuroides

Stef. (1852)

Perennial herb Turkey, Russia [90][51][45][18][105]

Sect. Campylopus

[edit]

Campylopus Boiss. contains one species, H. cerastioides, which is also frequently called H. campylopus. This species is widely cultivated for its vibrant flowers. The section is most closely related to Olympia and Oligostema which are its sister taxa.[105]

Hypericum cerastioides is a perennial herb that grows to be 6-25 centimeters tall, and normally grows upright but sometimes grows prostrate along the ground. It can have a few or numerous stems from plant to plant, and is normally unbranched or branched only below the inflorescence. The stems are white and pubescent with 5-35 millimeter long internodes that can be either shorter or longer than the leaves. It is 1-5 flowered with flowers 2-5 centimeters in diameter. The petals are golden yellow without a tint of red and number 2 times the number of sepals in the inflorescence, and there are 60-100 stamens.

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. cerastioides

N.Robson (1967)

Subshrub/Perennial herb Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey [76][13][66][90][105]

Sect. Camplyosporus

[edit]

Campylosporus (Spach) R. Keller contains ten species from Africa and the Middle East. Its type species is H. lanceolatum.

The section contains primarily shrubs and trees that can be spreading or grow up to twelve meters tall. They are all evergreen and may or may not have dark glands along the branches. Most species have bark which is fissured and scaly. The species have many flowers which are homostylous. They have five sepals, five petals, and five stamen fascicles which each have 20-45 stamens.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. balfourii

N.Robson

Shrub/tree Socotra [40][23][95]
H. bequaertii

De Wild.

Shrub/tree Kenya, Uganda, Zaïre [45][14][35][23]
H. gnidiifolium

A.Rich.

Shrub/tree Ethiopia [40][87]
H. lanceolatum

Lam.

Shrub/small tree Comoros, Réunion [45][15][87][95]
H. madagascariense

(Spach) Steud.

Madagascar St. John's Wort Shrub Madagascar [26]
H. quartinianum

A.Rich.

Shrub/tree Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia, Zaïre [34][35][36][41][87]
H. revolutum

Vahl

Curry Bush Shrub/tree Middle East, Ethiopia, Cameroon [14][66][35][42][87]
H. roeperianum

Schimp. ex A.Rich.

Large-leaved Curry Bush Shrub/tree Limpopo, South Africa [76][38][35][36][87]
H. socotranum

R.D.Good

Socotra St. John's Wort Shrub Socotra [40]
H. synstylum

N.Robson

Shrub Ethiopia, Somalia [45][35]

Sect. Concinna

[edit]

Concinna N.Robson contains one species, H. concinnum, which is commonly known as Goldwire.

H. concinnum is a perennial herb or infrequently a subshrub that grows up to 45 centimeters tall. Its stems are erect or ascend from taproots and have dark glands, and change from 4-lined to 2-lined as the species grows. The leaves are placed opposite, and are decussate and free, with closed lamina. The species is 17-flowered and the flowers are stellate and homostylous, with five petals each. The species has five stamen fascicles and a total of 40-100 stamens.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. concinnum

Benth. (1849)

Goldwire Perennial herb/subshrub California [80][62][106][100][101]

Sect. Coridium

[edit]

Coridium Spach contains six species from with distributions across Europe. Its type species is H. coris.

The species in the section are low dwarf shrubs or perennial herbs that grow up to 60 centimeters tall. The leaves are glabrous or paperlike, with stems that branch from the taproot and that have dark red and black glands. The leaves are three or four-whorled and have one vein. The species have one to many flowers that come from one to six nodes and are stellate and homostylous. They have five sepals, five petals, and three stamen fascicles with a total of 25-60 stamens.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. amblyocalyx

Coustur. & Gand (1917)

Dwarf shrub Crete [45][21][18][13][70]
H. asperuloides

Czern. ex Turcz. (1858)

Perennial herb Russia [45]
H. coris

L. (1753)

Heath-leaved St. John's Wort Low shrub Switzerland and north-western Italy [75][76][13][66][90]
H. empetrifolium

Willd. (1803)

Subshrub Albania, Greece, Crete, East Aegean Islands, Turkey, Libya [14][66][28][60][70]
H. ericoides

L. (1753)

Dwarf shrub Spain, Tunisia, Morocco [51][21][13][14][19]
H. jovis

Greuter (1975)

Dwarf shrub Crete [51][70]

Sect. Crossophyllum

[edit]

Crossophyllum Spach contains 4 species of perennial herbs. Its type species is H. orientale. The other species in the section are H. adenotrichum, H. aucheri, and H. thasium.

Species in Crossophyllum grow to be around 55 centimeters tall. They are glabrous, and their stems are erect from a rooting base. Their flowers also branch from the base and sometimes from intermediate nodes. The species have anywhere from 1 to 50 flowers which are stellate and homostylous. Their stems are narrow and eglandular and have dark black or amber glands on raised lines. The leaves are placed opposite and are free and decussate. The species have 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 3 or 5 stamen fascicles with 10-20 stamens each.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. adenotrichum

Spach (1826)

Kantaron Perennial herb Turkey [50][18][33][23][31]
H. aucheri

Jaub. & Spach (1842)

Perennial herb Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey [50][21][18][13][23]
H. orientale

L. (1753)

Perennial herb Georgia, Turkey, Russia [51][45][14][90][105]
H. thasium

Griesb. (1843)

Perennial herb Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey [50][21][33][27][25]

Sect. Drosocarpium

[edit]

Drosocarpium Spach contains small perennial herbs that are found around the Mediterranean. H. richeri has 3 subspecies.

The species in the section grow up to 80 centimeters tall and are glabrous (except H. rochelii). Their leaves are placed opposite and are decussate and free. The species have anywhere between one and seventy flowers branching from one to three nodes which are stellate and homostylous. The species has five petals that are persistent after flowering and erect but not twisting, three or four stamen fascicles with a total of thirty to eighty stamens, and three to four styles.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. ambiguum

Elliott (1821)

[8]
H. barbatum

Jacq. (1775)

Bearded St. John's Wort Perennial herb Austria, Italy, Balkans [51][21][18][13][105]
H. bithynicum

Boiss. (1849)

Perennial herb Georgia, Turkey (Northern) On stones in Giresun, Turkey [21][18][13][27][19]
H. confusum

Rose (1906)

[21][18][33][34]
H. montbretii

Spach (1836)

Perennial herb Balkans, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Russia [21][14][34][43][95]
H. perfoliatum

L. (1767)

Perennial herb Iberia, North Africa, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey [14][34][28][35][89]
H. richeri

Vill. (1779)

Alpine St. John's Wort Perennial herb Balkans, Switzerland (Alps), Spain (Pyrenees) ''H. richeri'' subsp. ''burseri'' in the Pyrenees Mountains [21][33][34][19][31]
H. rochelii

Griseb. & Schenk (1852)

Perennial herb Balkans [21][18]
H. rumeliacum

Boiss. (1849)

Perennial herb Balkans Botanical specimen in the Botanischer Garten, Frankfurt [80][75][21][19][14]
H. spruneri

Boiss. (1849)

Perennial herb [21][33]
H. trichocaulon

Boiss. & Heldr. (1849)

Perennial herb [21][33][14][70]
H. umbellatum

A. Kern. (1863)

Perennial herb Balkans [21][33]
H. vesiculosum

Griesb. (1843)

Perennial herb Greece, Turkey [21][33][14][25]

Sect. Elodeoida

[edit]

Elodeoida N.Robson contains tall species of annual and perennial herbs. Its type species is H. elodeoides.

The species in the section grow to be up to one meter tall. Their stems are erect or lie flat, sometimes branch out at the base, and are terete. The leaves have dark glands on them and are placed opposite, are decussate, and grow about a centimeter long. The species can have up to fifty flowers, which are homostylous and stellate. They have five petal that remain after flowering and are erect. There are five stamen fascicles are there are a total of nine to sixty stamens with dark anther glands. The seeds are cylindric.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. austroyunnanicum

L.H. Wu & D.P. Yang (2002)

Minnan St. John's Wort Perennial herb [50][73][7]
H. elodeoides

Choisy (1824)

Straight-stemmed St. John's Wort Perennial herb China, Myanmar, India, Bhutan, Nepal [50][63][73][7]
H. hubeiense

L.H. Wu & D.P. Yang (2004)

Perennial herb [50][73]
H. kingdonii

N.Robson (2001)

Perennial herb China, Myanmar, India [50][73][7]
H. petiolulatum

Hook.f. & Thomson ex Dyer (1874)

Perennial herb/annual herb China, India, Southeast Asia [50][73][86]
H. qinlingense

X.C.Du & Y.Ren (2005)

Perennial herb [50][73][107]
H. seniawinii

Maxim. (1881)

Perennial herb [50][34][73][7]

Sect. Graveolentia

[edit]

Graveolentia N.Robson is a diverse section of nine species whose type species is H. graveolens.

Graveolentia is similar to sect. Hypericum but differs in having mature stem internodes with different characteristics, as well as sepals with linear laminar glands and amber anther glands. Species in the section have one to seventy flowers regularly, but can have up to 124 in some circumstances, and they grow from one to four different nodes. The species have five sepals that are free and persistent and stand erect when the plants are in fruit. They also have five petals that are erect and not twisting and lack apiculus. There are also five stamen fascicles with a total of sixteen to ninety stamens.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. collinum

Schltdl. & Cham. (1830)

Wiry perennial herb Mexico [8][23]
H. epigeium

R.Keller (1908)

Wiry perennial herb Mexico, Guatemala [8][2]
H. formosum

Kunth (1822)

Western St. John's Wort Perennial herb Mexico [76][106][43]
H. graveolens

Buckley (1843)

Mountain St. John's Wort Perennial herb Photo near Clingmans Dome [80][75][100][101]
H. macvaughii

N.Robson (2006)

Perennial herb Mexico [51][34]
H. oaxacanum

R.Keller (1923)

Wiry perennial herb/subshrub Guatemala, Mexico [45][34]
H. pringlei

S.Watson (1890)

Perennial herb Mexico [45][2]
H. pseudomaculatum

Bush (1901)

False Spotted St. John's Wort Perennial herb [80][75][99][100][101]
H. punctatum

Lam. (1796)

Spotted St. John's Wort Perennial herb Canada, United States [103][108][104][100][34]

Sect. Heterophylla

[edit]

Heterophylla N.Robson contains a single shrublet, H. heterophyllum, from which the section derives its name.

H. heterophyllum is a shrublet that grows to be up to 25 centimeters tall. It is semi-deciduous and glabrous and lacks dark glands. The stems are 2-lined and are colored cortex green, but their bark is smooth and reddish brown. The leaves are placed opposite and are decussate, sessile, and free. The leaf blades are open or 1-nerved and their glands are linear to punctiform and are dense in the margins but the ventral glands are absent. They have 3-12 flowers that branch from 1-3 nodes and sometimes the lower branches will flower as well., and the flowers are stellate and homostylous. There are five sepals, three styles, and three stamen fascicles with a total of 35-45 stamens.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. heterophyllum

Vent. (1802)

Shrublet [51][45][27][43][105]

Sect. Hirtella

[edit]

Hirtella Stef., not to be confused with the unrelated genus Hirtella described by Linnaeus, is split into two subsections: subsect. Platyadenum and subsect. Stenadum, which have eighteen and eleven species respectively for a total of twenty nine species.

The section contains perennial herbs that grow up to eighty centimeters tall. They are often glaucous and the stems are erect or decumbent, and are rarely rooting (H. hyssopifolium). The stems are 2-lined and usually glandiferous. The leaves are placed opposite, are decussate, sessile, and are usually free. The leaf blades have pale glands but lack ventral glands. The species have few to many flowers that grow from five to fifteen nodes, and sometimes have flowering branches from lower nodes. Their flowers are stellate and homostylous. They have five sepals, five petals that are sometimes tinged red, and around three stamen fascicles with a total of 25-60 stamens. The seeds are cylindrical in shape.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
Subsection Platyadenum
H. amblysepalum

Hochst. (1845)

Perennial herb Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran [50][18][33][27][29]
H. asperulum

Jaub. & Spach (1842)

Perennial herb Iraq [22][23]
H. capitatum

Choisy (1821)

Perennial herb Syria, Turkey [18][27][23][25]
H. hedgei

N.Robson (2010)

Perennial herb [25]
H. helianthemoides

(Spach) Boiss. (1849)

Perennial herb Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan [2][27]
H. hirtellum

(Spach) Boiss. (1849)

Perennial herb Iran, Iraq [26]
H. libanoticum

N.Robson (1970)

Perennial herb [45][29]
H. lydium

Boiss.

Perennial herb [51][33][27][25]
H. lysimachioides

Boiss. & Noë (1854)

Perennial herb Turkey, Iraq, Iran [33][27][25]
H. olivieri

(Spach) Boiss. (1867)

Perennial herb Jordan, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran? [33][27][25]
H. pseudolaeve

N.Robson (1967)

Perennial herb Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan [18][27][25]
H. retusum

Aucher ex Jaub. & Spach (1842)

Perennial herb Syria, Turkey, Iraq [8][18][33][27][25]
H. scabroides

N.Robson & Poulter (1967)

Perennial herb Turkey [22][33][27][25]
H. scabrum

L. (1755)

Perennial herb Middle East, Caucasus, Central Asia, China [109][33][14][34][29]
H. spectabile

Jaub. & Spach (1842)

Perennial herb Turkey, Syria [33][27][43][25]
H. thymbrifolium

Boiss. & Noë (1854)

Perennial herb Turkey [33][27][25]
H. thymopsis

Boiss. (1854)

Perennial herb Turkey [33][27][25]
H. vermiculare

Boiss. & Hausskn. (1888)

Perennial herb Iraq, Iran [26]
Subsection Stenadenum
H. apiculatum

(N.Robson) Sennikov (1993)

Perennial herb Turkey, Transcaucasia, Iran, Central Asia [2][25]
H. apricum

Kar. & Kir. (1842)

Perennial herb Central Asia [45][18][33][27]
H. callithyrsum

Coss. (1852)

Perennial herb Spain, Morocco [13][35]
H. davisii

N.Robson

Perennial herb Turkey, Armenia, Iran [22][18][33][27][25]
H. elongatum

Ledeb. ex Rchb. (1825)

Perennial herb Turkey, Transcaucasia, Iran, Central Asia, China [18][33][27][35][73]
H. hyssopifolium

Chaix (1786)

Perennial herb Spain, France, Italy, Serbia, Bulgaria [21][13][14][19][35]
H. karjaginii

Rzazade (1954)

Perennial herb Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran [2][25]
H. microcalycinum

Boiss. & Heldr. (1849)

Perennial herb Turkey (Antalya, Konya, Isparta, Adana, Hatay) [25]
H. salsolifolium

Hand.-Mazz. (1913)

Perennial herb Turkey [26][33][27][25]
H. sorgerae

N.Robson (1986)

Perennial herb Turkey [22][18][33][27][25]
H. tymphresteum

Boiss. & Spruner (1843)

Perennial herb [2]

Sect. Humifusoideum

[edit]

Humifusoideum R. Keller, also called Pulogensia, contains 6 species. Its type species is H. peplidifolium. H. beccarii has two subspecies: H. beccarii beccarii and H. beccarii steenisii.

Sect. Humifusoideum contains shrubs, subshrubs, and herbs that grow erect or prostrate and grow up to 1.5 meters tall. The shrubs are evergreen and glabrous and usually have dark glands. The stems are either 2-lined or 4-lined and are flattened when the plant is young, they usually lack glands, but rarely have dark glands; they are colored cortex greed or a dark red, while the bark is smooth and colored red-brown. The leaves are placed opposite, are decussate and free, and their blades are entire and either closed or open, with pale glands. The species usually have one flower, but very rarely can have up to ten that come from two nodes. The flowers are stellate and homostylous and have five free sepals that are persistent, five petals that are persistent and spreading, and three to five stamen fascicles with anywhere from ten to eighty stamens. The seeds are cylindric.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. beccarii

N.Robson (1973)

Beccari's St. John's Wort Perennial/annual herb Indonesia (Sumatra, Java) [45][2][23][43][86]
H. nagasawae

Hayata (1973)

Perennial herb/shrublet [110][43][73][7]
H. natalense

J.M. Wood & M.S. Evans

Perennial herb South Africa, Eswatini [45][34][35]
H. nokoense

Ohwi (1937)

Perennial herb [73][7]
H. peplidifolium

A.Rich (1847)

Perennial herb Sub-saharan Africa [36][38][41][39][87]
H. wilmsii

R.Keller (1908)

Perennial herb Zimbabwe, South Africa, Madagascar [45][35][38][95]

Sect. Hypericum

[edit]

Hypericum, sometimes referred to as the "type section" of the genus, contains perennial herbs and very few subshrubs. It contains the type species of the genus, H. perforatum. Subsect. Erecta, with twenty-three species, is the far less studied subsection of the section, while the details of subsect. Hypericum have been much more analyzed. Subsect. Hypericum has eighteen species total, with ten (including the type species) in ser. Hypericum, and eight in ser. Senanensia. The section contains forty-one species in total.

The species in sect. Hypericum grow to be 1.2 meters tall and can grow either erect or prostrate. They are glabrous some have dark glands while others do not. Their stems are 2-lined or 2-winged when young and either remain so or become terete as the plant ages. The leaves are placed opposite or abnormally whorled, are decussate, and are either sessile or pseudopetiolate, as well as being free and persistent. They are up to 70-flowered from one to four nodes, with some lower subsidiary branches. The flowers are stellate and homostylous. The species have 5 persistent sepals, 3 stamen fascicles, and 20-100 total stamens.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
Subsection Erecta
H. asahinae

Makino

Perennial herb Japan [8]
H. elegans

Stephan ex Willd.

Elegant St. John's Wort Perennial herb Russia, Germany, Eastern Europe, Balkans [26][18][13][14][27]
H. erectum

Thunb.

Perennial herb Russia, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China [80][14][78][19][31]
H. furusei

N.Robson

Perennial herb Japan [45]
H. gracillimum

Koidz.

Perennial herb Japan [22]
H. hachijyoense

Nakai

Perennial herb Japan (Honshū) [2]
H. hakonense

Franch. & Sav.

Perennial herb Japan [15][19]
H. kawaranum

N.Robson

Perennial herb Japan (Hokkaidō) [8]
H. kinashianum

Koidz.

Perennial herb Japan (Honshū, Kyūshū) [22]
H. kitamense

(Y.Kimura) N.Robson

Perennial herb Japan (Hokkaidō)
H. kiusianum

Koidz.

Perennial herb Japan (Honshū, Kyūshū, Ryūkyū Islands) [2][19]
H. kurodakeanum

N.Robson

Perennial herb Japan
H. nikkoense

Makino

Perennial herb Japan
H. nuporoense

N.Robson

Perennial herb Japan (Hokkaidō) [2]
H. ovalifolium

Koidz.

Perennial herb Japan
H. pseudoerectum

N.Robson

Perennial herb Japan (Hokkaidō) [26]
H. pseudopetiolatum

R.Keller

Perennial herb Japan [111][112][14][86][7]
H. taihezanense

Sasaki ex S.Suzuki

Perennial herb Taiwan, China, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia [73][7]
H. uniglandulosum

Hausskn. ex Bornm.

Perennial herb [22][18][33][27]
H. vulcanicum

Koidz.

Perennial herb Japan [8]
H. watanabei

N.Robson

Perennial herb Japan
H. yamamotoanum

H.Koidz.

Perennial herb Japan (Hokkaidō) [2]
H. yamamotoi

Miyabe & Kimura

Perennial herb Japan (Hokkaidō) [45]
Subsection Hypericum
Series Hypericum
H. attenuatum

Fisch. ex Choisy (1821)

Perennial herb Russia, China, Mongolia, Korea [34][78][15][31][73]
H. iwate-littorale

H.Koidz. (1937)

Perennial herb Japan (Honshû, Iwate) [26][2]
H. maculatum

Crantz (1763)

Imperforate St. John's Wort Perennial herb Europe, Canada (Introduced) [75][76][81][30][60]
H. momoseanum

Makino (1931)

Perennial herb Japan (Honshû) [8]
H. perforatum

L. (1753)

Common St. John's Wort

Perforate St. John's Wort

Klamath weed

Perennial herb Plant in [[Gironde, France]] [108][79][113][114][115]
H. scouleri

Hook. (1831)

Scouler's St. John's Wort Perennial herb Canada, United States, Mexico [80][62][100][46]
H. tetrapterum

Fr. (1828)

Slender St. John's Wort Perennial herb [76][116][113][81][60]
H. triquetrifolium

Turra (1765)

Wavy-leaved St. John's Wort

Curled-leaved St. John's Wort

Perennial herb [47][28][29][77][70]
H. undulatum

Schousb. ex Willd. (1809)

Flax-Leaved St. John's Wort Perennial herb British Isles, France (Brittany), Iberia, North Africa [116][33][81][60][31]
H. yezoënse

Maxim. (1887)

Perennial herb [50]
Series Senanensia
H. enshiense

L.H. Wu & F.S. Wang (2004)

Perennial herb China (Hubei) [73][7]
H. faberi

R.Keller (1925)

Perennial herb China [73][7]
H. kamtschaticum

Ledeb. (1841)

Perennial herb Russia, Japan [45][14][78][15][19]
H. nakaii

H.Koidz. (1937)

Perennial herb Japan (Hokkaido) [8]
H. oliganthum

Franch. & Sav. (1878)

Perennial herb Korea, Japan [22]
H. pibairense

(Miyabe & Y.Kimura) N.Robson (2006)

Perennial herb Japan (Hokkaido) [2]
H. senanense

Maxim. (1887)

Perennial herb [2]
H. sikokumontanum

Makino (1898)

Perennial herb Japan (Shikoku, Kyūshū) [19]

Sect. Inodora

[edit]

Inodora Stef. contains one species, a shrub called H. xylosteifolium or sometimes H. inodorum.

H. xylosteifolium grows to be approximately 1.5 meters, and is a deciduous plant. It typically has anywhere from 1-7 flowers, which are terminal and sometimes have subsidiary branches. The flowers are 1.5–3 cm in diameter and are stellate and rounded. Its anthers are yellow-orange and its stamen are in fascicles in groups of 10–11.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. xylosteifolium

(Spach) N.Robson (1967)

Turkish Tutsan Shrub [51][45][66][81][105]

Sect. Monanthema

[edit]

Monanthema N.Robson contains 7 species native to eastern Asia. One of its species, H. monanthemum, has two subspecies: H. monanthemum filicaule and H. monanthemum monanthemum.

The section contains small perennial herbs that grow up to 40 centimeters tall. Their stems are erect to prostrate, and are creeping and branching at the base of the plant. They are glabrous and have dark glands on their leaves, seals, and petals. The stems are terete when mature and are normally eglandular, but will very rarely have a few reddish glands. The leaves are opposite, decussate, and sessile or pseudopetiolate. The laminar glands are either pale or black, and can be very dense to almost absent, and are relatively small. The species are normally 1-15 flowered, but in rare cases can have up to 50 flowers. They grow from one or two nodes, with lower subsidiary branches, and are stellate and homostylous. They have five sepals, five petals, five stamen fascicles with 10-45 total stamens, and 2-4 ovaries. The seeds are cylindric and not carinate.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. daliense

N.Robson (2001)

Perennial herb [50][73][7]
H. himalaicum

N.Robson (1977)

Perennial herb [50][63][73][7]
H. ludlowii

N.Robson (1983)

Perennial herb [50][63][73][7]
H. monanthemum

Hook.f. & Thomson ex Dyer

(1874)

Perennial herb [50][14][73][7]
H. subcordatum

(R.Keller) N.Robson (2001)

Perennial herb [50][73][7][26]
H. trigonum

Hand.-Mazz. (1931)

Perennial herb [50][73][7]
H. wightianum

Wall. ex Wight & Arn. (1834)

Perennial herb [50][63][43][73][7]

Sect. Myriandra

[edit]

Myriandra (Spach) R. Keller contains shrubs, shrublets, and perennial herbs that grow to be up to 4.5 m.

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
Subsection Ascyrum
H. crux-andreae

(L.) Crantz

Atlantic St. Peter's Wort Shrub [99][117][118][100][101]
H. edisonianum

(Small) W.P. Adams & N.Robson

Arcadian St. John's Wort Shrub United States [80][75][99][100][101]
H. hypericoides

(L.) Crantz

St. Andrew's Cross Shrub/Wiry shrublet United States, Mexico, Central America [99][117][118][100][101]
H. suffruticosum

W.P. Adams & N.Robson

Pineland St. John's Wort Dwarf shrub United States [80][76][99][118][100]
H. tetrapetalum

Lam.

Four-Petaled St. John's Wort Shrub/Perennial herb United States, Cuba [80][75][76][99][100]
Subsection Brathydium
H. dolabriforme

Vent.

Straggling St. John's Wort Subshrub United States [75][104][76][100][101]
H. myrtifolium

Lam.

Myrtle-leaf St. John's Wort Shrub United States [75][76][99][100][101]
Subsection Centrosperma
H. brachyphyllum

(Spach) Steud.

Coastal Plain St. John's Wort Shrub United States [80][76][99][100][101]
H. chamaenerium

(Spach) Steud.

Roundfruit St. John's Wort [50][2]
H. chapmanii

W.P. Adams

Apalachicola St. John's Wort Shrub United States (Florida) [80][75][76][101][119]
H. densiflorum

Pursh

Dense St. John's Wort Shrub Eastern United States [104][118][63][100][101]
H. exile

W.P. Adams

Florida Sands St. John's Wort Southeastern United States [80][75][99][101]
H. fasciculatum

Lam.

Peelbark St. John's Wort

Sandweed

Shrub United States [80][99][118][100][101]
H. frondosum

Michx.

Cedarglade St. John's Wort Shrub United States [104][99][100][101][66]
H. galioides

Lam.

Bedstraw St. John's Wort Shrub United States [99][117][118][101][66]
H. glomeratum

Small

[22][34]
H. kalmianum

L.

Kalm's St. John's Wort Shrublet United States, Canada [103][108][100][31][120]
H. lissophloeus

W.P. Adams

Smoothbark St. John's Wort Shrub United States [75][76][99][101][85]
H. lloydii

(Svenson) P.B.Adams

Sandhill St. John's Wort Shrub United States [80][75][118][100][101]
H. lobocarpum

Gatt.

Fivelobe St. John's Wort Shrub United States [80][75][76][101][119]
H. nitidum

Lam.

Carolina St. John's Wort Shrub/small tree United States, Cuba, Belize [76][99][118][101][119]
H. opacum

Torr. & A. Gray

[51][34]
H. prolificum

L.

Shrubby St. John's Wort Shrub United States, Canada [104][99][118][100][85]
H. swinkianum

G.Wilh. & L. Rericha

Swink's St. Johns wort Shrub [121][103][34][122]
H. tenuifolium

Pursh

Atlantic St. John's Wort Shrub [118][22][34][119][98]
Subsection Pseudobrathydium
H. buckleyi

M.A.Curtis

Buckley's St. John's Wort Shrub [118][100][101][34][66]
Subsection Suturosperma
H. adpressum

W.P.C. Barton

Creeping St. John's Wort Perennial herb [103][104][76][100][101]
H. apocynifolium

Small

Early St. John's Wort Shrub [76][99][101][34][119]
H. cistifolium

Lam.

Roundpod St. John's Wort Shrub/subshrub [99][118][63][100][101]
H. ellipticum

Hook.

Pale St. John's Wort Perennial herb Canada, United States [103][108][104][100][123]
H. microsepalum

(Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray ex S. Watson

Flatwoods St. John's Wort Shrub [75][76][99][100][101]
H. nudiflorum

Michx. ex Willd.

Early St. John's Wort Shrub [75][99][118][100][101]
H. sphaerocarpum

Michx.

Roundseed St. John's Wort Subshrub/perennial herb ''H. sphaerocarpum'' in a cedar glade in Meigs County, Tennessee [85][76][100][102][120]

Sect. Oligostema

[edit]

Oligostema (Boiss.) Stef. consists of perennial and annual herbs up to 75 cm tall.

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. andjerinum

Font Quer & Pau

Perennial herb Morocco [26][22][18][35][23]
H. australe

Ten.

Southern St. John's Wort Perennial herb [21][124][18][13][47]
H. humifusum

L.

Trailing St. John's Wort Perennial/ biennial/annual herb [125][63][101][81][31]
H. kelleri

Bald.

Keller's St. John's Wort Perennial herb [80][21][19][70]
H. linariifolium

Vahl

Toadflax-leaved St. John's Wort Perennial herb [21][2][81][15][19]
H. repens

L.

Perennial herb [26][33][28][15][35]

Sect. Olympia

[edit]

Olympia (Spach) Nymam contains four dwarf shrubs. Its type species is H. olympicum.

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. auriculatum

(N.Robson & Hub.-Mor.) N.Robson (2010)

Shrub/subshrub [51][22][95][25]
H. lycium

(N.Robson & Hub.-Mor.) N.Robson (2010)

Shrub/subshrub [51][2][126][25]
H. olympicum

L. (1753)

Mount Olympus St. John's Wort Shrub/subshrub Balkans [51][63][77][90][105]
H. polyphyllum

Boiss. & Balansa (1856)

Shrub/subshrub Southeastern Turkey, Syria [80][51][27][15][19]

Sect. Origanifolia

[edit]

Origanifolia Spach contains 13 species of shrub-like perennial herbs. Its type species is H. origanifolium.

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. albiflorum

(Hub.-Mor.) N.Robson

Perennial herb Turkey [50][25]
H. aviculariifolium

Jaub. & Spach

Perennial herb Turkey [21][18][13][27][90]
H. bourgaei

(Boiss.) N.Robson

Perennial herb Turkey [50][25]
H. cymbiferum

Boiss. & Balansa

Perennial herb Turkey [50][25]
H. ichelense

N.Robson

Perennial herb Turkey [50][25]
H. imbricatum

Poulter

Perennial herb Turkey [50][33][27][25]
H. laxiflorum

N.Robson

Perennial herb Turkey [50][25]
H. leprosum

Boiss.

Perennial herb Turkey [50][25]
H. origanifolium

Willd.

Perennial herb Georgia, Syria, Turkey [50][22][27][15][105]
H. papillare

Boiss. & Heldr.

Perennial herb Turkey [50][25]
H. salsugineum

N.Robson & Hub.-Mor.

Perennial herb Turkey [50][18][33][27][25]
H. trachyphyllum

Griseb.

Perennial herb Turkey [50][22][25]
H. uniflorum

Boiss. & Heldr.

Perennial herb Turkey [50][25]

Sect. Psorophytum

[edit]

Psorophytum (Spach) Nyman contains a single species, H. balearicum.

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. balearicum

L. (1753)

Hipérico de las Baleares Shrub/small tree Balearic Islands ''H. balearicum'' at the University of California, Berkeley Botanical Garden [40][127][18][105]

Sect. Roscyna

[edit]

Roscyna (Spach) R. Keller contains 2 species: its type species, H. ascyron, and H. przewalskii. Roscyna was once considered to be its own individual genus which contained only the two species. H. ascyron has two subspecies, H. ascyron ascyron and H. ascyron gebleri.

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. ascyron

L. (1753)

Great St. John's Wort Perennial herb [103][104][108][100][120]
H. przewalskii

Maxim. (1881)

Przewalksi's St. John's Wort Perennial herb China [51][34][43][73]

Sect. Sampsonia

[edit]

Sampsonia N.Robson contains two species: its type species, H. sampsonii, and H. assamicum.

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. assamicum

S.N.Biswas (1971)

Assamese St. John's Wort Perennial herb India [51][128][63]
H. sampsonii

Hance (1865)

Sampson's St. John's Wort Perennial herb China, Japan, Southeast Asia [34][78][129][46]

Sect. Santomasia

[edit]

Santomasia (N.Robson) N.Robson contains a single species, H. steyermarkii.

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. steyermarkii

Standl. (1940)

Unknown Guatemala, Mexico [8][22]

Sect. Taeniocarpium

[edit]

Taeniocarpium Jaub. & Spach contains small wiry perennial herbs up to 1.1 meters tall.

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. armenum

Jaub. & Spach

Perennial herb Eastern Turkey, Armenia [26][22][18][14][23]
H. confertum

Choisy

Perennial herb Turkey to Lebanon, Cyprus [28][15][19][23][25]
H. crenulatum

Boiss.

Dwarf shrub Central Anatolia [50][18][33][23][25]
H. fissurale

Woronow

Cracked St. John's Wort Perennial herb Turkey [40][18][27][24][25]
H. havvae

Güner

Perennial herb Turkey [8][27][25]
H. hirsutum

L.

Hairy St. John's Wort Perennial herb Western Europe [13][113][130][81][30]
H. kotschyanum

Boiss.

Perennial herb Turkey [22][18][33][14][19]
H. linarioides

Bosse

Perennial herb Caucasia, Middle East, Turkey, Russia, Balkans [21][27][15][19][105]
H. malatyanum

Peșmen

Perennial herb Turkey [18][33][27][25]
H. marginatum

Woronow

Perennial herb Turkey [22][18][25]
H. monadenum

N.Robson

Perennial herb Southern Turkey [33][34][27][25]
H. neurocalycinum

Boiss. & Heldr.

Perennial herb Central Turkey [18][27][25]
H. nummularioides

Trautv.

Perennial herb Russia, Georgia, Turkey [18][33][27][25]
H. nummularium

L.

Perennial herb France, Spain, Italy (Extinct) [21][33][19][89][43]
H. peshmenii

Yıld.

Perennial herb Turkey [8][27][25]
H. pruinatum

Boiss. & Balansa

Shrublet/ Perennial herb Turkey, Georgia [22][18][33][27][15]
H. pseudorepens

N.Robson

Perennial herb Turkey [2][25]
H. pulchrum

L.

Slender St. John's Wort Perennial herb Western Europe [80][75][76][14][81]
H. pumilio

Bornm.

Shrublet Turkey [8][22][18][25]
H. saxifragum

N.Robson & Hub.-Mor.

Perennial herb Turkey [26][18][33][27][25]
H. taygeteum

Quézel & Contandr.

Perennial herb Greece [21][18][33][19]
H. theodori

Woronow

Theodor's St. John's Wort Perennial herb Azerbaijan [40]
H. thymifolium

Banks & Sol.

Subshrub Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel [33][27][29][25]
H. vaccinioides

N.Robson

Dwarf shrub Turkey [45][33][25]
H. venustum

Fenzl

Perennial herb Lebanon, Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan [26][18][27][25]

Sect. Takasagoya

[edit]

Takasagoya (Y.Kimura) N.Robson contains deciduous shrubs and shrublets that grow up to 1.5 m tall.

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. formosanum

Maxim. (1881)

Taiwanese St. John's Wort Shrub [75][51][73][7]
H. geminiflorum

Hemsl. (1895)

Shrub Taiwan, Philippines [43][73][86][7]
H. nakamurai

(Masam.) N.Robson (1973)

Shrub [73][7]
H. senkakuinsulare

Hatus. (1973)

Shrub Ryukyu Islands [51][22]
H. subalatum

Hayata (1911)

Shrub [73][110][7]

Sect. Triadenioides

[edit]

Triadenioides Jaub. & Spach contains 7 species. Its type species is H. pallens. H. haplophylloides has two subspecies: H. haplophylloides haplophylloides and H. haplophylloides devollense. The species of the section are found in the mountain ranges of Turkey and the Levant, and several are confined to the island of Socotra.[105]

Triadenioides contains shrubs and shrublets that grow up to 60 centimeters tall. They grow prostrate to erect and the lower parts of the plant are deciduous. Those confined to Socotra lack dark glands, but the species in the Levant have red to black glands on the flower and sometimes leaves or stems.[105] The leaves are either opposite or 3-whorled and are free and either sessile or petiolate. The species have between one and thirteen flowers that are stellate and have one style. They have 5 petals each which are spreading or erect. They have 3 stamen fascicles with many stamens and have 5 sepals.[6]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. fieriense

N.Robson (1993)

Shrub [40][2]
H. haplophylloides

Halácsy & Bald. (1893)

[51][21][131][13][19]
H. musadoganii

Yıld. (2010)

[51][22]
H. pallens

Banks & Solander

Shrublet Turkey, Syria, Lebanon [51][14][27][19][25]
H. scopulorum

Balf.f (1882)

Shrub Specimen (A, left) alongside ''H. toruosum'' (B, right) [40][43][95]
H. ternatum

Poulter (1954)

Shrublet Turkey [45][33][27][25]
H. tortuosum

Balf.f (1882)

Shrub/Shrublet Specimen (B, right) alongside ''H. scopulorum'' (A, left) [40][43]

Sect. Trigynobrathys

[edit]

Trigynobrathys (Y. Kimura) N.Robson contains shrubs and subshrubs as well as annual and perennial herbs that are very diverse in size and shape.

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
Subsection Connatum
H. brasiliense

Choisy

Subshrub/annual herb? Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina [26][34][15][43][93]
H. caespitosum

Cham. & Schltdl.

Perennial/annual herb [[Chile]] [8][23]
H. campestre

Cham. & Schltdl.

Subshrub Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay [45][23][93]
H. caprifoliatum

Cham. & Schltdl.

Subshrub Brazil, Argentina [22][34][15][23]
H. carinatum

Griseb.

Subshrub/annual herb Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay [2][15][23]
H. cavernicola

L.B. Sm.

Subshrub Uruguay [2][23]
H. connatum

Lam.

Subshrub/perennial herb Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia [22][92][23][93][132]
H. cordatum

(Vell.) N.Robson

Subshrub/perennial herb Brazil [26][2][23][43]
H. cumulicola

(Small) P.B. Adams

Highlands Scrub St. John's Wort Perennial herb United States (Florida) [80][99][101][133][134]
H. denticulatum

Walter

Coppery St. John's Wort Perennial herb United States [75][99][14][100][101]
H. denudatum

A. St.-Hil.

Shrub/subshrub Brazil, Argentina
H. erythreae

(Spach) Steud.

Sparse-leaved St. John's Wort Perennial herb United States [75][101][34][119]
H. gramineum

G.Forst.

Grassy St. John's Wort Perennial/annual herb Oceania, Vietnam, China, India, Hawaii [76][63][101][61][46]
H. harperi

R.Keller

Sharplobe St. John's Wort Perennial herb United States [80][75][76][99][101]
H. legrandii

L.B. Sm.

Subshrub Uruguay [22][43]
H. linoides

A. St.-Hil.

Subshrub/annual herb Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay [2]
H. lorentzianum

Gilg ex R. Keller

Subshrub Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay
H. microlicioides

L.B. Sm.

Subshrub Brazil [8]
H. myrianthum

Cham. & Schltdl.

Subshrub Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay [22][15][43]
H. polyanthemum

Klotzsch ex Reichardt

Subshrub Brazil, Uruguay [26]
H. rigidum

A. St.-Hil.

Shrub/subshrub Brazil [24]
H. salvadorense

N.Robson

Subshrub Brazil [2][24]
H. setosum

L.

Hairy St. John's Wort Perennial/annual herb United States [80][75][99][100]
H. silenoides

Juss.

Sangrenaria Perennial/annual herb Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, Argentina [34][92][88][43][93]
H. teretiusculum

A. St.-Hil.

Subshrub Brazil, Paraguay [22][132]
H. ternum

A. St.-Hil.

Subshrub Brazil [45][34]
H. virgatum

Lam.

Sharpleaf St. John's Wort United States [75][101][34][119]
Subsection Knifa
H. anagalloides

Cham. & Schltdl.

Creeping St. John's wort Perennial/annual herb Canada, United States, Mexico [40][76][62][100][101]
H. aphyllum

Lundell

Annual herb Belize [26][23][24]
H. arenarioides

A. Rich.

Annual herb Cuba [8][2][23]
H. boreale

(Britton) H. P. Bicknell

Northern St. John's Wort Perennial/annual herb Eastern Canada, New England [103][104][108][100][135]
H. brevistylum

Choisy

Annual herb Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina [8][92][88][93]
H. canadense

L.

Lesser Canadian St. John's Wort Perennial/annual herb United States, Canada [103][104][100][101][88]
H. globuliferum

R. Keller

Perennial herb Madagascar [2][24]
H. gymnanthum

Engelm. & A.Gray

Clasping-leaf St. John's Wort

Small-flowered St. John's Wort

Annual herb United States, Guatemala [99][21][100][101][120]
H. humbertii

Staner

Perennial herb Uganda, DRC, Rwanda, Burundi [50][35]
H. japonicum

Thunb.

Matted St. John's Wort Annual herb Asia, Oceania [136][61][78][129][132]
H. killipii

N.Robson

Perennial herb Colombia [22][24]
H. lalandii

Choisy

Perennial herb Africa [35][36][137][39][87]
H. majus

(A.Gray) Britton

Greater Canadian St. John's Wort Perennial herb Canada, United States (Introduced to W. Europe) [103][108][104][100][101]
H. moranense

Kunth

Perennial/annual herb Mexico [34][92]
H. mutilum

L.

Dwarf St. John's Wort Perennial/annual herb [103][62][104][120][106]
H. oligandrum

Milne-Redh.

Perennial/annual herb DRC, Zambia, Angola, Namibia [26][35][36][138][42]
H. parvulum

Greene

Sierra Madre St. John's Wort Perennial/annual herb Mexico, Hawaii [80][75][76][101][34]
H. pauciflorum

Kunth

Fewflower St. John's Wort Subshrub/perennial herb Mexico [80][75][76][101][34]
H. paucifolium

S. Watson

Perennial herb Mexico, United States [76][34][92]
H. pedersenii

N.Robson

Wiry shrublet Brazil [8][2]
H. philonotis

Schltdl. & Cham.

Annual herb Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras [50][34][92][43]
H. pleiostylum

C. Rodr. Jim.

Annual herb Brazil [22][126]
H. pratense

Schltdl. & Cham.

Sanguinaria Perennial/annual herb Mexico, Central America [34][88][15]
H. pumilum

Sessé & Moc.

Mexico [26][126]
H. relictum

N.Robson

Subshrub Colombia [2][126][26][24]
H. scioanum

Chiov.

Perennial herb Eastern Africa, DRC [22][35][41]
H. thesiifolium

Kunth

Perennial herb Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia [34][88][15][93]

Sect. Tripentas

[edit]

Tripentas (Casp.) N.Robson contains one long-stemmed perennial herb, H. elodes. Tripentas is sometimes separated into its own genus under the synonyms Elodes (Spach) W. Koch, Martia Sprengel, Perforaria Choisy, Spachelodes Y. Kimura, or Tripentas Casp.

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. elodes

L. (1759)

Marsh St. John's Wort Perennial herb [40][21][61][81][60]

Sect. Umbraculoides

[edit]

Umbraculoides N.Robson contains a single species, H. umbraculoides, for which the section is named. It is closely related to sect. Ascyreia.[139]

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. umbraculoides

N.Robson (1985)

Deciduous shrub Mexico [50][51][8][26]

Sect. Webbia

[edit]

Webbia (Spach) R. Keller contains a large deciduous shrub that can grow up to 4 meters tall.

Binomial Common Name Type Distribution Image References
H. canariense

L. (1753)

Canary Islands St. John's Wort

Granadillo

Shrub/Tree ''H. canariense'' at the Jardín Botánico de Barcelona [80][18][62][101][106]

Extinct

[edit]

Hypericum fossils have been found from the Late Eocene to the present day, with the most commonly found part of the plant being the seeds due to their hardiness. However, a small number of leaves and even pollen have also been found as fossils. The oldest fossil recovered was a seed belonging to the species H. antiquum which was found in Northern Asia. This species is considered to be the common ancestor of the family Hypericaceae.[140]

Binomial Fossil Status Temporal Range Location Distribution References
H. antiquum

Balueva & Nikitin

Seeds Neogene Russia (Siberia) [140][141][139]
H. canatalense

E. Reid

Seeds Pliocene
↓
 		France [141]
H. coriaceum

Nikitin

Seeds Miocene Russia Europe [141]
H. danicum

Friis

Miocene Denmark [142][143][141]
H. foveolatum

Dorof.

Seeds Pliocene
↓
 		Belarus Europe [141]
H. miocenicum

Dorof.

Oligocene–Pliocene [140]
H. holyi

Friis

Middle Miocene
↓
 		Denmark [143][140]
H. rostriformum

Jakub

Seeds Miocene Belarus Europe [141]
H. septestum

Nikitin ex Arbuzova

Miocene Czech Republic, Russia [144][145][141]
H. tertiaerum

Nikitin

Oligocene–Pliocene [140]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Nürk, Nicolai M.; Blattner, Frank R. (2010). "Cladistic analysis of morphological characters in Hypericum (Hypericaceae)". Taxon. 59 (5): 1495–1507. doi:10.1002/tax.595014 – via ResearchGate.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au "Hypericum". The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden. 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  3. ^ a b Robson, N.K.B. (2002-10-31). "Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae) 4(2). Section 9. Hypericum sensu lato (part 2): subsection 1. Hypericum series 1. Hypericum". Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Botany Series. 32 (2). doi:10.1017/s096804460200004x. ISSN 0968-0446.
  4. ^ Nürk, Nicolai M.; Madriñán, Santiago; Carine, Mark A.; Chase, Mark W.; Blattner, Frank R. (2013-01-01). "Molecular phylogenetics and morphological evolution of St. John's wort (Hypericum; Hypericaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 66 (1): 1–16. Bibcode:2013MolPE..66....1N. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.08.022. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 23058779.
  5. ^ "St. John's Wort, Hypericum | AquaPlant". aquaplant.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Nomenclature | Hypericum online". hypericum.myspecies.info. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Xiwen, Li; Robson, Norman (1994). Flora of China (PDF). Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden. pp. 13: 2–35.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an "Hypericum Tourn. ex L." Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 2018-02-05.
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