List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities
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The following is a list of adjectival forms of cities in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these cities.
Demonyms ending in -ese are the same in the singular and plural forms.
The ending -man has feminine equivalent -woman (e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman). The French terminations -ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine; adding 'e' (-oise / aise) makes them singular feminine; 'es' (-oises / aises) makes them plural feminine. The Spanish termination "-o" usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the "-o" and adding "-a". The plural forms are usually "-os" and "-as", respectively.
Adjectives ending -ish can be used as collective demonyms (e.g. the English, the Cornish). So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. the French, the Dutch) provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' /tʃ/ sound (e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify as its -ch is pronounced /k/).
Where an adjective is a link, the link is to the language or dialect of the same name.
Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms also refer to various other things, sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words. Additionally, sometimes the use of one or more additional words is optional. Notable examples are cheeses, cat breeds, dog breeds, and horse breeds.
Note: Many of these adjectivals and demonyms are not used in English as frequently as their counterparts in other languages. A common practice is to use a city's name as if it were an adjective, as in "Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra", "Melbourne suburbs", etc.
Table
[edit]| City | Adjective | Demonym |
|---|---|---|
| Aalborg | Aalborgenser | Aalborgenser |
| Aarhus | Aarhusian | Aarhusian |
| Aberdeen | Aberdonian | Aberdonian |
| Abidjan | Abidjanais | Abidjanais |
| Accra | Accran | Accran |
| Adana | Adanite | Adanite |
| Adelaide | Adelaidean | Adelaidean |
| Addis Ababa | Addis Ababian | Addis Ababian |
| Ahmedabad | Amdavadi | Amdavadi |
| Aguascalientes | Hidrocálido | Hidrocálido |
| Agde | Agathois | Agathois |
| Aix-en-Provence | Aixois | Aixois |
| Albany | Albanian | Albanian |
| Albuquerque | Albuquerquean | Albuquerquean, Burqueño |
| Aleppo | Aleppine | Aleppine |
| Alexandria | Alexandrian | Alexandrine |
| Algiers | Algérois | Algérois |
| Almería | Almerian, Almeriense, Urcitano | Almerian, Almeriense, Urcitano |
| Alpine [which?] | Alpinian | Alpinian |
| Amalfi | Amalfitan | Amalfitan |
| Amman | Ammani | Ammani |
| Ammon | Ammonite | Ammonite |
| Amparo | Amparense | Amparense |
| Amsterdam | Amsterdammer | Amsterdammer |
| Anchorage | Anchorageite | Anchorageite |
| Andong | Andong, Andongite | Andongite |
| Ankara | Ankarite | Ankarite |
| Angeles | Angelino | Angelino |
| Angers | Anjou | Angevin |
| Annapolis, Maryland | Annapolitan | Annapolitan |
| Antakya | Antakyan, Antiochian | Antakyan, Antiochian |
| Antalya | Antalyan | Antalyan |
| Antipolo | Antipoleño | Antipoleño |
| Aosta | Aostan, Aostain | Aostan, Aostain |
| Aqaba | Aqabawi | Aqabawi |
| Arequipa | Arequipeño (m), Arequipeña (f) | Arequipeño (m), Arequipeña (f) |
| Arlington | Arlingtonian | Arlingtonian |
| Armagh | Armachian | Armachian |
| Armidale | Armidilian | Armidilian |
| Ashdod | Ashdodi | Ashdodi |
| Asheville | Ashevillain | Ashevillain |
| Ashkelon | Ashkelonian | Ashkelonian |
| Asmara | Asmaran | Asmaran |
| Asunción | Asunceno | Asunceno |
| Athens | Athenian, Attic[a] | Athenian |
| Atlanta | Atlantan | Atlantan |
| Auckland | Auckland | Aucklander, Jafa |
| Austin | Austonian | Austinite |
| Aydın | Aydinian | Aydinian |
| Bacolod | Bacolodnon | Bacolodnon |
| Bakersfield | Bakersfieldian | Bakersfieldian, Baker |
| Baku | Bakuvian | Bakuvian |
| Balıkesir | Balikesirian | Balikesirian |
| Baltimore | Baltimorean, Baltimorese | Baltimorean, Baltimorese |
| Bandung | Bandungite | Bandungite |
| Bangalore | Bangalorean | Bangalorean |
| Bangkok | Bangkokian | Bangkokian |
| Barcelona | Barcelonian | Barcelonian |
| Barisal | Barisali | Barisali, Borishali, Barisailla, Borishailla |
| Basel | Basler | Basler, Bebbi |
| Bath | Bathonian | Bathonian |
| Baton Rouge | Baton Rougean | Baton Rougean |
| Bedford | Bedfordian (not Bedfordite) | Bedfordian |
| Beersheba | Beersheban | Beersheban |
| Beijing | Beijingese | Beijinger |
| Beirut | Beiruti | Beiruti |
| Belém | Belenense | Belenense |
| Belfast | Belfast, Belfastian | Belfastie, Belfaster, Belfastian, Belfastite |
| Belford Roxo | Belforroxense | |
| Belo Horizonte | Belo-Horizontino | Belo-Horizontino |
| Belgrade | Belgradian | Belgradian, Belgrader |
| Bellinzona | Bellinzonese | |
| Benevento | Beneventan | Beneventan |
| Bengeo | Bengean | Bengean |
| Bergamo | Bergamasque | Bergamasque |
| Bergen | Bergener | Bergenese |
| Berlin | Berliner, Berlinese | Berliner |
| Bern | Bernese | Bernese |
| Béziers | Bitterois | Bitterois |
| Bhopal | Bhopali | Bhopali |
| Birmingham | Brummie | Brummie |
| Birmingham, Alabama | Birminghamian | Birminghamian, Birminghamster, Ham'r |
| Blackburn | Blackburnian | Blackburnian |
| Blois | Blesois | |
| Bnei Brak | Bnei Brakian | Bnei Brakian |
| Bodrum | Bodrumian | Bodrumite |
| Boise | Boisean | Boisean |
| Bologna | Bolognese | Bolognese |
| Bogotá | Bogotano (m), Bogotana (f) | Bogotano (m), Bogotana (f), Rolo (m), Rola (f) |
| Bolgatanga | Guruŋa | Guruŋa |
| Bolton | Boltonian | Boltonian |
| Bordeaux | Bordelais | Bordelais |
| Bossangoa | Bossangoan | Bossangoan |
| Boston | Bostonian | Bostonian, Bostonite, Bostoner, Hubbite |
| Bradford | Bradfordian | Bradfordian |
| Brasília | Brasiliense | Brasiliense |
| Bratislava | Bratislavan | Bratislavan |
| Bremen | Bremer | Bremer |
| Brescia | Brescian | Brescian |
| Brighton | Brightonian | Brightonian |
| Brisbane | Brisbanian | Brisbanite, Brisbanian, Brisvegan (slang), Briswegian (slang) |
| Bristol | Bristolian | Bristolian |
| Brooklyn | Brooklynite | Brooklynite |
| Brussels | Brusseler[1] | Brusseler |
| Bucaramanga | Bumangués (m), Bumanguésa (f), Santandereano (m), Santandereana (f) | Bumangués (m), Bumanguésa (f), Santandereano (m), Santandereana (f) |
| Bucharest | Bucharestian | Bucharester |
| Budapest | Budapestian | Budapester, Budapestian |
| Buenos Aires | Porteño | Porteño |
| Buffalo | Buffalonian | Buffalonian |
| Burlington | Burlingtonian | Burlingtonian |
| Bursa | Bursanese | Bursanese |
| Busan | Busan, Busanian | Busanian |
| Cádiz | Gaditano, | Gaditano |
| Calais | Calais | Calaisiens |
| Cagayan de Oro | Cagayanon | Cagayanon |
| Cairns | Cairnsite | Cairnsite |
| Cairo | Cairene | Cairene |
| Calgary | Calgarian | Calgarian |
| Cali | Caleño | Caleño |
| Cambridge | Cantabrigian [b] | Cantabrigian [b] |
| Cambridge, Massachusetts | Cantabrigian | Cantabrigian |
| Campinas | Campineiro | Campineiro |
| Campo Grande | Campo-grandense | campo-grandense |
| Canberra | Canberran | Canberran |
| Cape Town | Capetonian | Capetonian, Kapenaar |
| Caracas | Caraquenian | Caraqueño (m), Caraqueña (f) |
| Cardiff | Cardiffian | Cardiffian |
| Carlisle | Carlislian | Carlislian |
| Carson City | Carsonite | Carsonite |
| Cartagena | Cartagenero (m), Cartagenera (f) | Cartagenero (m), Cartagenera (f) |
| Carystus | Carystian | Christian |
| Casper | Casperite | Casperite |
| Castlecrag | Castlecragian | Cragman |
| Cebu | Cebuano | Cebuano |
| Changwon | Changwon, Changwonian | Changwonian |
| Charleston (South Carolina) | Charlestonian | Charlestonian |
| Charleston (West Virginia) | Charlestonian | Charlestonian |
| Charlotte | Charlottean | Charlottean |
| Chelmsford | Chelmsfordian | Chelmsfordian |
| Cheltenham | Cheltonian | Cheltonian |
| Chennai | Chennaite | Chennaite |
| Chester | Cestrian | Cestrian |
| Chesterfield | Cestrefeldian | Cestrefeldian |
| Cheyenne | Cheyenneite | Cheyenneite |
| Chiasso | Chiassese | |
| Chicago | Chicagoan | Chicagoan |
| Chichester | Cicestrian | Cicestrian |
| Chilliwack | Chilliwackian | Chilliwackian, Chilliwacker, Chilliwhacko |
| Chittagong | Chittagonian | Chittagonian, Chottogrami, Chatigaiya, Sitainga, Chittagainga |
| Christchurch | Cantabrian | Cantabrian |
| Cincinnati | Cincinnatian | Cincinnatian |
| Cleveland | Clevelander | Clevelander |
| Coimbatore | Coimbatoreian | Coimbatoreian |
| Colchester | Colchester | Colcestrian |
| Columbus | Columbusite | Columbusite |
| Copenhagen | Copenhagener | Copenhagener |
| Córdoba | Cordobés, Cordobense | Cordobés |
| Corinth | Corinthian | Corinthian |
| Cork | Cork | Corkonian, Leesider |
| Coventry | Coventrian | Coventrian |
| Culiacán | Culichi | Culiacanense |
| Cusco | Cusco | Cusqueño (m), Cusqueña (f), Cuzqueño (m), Cuzqueña (f) |
| Curitiba | Curitibano | Curitibano |
| Daegu | Daegu, Daeguite | Daeguite |
| Dalaman | Dalamanian | Dalamanian |
| Dallas | Dallasite | Dallasite |
| Da Lat | Dalatese | Dalatese |
| Dakar | Dakarois | Dakarois |
| Damascus | Damascene | Damascene |
| Darwin | Darwinian[c] | Darwinian[c] |
| Davao | Davaoeño | Davaoeño (masc.) Davaoeña (fem.) |
| Delhi | Delhiite | Delhiite |
| Denizli | Denizlian | Denizlian |
| Denver | Denverite | Denverite |
| Derry | Derry | Derrian |
| Detroit | Detroiter | Detroiter |
| Devonport | Devonportian | Devonportian |
| Dhaka | Dhakai | Dhakai, Dhakaiya, Dhakaite |
| Diyarbakır | Diyarbakirian | Diyarbakirian |
| Dresden | Dresdener | Dresdener |
| Dublin | Dublin | Dubliner, Dub |
| Dubai | Dubaite | Dubaite |
| Duluth | Duluthian | Duluthian |
| Dundee | Dundonian | Dundonian |
| Dunedin | Dunedin | Dunedinite |
| Durango | Durangoan | Duranguense, Durangoan |
| Durban | Durban | Durbanite |
| East Troy | East Trojan | East Trojan |
| Edinburgh | Edinburgensian[d][2] | Embran, Edinburger[e][3] |
| Edmonton | Edmontonian | Edmontonian |
| Eilat | Eilatian | Eilatian |
| El Paso | El Pasoan | El Pasoan |
| Épalinges | Palinsard | Palinsard |
| Epidaurus | Epidaurian | Epidaurian |
| Erzurum | Erzurumian | Erzurumian |
| Eskişehir | Eskishehirian | Eskishehirian |
| Eugene | Eugenean, Eugenian | Eugenean, Eugenian |
| Everett | Everettite | Everettite |
| Exeter | Exonian | Exonian |
| Famagusta | Salaminioti | Salaminioti |
| Fargo | Fargoan | Fargoan |
| Ferrara | Ferrarese | Ferrarese |
| Fethiye | Fethiyennese | Fethiyennese |
| Filettino | Filettinesi | Filettinesi |
| Finchley | Finchleian | Finchleian |
| Florence | Florentine | Florentine |
| Fort Lauderdale | Fort Lauderdaler, Fort Lauderdalian | |
| Fort Wayne | Fort Wayner | |
| Fort Worth | Fort Worthian, Fort Worther | |
| Foz do Iguaçu | Iguaçuense | Iguaçuense |
| Frankfurt | Frankfurter | Frankfurter |
| Fredericton | Frederictonian | Frederictonian |
| Fresno | Fresnan | Fresnan, Fresnoan, Fresnian |
| Galway | Galway | Galwegian |
| Gaza | Gazan | Gazan |
| Gaziantep | Antepian | Antepian |
| Gibraltar | Gibraltarian | |
| Geelong | Geelong | Geelongite, Pivotonian |
| Geneva | Genevan, Genevese, Genfer | Genevan, Genevese, Genfer |
| Genoa | Genoese | Genoese |
| Geoje | Geoje | Geojeite |
| Germiston | Germistonian | Germistonian |
| Ghent | Ghentian | Ghentian |
| Glasgow | Glaswegian | Glaswegian, Weegie[4] |
| Godalming | Godhelmian | Godhelmian, Godalminger |
| Gold Coast | Gold Coast | Gold Coaster |
| Gosford | Gosford | Gosfordian |
| Gothenburg | Gothenburger | Gothenburger |
| Granada | Granadino, Granadí, Iliberitano | Granadino, Iliberitano |
| Grand Rapids | Grand Rapidian | Grand Rapidian |
| Graz | Grazer | Grazer |
| Grenoble | Grenoblois | Grenoblois |
| Guadalajara | Tapatío | Tapatío |
| Guangzhou (Canton) | Cantonese | Cantonese |
| Guayaquil | Guayaquilean | Guayaquilean |
| Guelph | Guelphite | Guelphite[5] |
| Gumi | Gumi, Gumite | Gumite |
| Gwangju | Gwangju, Gwangjuite | Gwangjuite |
| Gyeongju | Gyeongju, Gyeongjuite | Gyeongjuite |
| The Hague | Haguer | Haguer |
| Haifa | Haifan | Haifan |
| Halifax | Haligonian | Haligonian |
| Hamburg | Hamburgian | Hamburger |
| Hamilton (Canada) | Hamiltonian | Hamiltonian |
| Hamilton (New Zealand) | Hamiltonian | Hamiltonian |
| Hanoi | Hanoian | Hanoian |
| Hanover | Hanoverian | Hanoverian |
| Harare | Hararean | Hararean |
| Harbin | Harbinite | Harbinite |
| Harrisburg | Harrisburger | Harrisburger |
| Hartlepool | Hartlepudlian | Hartlepudlian, Monkey hanger |
| Hastings | Hastingite | Hastingite |
| Hastings | Hastinger | Hastinger |
| Hatay | Hatayan (see also, Antakya) | Hatayan (see also, Antakya) |
| Havana | Havanan; Habanero (m), Habanera (f) | Havanan; Habanero (m), Habanera (f) |
| Helsinki | Helsinkian | Helsinkian |
| Ho Chi Minh City | Saigonese | Saigoner |
| Hobart | Hobartian | Hobartian |
| Holon | Holonian | Holonian |
| Hong Kong | Hong Kong, Hongkongish, Hongkongese | Hongkonger, Hongkongish, Honger, Hongkongese, Honkey |
| Honolulu | Honolulan | Honolulan |
| Houston | Houstonian | Houstonian, Houstonite |
| Huelva | Onubense, Huelveño | Onubense, Huelveño |
| Hyderabad | Hyderabadi | Hyderabadi |
| Iloilo | Ilonggo | Ilonggo |
| Incheon | Incheon, Incheoner | Incheoner |
| Indianapolis | Hoosier | Hoosier, Indianapolitan |
| Invercargill | Invercargill | Invercargillite, Invercargillonian |
| Inverness | Invernessian | Invernessian |
| Ipoh | Ipohan, Ipohian, Ipohite | Ipohan, Ipohian, Ipohite |
| Iqaluit | Iqalummiuq, Iqalummiut | |
| Iriga | Irigueño | Irigueño |
| Islamabad | Islamabadi | Islamabadian |
| Itabira | Itabirano (m), Itabirana (f) | Itabirano (m), Itabirana (f) |
| Itapira | Itapirense | Itapirense |
| Istanbul | Istanbulite | Istanbulite |
| Ithaca, New York | Ithacan | Ithacan |
| Izmir | Izmirite, Izmirian | Izmirite, Izmirian |
| Izmit | Izmitite | Izmitite |
| Jacksonville | Jacksonvillian, Jaxon | Jacksonvillian, Jaxon[6] |
| Jaén | Jienense, Jaenés, Aurgitano | Jienense, Aurgitano |
| Jakarta | Jakartan | Jakartanais, Jakartan |
| Jeonju | Jeonju, Jeonjuite | Jeonjuite |
| Jerusalem | Jerusalemite, Yerushalmi | Jerusalemite, Yerushalmi |
| Johannesburg | Johannesburg | Johannesburger, Joburger |
| Joshua, Texas | Joshuan | Joshuan, Joshuvian |
| Juba | Juban | Juban |
| Juiz de Fora | Juiz-forano | Juiz-forano |
| Juneau City/Borough | Juneauite | |
| Kahramanmaraş | Marashian | Marashian |
| Kandy | Kandian | Kandian |
| Kaluga | Kaluzhanin | Kaluzhane |
| Kansas City, Kansas | Kansas Citian[f] | Kansas Citian; Kansas Cityan; Kansas City, Kansan[g] |
| Kansas City, Missouri | Kansas Citian[f] | Kansas Citian; Kansas Cityan; Kansas City, Missourian[h] |
| Karachi | Karachiite | Karachiite |
| Karpasia | Karpasias | Karpasias |
| Kastoria | Kastorian | Kastorian |
| Kayseri | Kayserian | Kayserian |
| Kenosha | Kenoshan | Kenoshan |
| Khulna | Khulna | Khulnaiya, Khulnaite |
| Kingston | Kingstonian | Kingstonian |
| Kingston upon Hull | Hullensian | Hullensian |
| Kitchener | Kitchenerite | Kitchenerite |
| Klerksdorp | Klerksdorpian | Klerksdorper, Klerksdorpian |
| Knoxville | Knoxvillian | Knoxvillian |
| Kocaeli | Kocalian (see also İzmit) | Kocaelian (see also İzmit) |
| Konya | Konyanite | Konyanite |
| Kraków | Krakovian, Cracovian | Krakovian, Cracovian |
| Kuala Lumpur | KLite, KL-ite, Kuala Lumpurian | KLite, KL-ite, Kuala Lumpurian |
| Kuching | Kuchingite | Kuchingite |
| Kyiv | Kyivan, Kievan | Kyivan, Kyyivan, Kievan, Kyivite, Kievite, |
| Lagos | Lagosian | Lagosian |
| Lahore | Lahori | Lahori |
| Lancaster | Lancastrian | Lancastrian |
| La Paz | Paceño | Paceño |
| Larnaka | Larnakade | Larnakade |
| Las Vegas | Las Vegan | Las Vegan |
| Launceston | Launnie/Lonnie[7] | |
| Laval | Lavalois, Lavaloise | Lavalois, Lavaloise |
| Leeds | Leodensian | Leodensian, Loiner |
| Leicester | Leicestrian | Chizzit |
| Leipzig | Leipziger | Leipziger |
| Legazpi | Legazpeño | Legazpeño |
| León | Leonese | Leonese |
| Lexington | Lexingtonian | Lexingtonian |
| Liberal, Kansas | Liberalite | Liberarian, Libertarian, Liberalien |
| Ligao | Ligaoeño | Ligaoeño |
| Lima | Limeño | Limeño |
| Limassol | Lemesouti | Lemesouti |
| Limerick | Limerick | Limerickman, Shannonsider |
| Lincoln | Lincolnite | Lincolnite |
| Linz | Linzer | Linzer |
| Lisbon | Lisboan, Lisboeta | Lisboan, Lisboeta, Lisboner, Alfacinha |
| Liverpool | Liverpudlian, Scouse | Liverpudlian, Scouser |
| Livorno | Leghornese, Livornese | Leghornese, Livornese |
| Locarno | Locarnese | |
| London | Londoner | Londoner, Londonite |
| Londrina | Londrinense | Londrinense |
| Los Angeles | Los Angeleno, Angeleno, Angeleño | Los Angeleno, Angeleno, Ángeleño |
| Louisville | Louisvillian | Louisvillian |
| Luanda | Luandan | Luandan |
| Lucca | Lucchese | Lucchesi |
| Lugano | Luganese | |
| Lusaka | Lusakan | Lusakan |
| Luton | Lutonian | Lutonian |
| Lviv | Lvivite, Lvivian, Leopolitan | Lvivite, Lvivian, Leopolitan, Lemberger, Ukrainian Lvivianyn (m), Lvivianka (f) |
| Lyon | Lyonese, Lyonnais | Lyonese, Lyonnais |
| Macau | Macanese | Macanese |
| Mackay | Mackayite | Mackayite |
| Madrid | Madrilenian, Madrileño | Madrilenian, Madrileño |
| Makati | Makiteño | Makiteño |
| Malacca | Malaccan | Malaccan |
| Málaga | Malagenean, Malagueño, Malacitano | Malagenean, Malagueño, Malacitano |
| Malatya | Malatyan | Malatyan |
| Manaus | Manauara, Manauense | Manauara, Manauense |
| Manchester | Mancunian | Mancunian, Manc |
| Mandaluyong | Mandaleño | Mandaleño |
| Manila | Manileño, Manilan | Manileño |
| Manisa | Manisanian | Manisanian |
| Mantua | Mantuan | Mantuan |
| Maputo | Maputan | Maputan |
| Marathon | Marathonian | Marathonian |
| Mardin | Mardinian | Mardinian |
| Marikina | Marikeño | Marikeño |
| Marmaris | Marmarisian | Marmarisian |
| Marseille | Marseillais | Marseillais |
| Marshall | Marshall,[8][9] Marshallite[i][10] | Marshallite[11][12] |
| Masbate | Masbateño | Masbateño |
| Mersin | Mersinite | Mersinite |
| Mecca | Meccan | Meccan |
| Medellín | Paisa | Paisa |
| Medina | Medinan | Medinan |
| Megara | Megarian | Megarian |
| Melbourne | Melburnian | Melburnian, Melbournite |
| Memphis | Memphian | Memphian |
| Mendrisio | Mendrisiense, Mendrisiotto | |
| Mersin | Mersinite | Mersinite |
| Messina | Messinese | Messinese |
| Mexico City | Capitalino | Capitalino, Chilango, Defeño |
| Miami | Miamian | Miamian |
| Middlesbrough | Smoggie | |
| Milan, Italy | Milanese | Milanese |
| Milan, New York | Milanite, Milaner | |
| Milwaukee | Milwaukeean | Milwaukeean |
| Minsk | Minskite | Minskite |
| Misrata | Misratan | Misratan |
| Minneapolis | Minneapolitan | Minneapolitan |
| Minot | Minotian | Minoter |
| Mississauga | Mississaugan | Mississaugan |
| Missoula | Missoulian | Missoulian |
| Modena | Modenese | Modenese |
| Mogi Guaçu | Guaçuano | Guaçuano |
| Mogi Mirim | Mogimiriano | Mogimiriano |
| Monaco | Monegasque | Monegasque, Monacoan |
| Monrovia | Monrovian | Monrovian |
| Monterrey | Regiomontano | Regiomontano |
| Montevideo | Montevidean | Montevidean; Montevideano (m), Montevideana (f) |
| Montreal | Montrealer | Montrealer, Montréalais |
| Moose Jaw | Moose Jaw | Moose Javians |
| Morphou | Morfitis | Morfitis |
| Moscow, Idaho | Moscowite | Moscowite |
| Moscow, Russia | Muscovite | Muscovite |
| Muğla | Mughlanian | Mughlanian |
| Mumbai | Mumbaikar | Mumbaikar |
| Muncie | Munsonian | Munsonian |
| Munich | Münchner, Münchener | Münchner, Münchener |
| Mymensingh | Mymensinghi | Mymensinghi, Mymensinghiya, Mymensinghiyo |
| Mysore | Mysorean | Mysorean, Mysurinavaru, Mysuriga |
| Naga | Nagueño | Nagueño |
| Nagoya | Nagoyan | Nagoyan |
| Nairobi | Nairobian | Nairobian |
| Nanaimo | Nanaimoite | Nanaimoite |
| Nanjing (Nanking) | Nankinese | Nankinese |
| Napier | Napieran | Napieran, Naperian |
| Naples | Neapolitan | Neapolitan |
| Nashua | Nashuan | Nashuan |
| Nashville | Nashvillian | Nashvillian |
| Nassau | Nassuvian | Nassuvian |
| Navarre | Navarrian | Navarrian |
| Nazareth | Nazarene | Nazarene |
| Nelson | Nelson | Nelsonian |
| Netanya | Netanyan, Netanian | Netanyan, Netanian |
| Newport, Wales | Newportonian | Newportonian, Newporter |
| New Orleans | New Orleanian | New Orleanian, New Orleaner, Yat |
| New York City | New Yorker | New Yorker, Knickerbocker |
| •The Bronx | Bronxite | Bronxite, Bronxer |
| •Brooklyn | Brooklynite | Brooklynite, Trolley Dodger (archaic) |
| •Manhattan | Manhattanite | Manhattanite |
| •Queens | Queensite | Queensite |
| •Staten Island[j] | Staten Islander | Staten Islander |
| Newcastle | Novocastrian | Novocastrian |
| Newcastle upon Tyne | Novocastrian, Geordie | Novocastrian, Geordie |
| Nice | Niçois | Niçois |
| Nicosia | Nicosian | Nicosian |
| Norfolk | Norfolker, Norfolkian | Norfolker, Norfolkian |
| Northampton | Northamptonian | Northamptonian |
| Novara | Novarese | Novarese |
| Nuremberg | Nuremberger, Nürnberger | Nuremberger, Nürnberger |
| Oakbank | Oakbankian | Oakbankian |
| Oakland | Oaklander | Oaklander |
| Oamaru | Oamaru, Oamaruvian | Oamaruvian |
| Oaxaca | Oaxacan | Oaxaqueño |
| Odesa | Odesan, Odesite, Odessan, Odessite | Odesan, Odesite, Odessan, Odessite, Odesyt (m), Odesytka (f) |
| Oklahoma City | Oklahoma Cityan, Oklahoma Citian | Oklahoma Cityan, Oklahoma Citian |
| Omaha | Omahan | Omahan |
| Omak | Omakian | Omakian[13] |
| Ordu | Ordunite | Ordunite |
| Orléans | Orléanais | Orléanais |
| Osaka | Osakan | Naniwakko, Osakan |
| Oshawa | Oshawian | Oshawian |
| Oslo | Oslovian | Oslovian, Osloer |
| Oswestry | Oswestrian | Oswestrian |
| Ottawa | Ottawan | Ottawan |
| Oxford | Oxonian[k] | Oxonian[k] |
| Paddock Lake | Paddock Laker | Paddock Laker |
| Padua | Paduan | Paduan |
| Paducah | Paducahan | Paducahan |
| Paita | Paiteño (m), Paiteña (f) | Paiteño (m), Paiteña (f) |
| Panaji | Panjimite | Ponnjekar, Panjimite |
| Paphos | Paphian | Paphian |
| Palermo | Palermitan | Palermitan |
| Palmerston North | Palmerstonian | Palmerstonian |
| Palmyra | Palmyrene | Palmyrene |
| Paris | Parisian | Parisian |
| Parma | Parmesan | Parmesan |
| Pasig | Pasigueño | Pasigueño |
| Penang | Penangite | Penangite |
| Pescara | Pescarese | Pescarese |
| Perth | Perthert, Perthite, Perthian, Perthling, Perthonality, Pertho, Perthie | Perthert, Perthite, Perthian, Perthling, Perthonality, Perthette |
| Perugia | Perugian | Perugian |
| Peterborough | Peterbourian | Peterbourian |
| Philadelphia | Philadelphian | Philadelphian |
| Phnom Penh | Phnom Penh | Phnom Penher |
| Phoenix | Phoenician, Phoenixer | Phoenician, Phoenixer |
| Pissouri | Pissouriti | Pissouriti |
| Pisa | Pisan | Pisan |
| Pittsburgh | Pittsburgher | Pittsburgher, Yinzer |
| Plymouth | Plymothian | Plymothian, Janner |
| Pohang | Pohang | Pohangite |
| Polmont | Polmontarian | Polmontarian |
| Pompeii | Pompeian, Pompeiian | Pompeian, Pompeiian |
| Ponferrada | Ponferradian | Ponferradian |
| Pont-à-Mousson | Mussipontain | Mussipontain |
| Port-au-Prince | Port-au-Princien | Port-au-Princien |
| Port Harcourt | Harcourtian, Port Harcourtian | Harcourtian, Port Harcourtian |
| Port Moresby | Port Moresbian | Port Moresbian |
| Porto | Portuense | Portuense, Tripeiro |
| Podgorica | Podgorician | Podgorician |
| Porto Alegre | Porto-alegrense | Porto-alegrense |
| Porto Cheli | Porto-Cheliki | Porto-Cheliki |
| Portland | Portlander | Portlander, Portlandite |
| Portsmouth | Portsmouthian | Portsmouthian |
| Prague | Praguer | Praguer |
| Preston | Prestonian | Prestonian |
| Pretoria | Pretoria | Pretorian |
| Pripyat | Pripyatin | Pripyatin |
| Pristina | Prishtinali, Prishtina, Prištinci, Prištevci | |
| Providence | Providentian | Providentian |
| Provo | Provoan | Provoan |
| Puebla | Poblano | Poblano |
| Punta Arenas | Puntarenian | Puntarenian |
| Pylos | Pylian | Pylian |
| Quebec City | Québécois[l] | Québécois[l] |
| Quito | Quitonian | Quiteño (m), Quiteña (f) |
| Rajshahi | Rajshahiyo | Rajshahiya, Rajshahiyo |
| Radnor | Radnorian | Radnorian |
| Raleigh | Raleighite | Raleighite |
| Randall | Randallite | Randallite |
| Rangpur City | Rangpuri | Rongpuri, Rangpuri |
| Reading | Readingite | Readingite |
| Red Deer | Red Deerian | Red Deerian |
| Regina | Regina, Reginan | Reginan |
| Reno | Renoite | Renoite, Riennese, Renal |
| Rethymno | Rethymnian | Rethymnian |
| Reims (Rheims) | Rémois, Cornichon | Rémois |
| Reykjavík | Reykjavikian | Reykjavikian |
| Ribeirão Preto | Ribeirão Pretano | Ribeirão Pretano |
| Richmond | Richmonder | Richmonder |
| Riga | Rigan | Rigan |
| Rio de Janeiro | Carioca | Carioca |
| Rhodes | Rhodian | Rhodian |
| Roanoke | Roanoker | Roanoker |
| Rochester, Kent | Roffensian, Rochesterian | Roffensian |
| Rochester, New York | Rochesterian | Rochesterian |
| Rockford, Illinois | Rockfordian | Rockfordian |
| Rockhampton | Rockhampton | Rockhamptonite |
| Rome | Roman | Roman |
| Roseville | Rosevillian | R osevillian |
| Rotorua | Rotoruan | Rotoruan |
| Rotterdam | Rotter | Rotterdammer |
| Rouen | Rouennais | Rouennais |
| Rye | Ryer | Ryer, Mudhead |
| Sacramento | Sacramentan | Sacramentan |
| Saint Helier | Saint-Helian | Saint-Helian |
| Saint-Étienne | Stéphanois | Stéphanois |
| Saint-Jude, Quebec | Rocquevillois | Rocquevillois |
| Saint Paul | Saint Paulite, St. Paulite | Saint Paulite, St. Paulite |
| St. Petersburg, Florida | Saint Petersburgite | Saint Petersburgite |
| Saint Petersburg, Russia | Saint Petersburgian | Saint Petersburgian, Saint Petersburger, Petersburger |
| Salem | Salemite | Salemite |
| Salerno | Salernitan | Salernitan |
| Salford | Salfordian | Salfordian |
| Salt Lake City | Salt Lake | Salt Laker |
| Salvador | Soteropolitano | Soteropolitano |
| Salzburg | Salzburger | Salzburger |
| Sambalpur | Sambalpuria | Sambalpuria |
| Samsun | Samsunite | Samsunite |
| San Antonio | San Antonian | San Antonian |
| San Diego | San Diegan | San Diegan |
| San Francisco | San Franciscan | San Franciscan |
| San Jose | San Josean | San Josean |
| San José | Josefino/a, San Josefinan | Josefino/a |
| Şanlıurfa | Urfanian | Urfanian |
| Santa Barbara | Santa Barbarian | Santa Barbaran |
| Santa Clarita | Santa Claritan | Santa Claritan |
| Santa Cruz de la Sierra | Cruceño | Cruceño |
| Santa Fe | Santa Fean, Santafesino, -na | Santa Fean, Santafesino, -na |
| Santa Monica | Santa Monican | Santa Monican |
| Santiago | Santiaguinos (m), Santiaguinas (f) | Santiaguinos (m), Santiaguinas (f) |
| São Carlos | Sãocarlense, Carlopolitano | Sãocarlense, Carlopolitano |
| São Luís | Ludovicense | Ludovicense |
| São Paulo | Paulistano | Paulistano |
| Sapporo | Sapporokko | |
| Sarajevo | Sarajevan | Sarajevan |
| Saskatoon | Saskatoon, Saskatonian | Saskatonian, Saskabusher |
| Sault Ste. Marie | Sooite, Saultite | Soos |
| Savannah | Savannian | Savannian |
| Seattle | Seattleite | Seattleite |
| Sendai | Sendaikko | |
| Seoul | Seoulite | Seoulite |
| Serra Negra | Serrano | Serrano |
| Serres | Serrean | Serrean |
| Seville | Sevillian, Sevillano, Hispalense | Sevillian, Sevillano, Hispalense |
| Shanghai | Shanghainese | Shanghainese, Shanghailander |
| Sheffield | Sheffielder | |
| Shillong | nong Shillong | |
| Shkodër | Shkodran | Shkodran |
| Shrewsbury | Salopian | Salopian |
| Side | Sidetan | Sidetan |
| Siena (Sienna) | Sienese, Siennese | Sienese, Siennese |
| Silver Lake | Silver Laker | Silver Laker |
| Singapore | Singaporean | Singaporean |
| Skopje | Skopjan | Skopjan |
| Sligo | Sligonian | Sligonian, Sligoman |
| Slough | Sluff | Sluff |
| Sofia | Sofian | Sofian |
| Solihull | Silhillian | Silhillian |
| Somers | Somersite | Somersite |
| Sorrento | Sorrentine | Sorrentine |
| Sorsogon | Sorsoganon | Sorsoganon |
| Southampton | Sotonian | Sotonian |
| Soweto | Sowetan | Sowetan |
| Sparta | Spartan | Spartan |
| Spokane | Spokanite | |
| Spoleto | Spoletian | Spoletian, Spoletini |
| Springfield, Illinois | Springfielder | |
| Springfield, Missouri | Springfieldian | Springfieldian |
| St. Louis | St. Louisan, Saint Louisan | St. Louisan, Saint Louisan |
| Stockholm | Stockholmer | Stockholmer |
| Strasbourg | Strasbourgeois | Strasbourgeois |
| Stuttgart | Stuttgarter | Stuttgarter |
| Sunderland | Mackem | |
| Sunshine Coast | Sunshine Coast | Sunshine Coaster |
| Suzhou | Suzhounese | Suzhounese |
| Swansea | Jack | Jack |
| Swindon | Swindonian | Swindonian |
| Sydney | Sydnese | Sydneysider, Sydnese |
| Sylhet | Sylheti | Sylheti, Siloti, Sileti |
| Syracuse, Italy | Syracusan | Syracusan |
| Syracuse, New York | Syracusian | Syracusian |
| Tabaco | Tabaqueño | Tabaqueño |
| Tacna | Tacneño (m), Tacneña (f) | Tacneño (m), Tacneña (f) |
| Tacoma | Tacoman | Tacoman |
| Taguig | Taguigeño | Taguigeño |
| Tallahassee | Tallahasseean | Tallahasseean |
| Tallinn | Tallinner | Tallinner |
| Tampa | Tampan, Tampanian, Tampeño | Tampan, Tampanian, Tampeño (m), Tampeña (f)[14] |
| Tartu | Tartuan | Tartuan |
| Taranto | Tarantine, Tarentine | Tarantine, Tarentine |
| Taunton | Tauntonian | Tauntonian |
| Tauranga | Taurangan | Taurangian, Taurangan |
| Tbilisi | Tbilisian | Tbilisian, Tbiliselebi |
| Tehran | Tehrani, Tehranis[15][circular reference] | Tehrani |
| Tekirdağ | Tekirdanian | Tekirdaninan |
| Tel Aviv | Tel Avivian | Tel Avivi, Tel Avivian |
| Thebes | Theban | Theban |
| Thessaloniki | Thessalonian | Thessalonian |
| Thunder Bay | Thunderbite | |
| Timaru | Timaru, Timaruvian | Timaruvians |
| Tirana | Tiranas, Tirano (Italian) | Tirons |
| Tokyo | Edokko, Tokyoite | |
| Toowoomba | Toowoomban | Toowoomban |
| Toronto | Torontonian | Torontonian[16] |
| Toulouse | Toulousian | Toulousian |
| Tournai | Tournaisian | Tournaisian |
| Townsville | Townsvillian | Townsvillian |
| Trabzon | Trabzonian, Trebizonian, Trapezian, Trapezuntine | Trabzonian, Trebizonian, Trapezian, Trapezuntine |
| Traverse City | Traverse Citian | Traverse Citian |
| Trevor | Trevorite | Trevorite |
| Trent | Tridentine | Tridentine |
| Trieste | Triestine | Triestine |
| Tripoli, Greece | Tripolitano | Tripolitano |
| Tripoli, Libya | Tripolitan | Tripolitan |
| Trois-Rivières, Guadeloupe | Trois-rivieran | Trois-rivieran |
| Trois-Rivières, Quebec | Trifluvien, Trifluvienne, Trifluvian | Trifluvien, Trifluvienne, Trifluvian |
| Tucson | Tucsonian | Tucsonian, Tucsonan |
| Tulsa | Tulsan | Tulsan |
| Tunis | Tunisois | Tunisois |
| Turin | Turinese | Turinese |
| Twin Lakes | Twin Laker | Twin Laker |
| Tyre | Tyrian | Tyrian |
| Uberlândia | Uberlandense | Uberlandense |
| Ulsan | Ulsan, Ulsanian | Ulsanian |
| Vacaville | Vacavillian | Vacavillian |
| Valencia | Valencian | Valencian |
| Valladolid | Vallisoletano, Pucelano, Pinciano | Vallisoletano, Pucelano, Pinciano |
| Valparaíso | Porteño (m), Porteña (f) | Porteño (m), Porteña (f) |
| Van | Vanian | Vanian |
| Vancouver, British Columbia | Vancouverite | Vancouverite |
| Vancouver, Washington | Vancouverite | Vancouverite |
| Venice | Venetian | Venetian |
| Veracruz | Veracruzano | Veracruzano, Jarocho |
| Verona | Veronese | Veronese |
| Vicenza | Vicentine | Vicentine |
| Vichy | Vichyssois | Vichyssois |
| Victoria | Victorian | Victorian |
| Vienna | Viennese, Wiener | Viennese, Wiener |
| Villanova | Villanovan | Villanovan |
| Ville Platte | Ville Platian | Ville Platian |
| Vilnius | Vilnian | Vilnian |
| Vizag | Vizagite | Vizagite |
| Waco | Wacoite | Wacoite |
| Warangal | Warangalite | Warangalite |
| Warsaw | Varsovian | Varsovian |
| Washington, D.C. | Washingtonian[m] | Washingtonian[m] |
| Waterbury, Connecticut | Waterburian | Waterburian |
| Waterford | Waterfordian | Waterfordian, Déise, Suirsider |
| Waterloo | Waterluvian | Waterluvian |
| Wellington | Wellington, Wellingtonian | Wellingtonian |
| Wheatland | Wheatlander | Wheatlander |
| Whitehorse | Whitehorser, Whitehorsian | Whitehorser, Whitehorsian |
| Wichita | Wichitan | Wichitan |
| Wilmot | Wilmotter | Wilmotter |
| Winchester | Wintonian | |
| Winnipeg | Winnipegger, Winnipeger | |
| Wolverhampton | Wulfrunian | |
| Wythenshawe | Wythenshavian | Wythenshavian |
| Xalapa | Xalapeño | Xalapeño |
| Xanthi | Xanthian | Xanthian |
| Yellowknife | Yellowknifer | Yellowknifer |
| Yeosu | Yeosu, Yeosuite | Yeosuite |
| Yerevan | Yerevantsi | Yerevantsi |
| Yogyakarta | Yogyakartan, Jogjan | Yogyakartan, Jogjan |
| Yokohama | Yokohaman | Hamakko[17] |
| York | Yorkie, Old Yorker | |
| Zacatecas | Zacatecan | Zacatecano |
| Zagreb | Zagrebian | Zagreber, Zagrebian |
| Zamboanga | Zamboangueño | Zamboangueño |
| Zaragoza | Zaragozan, Saragossan | Zaragoazan, Saragossan |
| Zonguldak | Zonguldaki | Zonguldakian |
| Zintan | Zintani | Zintani |
| Zurich | Zuricher, Zürcher | Zuricher, Zürcher |
| Zwolle | Zwollenaar | Zwollenaar |
Notes:
| ||
See also
[edit]
- Demonym
- List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for astronomical bodies
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for continental regions
- List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Australia
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Canada
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for India
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Malaysia
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Mexico
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for New Zealand
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for the Philippines
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for the United States
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for former regions
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for fictional regions
- List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
- Lists of city nicknames
References
[edit]- ^ "Discover the vision of International Brusselers for the future of Brussels!". Brussels Voice '23. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
- ^ "Edinburgensian - Google Search". www.google.com.
- ^ "Google Books Ngram Viewer". books.google.com. Archived from the original on 2023-03-28. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ^ Erskine, Rosalind (18 September 2019). "Baffie to Weegie: 18 Scottish words that are now in the dictionary - and their meaning". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
- ^ "City of Guelph". Archived from the original on 2017-07-15. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
- ^ "Call Box". The Florida Times-Union. April 26, 2000. Archived from the original on October 11, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
- ^ "Launnie tallies the most votes, Lonnie loses". examiner.com.au. 2020-01-17. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
- ^ "Marshall ISD". www.marshallisd.com. Archived from the original on 2023-03-16. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ^ "Marshall Regional Arts Council". Marshall Regional Arts Council. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2021-03-25.
- ^ "Gustavia Tippins - View Obituary & Service Information". Gustavia Tippins Obituary. Archived from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2021-03-25.
- ^ "Marshallite's Brother Dies". March 7, 1960. p. 2. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Col. Shaunte Y. Cooper achieves high honor as first African American Colonel for 147th Attack Wing". Texas Military Department. Archived from the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2021-03-25.
- ^ Clark, Doug (March 26, 1996). "Town Tradition Goads Residents Into Donations". The Spokesman-Review. Cowles Publishing Company. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ "Are you a Tampan, Tampanian or Tampeño?". Archived from the original on 2019-01-21. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
- ^ List of people from Tehran[circular reference]
- ^ Street, Hudson (September 13, 1911). "Old Torontonian: If He Likes Toronto So Much, Why Live Here?". The New York Times. p. 8. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
- ^ Yokohama City Central Library [in Japanese] (28 December 2013). "「はまっこ」の定義が知りたいです。横浜のどこで生まれると「はまっこ」なのでしょうか?". National Diet Library. Archived from the original on 2018-07-29. Retrieved 2018-07-29.