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List of banks and credit unions in Canada

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Main article: Banking in Canada

The main Montreal branch of the Bank of Montreal, Canada's oldest bank.
Toronto's financial district

This is a list of banks in Canada, including chartered banks, credit unions, trusts, and other financial services companies that offer banking services and may be popularly referred to as "banks".

Largest banks

[edit]

Big Five

[edit]

The top five Canadian banks are collectively referred to as the "Big Five" due to their dominant position and significant influence within the country's banking and financial industry. This term has been used for many years to characterize these major banks, and it highlights their substantial market share and impact on Canada's economy. The financial sector of Canada is especially concentrated in these banks, which has been seen as a result of protectionist policies of the government and the country's small and dispersed population. These banks grew at an extraordinary rate of 10.7 percent per year, on average, from 2008 to 2018 compared with 3.64 percent for the five largest U.S. banks.[1] While most Canadian banks operate only within Canada, the Big Five are best described as Canadian multinational financial conglomerates that each have a large Canadian banking division.[2]

Bank name Commonly known as Institution No Market capitalization (2023) (CAD) (Billions) Revenue (2023) (CAD) (Billions) Net income (2023) (CAD) (Billions) Employees (FTE) Source
Royal Bank of Canada RBC 003 $187.21 $53.66 $14.86 95,000+ [3][4]
Toronto-Dominion Bank TD 004 $154.21 $49.20 $10.78 103,257 [5]
Bank of Montreal BMO 001 $93.86 $29.02 $4.37 55,767 [6]
Bank of Nova Scotia Scotiabank 002 $76.32 $29.25 $7.41 89,483 [7]
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce CIBC 010 $59.31 $21.31 $5.00 48,074 [8]

Big Six

[edit]

National Bank of Canada, which began as a regional bank in Quebec but expanded nationally, is the sixth largest Canadian bank.[9] In 2022, Canada’s Big Six held about 93% of all banking assets in the country. It is the same share they held a decade earlier, and a decade before that.[10] RBC’s $13.5-billion takeover of HSBC’s Canadian division, announced in November 2022, will see it receive around $134 billion in HSBC assets[11] and would increase the 93% share of assets the Big Six have to almost 95%.[10]

Name Also known as Institution No Market capitalization (2023) (CAD) (Billions) Revenue (2023) (CAD) (Billions) Net income (2023) (CAD) (Billions) Total assets (2023) (CAD) (Billions) Employees (FTE) Source
National Bank of Canada NBC 006 $29.2 $10.2 $3.34 $424 31,243 [12]

Other large banks (excluding Big Six)

[edit]
Name Also known as Institution No Market capitalization (2023) (CAD) (Billions) Revenue (2023) (CAD) (Billions) Net income (2023) (CAD) (Millions) Total assets (2023) (CAD) (Billions) Employees (FTE) Source
Equitable Bank EQ Bank 623 $3.30 $0.785 $270 $103 1,685 [13][14]
Laurentian Bank Laurentian Bank 039 $1.18 $1.03 $181 $49.9 3,000 [15][16]

Importance of Canada's financial institutions

[edit]

Domestic systemically important bank (D-SIB)

[edit]

A domestic systemically important bank (D-SIB) is a bank that could disrupt the domestic economy should it fail. Canada's Big Six are designated as D-SIBs. D-SIBs are so important to the functioning of the financial system and the economy that they cannot be wound up under a conventional bankruptcy and liquidation process should they fail. The failure of any one of Canada’s D-SIBs, with the potential loss of financial services, even for a short period of time, could have a serious impact on Canada’s economy.[17]

Desjardins

[edit]

The Autorité des marchés financiers, which oversees Quebec’s financial sector, designated Desjardins Group as a D-SIB.[18]

Global systemically important bank (G-SIB)

[edit]

A global systemically important bank is a bank whose systemic risk profile is deemed to be of such importance that the bank’s failure would trigger a wider financial crisis and threaten the global economy. The Basel Committee has developed a formula for determining which banks are G-SIBs, deploying criteria including size, interconnectedness and complexity. National regulators subject banks determined to be G-SIBs to stricter prudential regulation such as higher capital requirements and extra surcharges, or more stringent stress tests.[19]

In Canada, the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions designated Royal Bank of Canada and Toronto-Dominion Bank as G-SIBs as well as D-SIBs.[20][17]

[edit]

Banks in Canada are classified by their ownership as domestic banks, subsidiaries of foreign banks, or branches of foreign banks. For a greater explanation of the classifications, see Banking in Canada and Bank Act (Canada).

Schedule I banks (domestic banks)

[edit]

Under the Bank Act, Schedule I are banks that are not a subsidiary of a foreign bank, even if they have foreign shareholders. There are 35 domestic banks, including 3 federally regulated Credit Unions as of 8 March 2024.[21]

Bank Established Headquarters Ownership Notes
B2B Bank 2012 Toronto Owned by Laurentian Bank of Canada. Prior to reorganization in 2012, was known as "B2B Trust".
Bank of Montreal 1817 Montreal Public company, part of Big Five. its head office remains in Montreal, the operational headquarters and executive offices have been located in Toronto, Ontario since 1977
Bank of Nova Scotia 1832 Toronto Public company, part of Big Five. Operating as "Scotiabank".
Bridgewater Bank 1997[22] Calgary Wholly-owned subsidiary of the Alberta Motor Association (AMA)
Caisse populaire acadienne ltée 1946 Caraquet, New Brunswick Federal Credit Union, member owned. On 1 July 2016, UNI Financial Cooperation became the first federally chartered credit union.
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce 1961 Toronto Public company, part of Big Five. Formed by the merger of two banks founded in 1867 and 1873. Also includes Simplii Financial direct banking branch operation that was found in the late 1990s as a strategic partnership between PC Financial and CIBC until 2017 when it was rebranded as Simplii Financial.
Canadian Tire Bank 2003 Oakville, Ontario Owned by company Canadian Tire.
Canadian Western Bank 1988 Edmonton Public company, regional bank. Formed through the 1988 merger of two banks: the Bank of Alberta (founded 1984), and the Western & Pacific Bank of Canada (founded 1982).
Coast Capital Savings Federal Credit Union 1940 Surrey, British Columbia Federal Credit Union, member owned. From 17 October – 28 November 2016, a vote was held for members on whether or not Coast Capital Savings should become a federal credit union
Concentra Bank 2017 Saskatoon Provides wholesale banking and trusts to Canada's credit union system
Bought by EQ Bank
CS Alterna Bank 2000 Ottawa Owned by the credit union Alterna Savings.
Digital Commerce Bank 2007 Calgary Previously known as DirectCash Bank.[23] Arms-length relationship with DirectCash Payments Inc.[24]
Equitable Bank 2016 Toronto Public company, regional bank. Originally founded as a trust company named The Equitable Trust Company in Hamilton, Ontario in 1970. In 2013, the Equitable Trust Company was granted a Schedule I chartered bank license and became Equitable Bank.[25] Equitable Bank launched a direct banking operation branded as EQ Bank on 14 January 2016, which was Canada's first digital bank born in the mobile age.
Exchange Bank of Canada 2016 Toronto Subsidiary of Currency Exchange International Corp.[26] Provides foreign currency services to financial institutions and businesses.
Fairstone Bank of Canada 2009 Toronto Incorporated as DuoBank under Schedule 2 (foreign-owned, deposit-taking) of the Bank Act in 2009;[27] reclassified under Schedule 1 (domestic-owned, deposit-taking)[28][29][30] following completion of the sale by Walmart Canada to First National co-founder Stephen Smith and private equity firm Centerbridge Equity Partners, L.P. in April 2019.[31] DuoBank acquired Fairstone Financial Inc in 2021 and rebranded as Fairstone Bank of Canada in 2022.[32]
First Nations Bank of Canada 1996 Saskatoon First Canadian chartered bank to be independently controlled by Indigenous shareholders.
General Bank of Canada 2005 Edmonton Schedule 1 bank that primarily offers indirect auto financing for consumers through its retail portfolio as well as large commercial loans and aviation financing.[33]
Haventree Bank 2018 Toronto Founded in 1990; private bank specializing in alternative mortgage programs and insured GIC deposits.[34]
Home Bank 2015 Toronto Owned by the trust company Home Trust Company. Owns Oaken Financial, which are both owned by Home Capital Group. Home Bank began as CFF Bank, which was formed through acquisition of MonCana Bank by Canadian First Financial.[35] CFF Bank became Home Bank in August 2016.[36]
HomeEquity Bank 2009 Toronto Privately held by equity firm Birch Hill Equity Partners Founded in 1986 as the Canadian Home Income Plan Corporation. HomeEquity Bank is the first Canadian bank to offer reverse mortgages to Canadian homeowners aged 55 and over. On 13 October 2009, HomeEquity Bank was recognized as a Schedule 1 Canadian Bank.
Innovation Federal Credit Union 2007 Swift Current Member owned. Received approval to begin operating as Innovation Federal Credit Union effective June 23, 2023.
Laurentian Bank of Canada 1846 Montreal Public company, regional bank. Operations are mainly in Quebec
Manulife Bank of Canada 1993 Toronto Owned by the insurance company Manulife Financial Corporation.
Motus Bank 2019 Toronto Owned by the credit union Meridian Credit Union.
National Bank of Canada 1859 Montreal Public company, regional bank. Operations are mainly in Quebec
Peoples Bank of Canada 2020 Vancouver Owned by the trust company Peoples Group.
President's Choice Bank 1996 Toronto Owned by company Loblaw Companies. All PC Financial mortgages, loans, investments, and bank accounts were transferred to CIBC's new direct banking brand Simplii Financial effective 1 November 2017.[7] PC Financial's credit card and insurance products were unaffected by the decision, and continued to be offered by subsidiaries of Loblaw Companies.
RFA Bank of Canada 2017 Toronto Previously known as Street Capital Bank of Canada.[37] Granted schedule 1 status in December 2016. Commenced operations on 1 February 2017.[38]
Rogers Bank 2013 Toronto Owned by company Rogers Communications.
Royal Bank of Canada 1864 Montreal Public company, part of Big Five. [39]
Tangerine Bank 2013 Toronto Owned by Scotiabank. Formerly ING Direct Canada, purchased by Scotiabank in November 2012,[40] and name was changed to Tangerine in spring 2014.[41]
Toronto-Dominion Bank (The) 1955 Toronto Public company, part of Big Five. Operating as "TD Canada Trust". Formed by the merger of two banks founded in 1855 and 1869.
Vancity Community Investment Bank 1997 Vancouver Owned by the credit union Vancity. Previously known as Citizens Bank of Canada. Now a non-deposit taking bank; it no longer offers savings and loans products.[42]
VersaBank 1980 London, Ontario Public company, regional bank. Originally founded as a trust company named Pacific & Western Trust Corporation in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan in 1980. It later moved its head offices to London, Ontario. On 1 August 2002, it was granted a Schedule I chartered bank licence and became Pacific & Western Trust Bank of Canada before finally changing its name to VersaBank in 2016.
Wealth One Bank of Canada 2015 Toronto Focus on providing services to Chinese-Canadians. It provides banking services online and through retail offices in Toronto, Ontario, and in Vancouver, British Columbia.
Place Ville-Marie is the home to the Montreal offices of the Royal Bank of Canada

Schedule II banks (subsidiaries of foreign banks)

[edit]
The Toronto branch of the Bank of China (Canada).

Schedule II banks are banks allowed to accept deposits and which are subsidiaries of a foreign bank. As of March 2024, there were 15 of these banks in Canada.[21]

Bank Parent Country Notes
AMEX Bank of Canada  USA
Bank of China (Canada)  China Previously a Schedule III representative office.
Cidel Bank Canada  Barbados
Citco Bank Canada  Netherlands
Citibank Canada  USA
CTBC Bank Corp. (Canada)  Taiwan
Habib Canadian Bank   Switzerland
HSBC Bank Canada  UK Acquired by RBC successfully with closing date of 28 March 2024.
ICICI Bank Canada  India
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Canada)  China
J.P. Morgan Bank Canada  USA
KEB Hana Bank Canada  South Korea Formerly Korea Exchange Bank of Canada.
SBI Canada Bank  India
Shinhan Bank Canada  South Korea
UBS Bank (Canada)   Switzerland

Schedule III banks (branches of foreign banks)

[edit]

Full service

[edit]

The following banks are not authorized to accept deposits in Canada of less than $150,000. As of August 2016, there were 28 such banks in Canada.[21]

Bank Parent Country Notes
Bank of America, National Association  USA
Bank of China Limited  China
Bank of New York Mellon, (The)  USA
Barclays Bank PLC  UK
Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., (The)  Japan
BNP Paribas  France
Capital One Bank (USA), N.A.  USA
China Construction Bank  China
Citibank, N.A.  USA
Comerica Bank  USA
Deutsche Bank AG  Germany
Fifth Third Bank National Association  USA
First Commercial Bank  Taiwan [43]
JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association  USA
M&T Bank  USA
Maple Bank GmbH  Germany Holding group is based in Canada but chartered through a subsidiary German bank.[44] In liquidation.
Mega International Commercial Bank Co., Ltd.  Taiwan
Mizuho Bank, Ltd., Canada Branch  Japan
MUFG Bank, Ltd.  Japan
Northern Trust Company, Canada Branch (The)  USA
PNC Bank, National Association  USA
Rabobank Nederland  Netherlands
Société Générale (Canada Branch)  France
State Street  USA
Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Canada Branch  Japan
U.S. Bank National Association  USA
United Overseas Bank Limited  Singapore
Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, Canadian Branch  USA

Lending only

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The following banks are prohibited from accepting deposits or borrowing money except from financial institutions. There were four such banks in Canada as of August 2016.[21]

Government-owned financial institutions

[edit]
The Bank of Canada Building in Ottawa is the headquarters of the country's central bank.

Credit unions

[edit]
Branch of Affinity Credit Union in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
The executive headquarters of the Desjardins Group in Montreal.
See also: credit union

Canada has a strong co-operative financial services sector, which consists of credit unions (caisses populaires in Quebec and other French speaking regions). At the end of 2001, Canada's credit union sector consisted of 681 credit unions and 914 caisses populaires, with more than 3,600 locations and 4,100 automated teller machines.[45] By the end of 2019, consolidation reduced this number to 251 credits unions and caisses populaires outside Quebec, according to the Canadian Credit Union Association (CCUA).[46][47][48] Canada has the world's highest per capita membership in the credit union movement, with over 10 million members, or about one-third of the Canadian population. While the sector is active in all parts of the country, it is strongest in the western provinces and in Quebec. In Quebec 70 per cent of the population belongs to a caisse populaire, while in Saskatchewan close to 60 per cent belongs to a credit union.

Credit unions outside Quebec

[edit]

As of 31 December 2022, the 208 credit unions and caisses populaires outside Quebec reported combined assets of $308.9 billion:[49]

Credit Union Province Assets Members Locations
Vancity BC 28,298,424,745 535,155 54
Meridian Credit Union ON 26,155,667,000 382,355 92
Coast Capital Savings BC 22,130,514,640 597,681 45
Servus Credit Union AB 18,338,460,000 384,893 105
First West Credit Union BC 13,304,223,000 249,543 47
Access Credit Union MB 10,759,971,657 177,605 54
Desjardins Ontario Credit Union ON 10,756,224,987 134,541 46
Steinbach Credit Union MB 9,123,840,600 106,173 3
Alterna Savings ON 7,581,600,000 193,109 46
Affinity Credit Union SK 7,226,192,926 129,541 56
ConnectFirst Credit Union AB 7,216,582,000 132,410 44
DUCA Credit Union ON 6,936,459,987 92,340 17
Prospera Credit Union BC 6,935,325,000 116,353 26
Conexus Credit Union SK 6,760,855,894 137,033 30
Assiniboine Credit Union MB 6,108,445,485 141,475 19

Desjardins

[edit]

Most credit unions in Quebec (and some outside the province) are part of a network which operates as the Desjardins Group. Desjardins Group owns and operates a range of subsidiaries, including a securities brokerage, a venture capital firm, and a bank based in Florida.[50]

As of 25 December 2023, Desjardins Group's consolidated assets totalled $407 billion CAD.[51]

Name Institution No Total assets (2023) (CAD) (Billions) Employees (FTE) Source
Desjardins 815 $407 58,774 [14]

Defunct and merged banks

[edit]
The Bank of British North America, on Yonge Street in Toronto.
The former Bank of New Brunswick Building in Saint John.
Former Molson Bank head office, Montreal
Bank Established Defunct Comments
Accommodation Bank of Kingston 1830s ? Issued banknotes in the 1830s.[52]
Agricultural Bank of Toronto 1834 1837 Founded as Truscott, Green & Company, a private bank, before renaming. Failed.[53]
Amicus Bank 1999 2003 Dissolved into the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce
Arman's Bank of Montreal 1830s ? Existed in the 1830s.[54]
Bank of Acadia 1872 1873 Failed.[55]
Bank of Alberta 1984 1988 Merged with the Western & Pacific Bank of Canada to become Canadian Western Bank.
Bank of Brantford 1850s ? Issued banknotes in the 1850s.[56]
Bank of British Columbia (1st) 1862 1901 Merged into the Canadian Bank of Commerce.[57]
Bank of British Columbia (2nd) 1966 1986 Assets acquired by HSBC Canada.
Bank of British North America 1836 1918 Merged into the Bank of Montreal.[58]
Bank of Canada (1st) 1818 1831 Merged into the Bank of Montreal.[59]
Bank of Clifton 1859 1863 Reincarnation of Zimmerman Bank. Closed.[60]
Bank of the County of Elgin 1855 1862 Closed.[61]
Bank of Fredericton 1836 1839 Merged into the Commercial Bank of New Brunswick.[62]
Bank of Hamilton 1872 1923 Merged into the Canadian Bank of Commerce in January 1924.[63][64]
Bank of Liverpool 1871 1879 Closed 1873–1878, before final closure.[65]
Bank of London 1883 1887 Merged into the Bank of Toronto.[66]
Bank of Lower Canada 1839 1851 Closed.[67]
Bank of New Brunswick 1820 1913 Merged into the Bank of Nova Scotia.[68][69]
Bank of Ottawa 1874 1919 Merged into the Bank of Nova Scotia.[70]
Bank of the People 1835 1840 Merged into the Bank of Montreal.[71]
Bank of Prince Edward Island 1856 1881 Failed.[68][72]
Bank of Toronto 1855 1955 Operated as The Millers Association of Canada West before reorganizing as the Bank of Toronto in 1855. Merged with The Dominion Bank to form the Toronto-Dominion Bank.[73][74]
Bank of Upper Canada 1821 1866 Chartered in 1821. Opened in 1822. Failed in 1866.[75]
Bank of Vancouver 1908 1914 Organized in 1908. Opened in 1910. Failed in 1914.[76]
Bank of Victoria 1830s ? Existed in 1836[77] and at least until 1875.[78]
Bank of Western Canada 1859 1863 Closed.[79]
Bank of Yarmouth 1859 1905 Failed.[68][80]
Banque De Boucherville 1830s ? Issued banknotes in the 1830s.[81]
Banque Canadienne Nationale 1924 1979 Merged in 1979 with Provincial Bank of Canada to become National Bank of Canada.[82]
Banque d'Hochelaga 1874 1924 Merged with the Banque Nationale to form the Banque Canadienne Nationale.[83][84]
Banque Nationale 1859 1924 Chartered in 1859.[85] Merged with the Banque d'Hochelaga to form the Banque Canadienne Nationale.[84]
Banque du Peuple 1835 1895 Failed.[86]
Banque de St. Hyacinthe 1873 1908 Failed.[87]
Banque Internationale du Canada 1911 1913 Merged into the Home Bank of Canada.[88]
Banque de St. Jean 1873 1908 Failed.[89]
Banque Ville-Marie 1872 1899 Failed.[90]
Barclays Bank Canada 1929 1956 Merged into Imperial Bank of Canada in 1956 and Hongkong Bank of Canada, now known as HSBC Bank Canada, in 1996.
British Canadian Bank 1883 1884 Closed.[91]
Canadian Bank of Commerce 1867 1961 Merged with the Imperial Bank of Canada to form the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce.[92]
Canadian Commercial Bank 1976 1985 Failed
Central Bank of Canada 1883 1887 Failed.[93]
Central Bank of New Brunswick 1834 1866 Failed.[94]
Charlotte County Bank 1825 1865 Failed.[68][95]
City Bank of Montreal 1833 1876 Merged with the Royal Canadian Bank to form the Consolidated Bank of Canada.[96]
City Bank of St. John 1836 1839 Merged into the Bank of New Brunswick.[97]
Colonial Bank of Canada 1856 1863 Only operated in 1859, before it failed.[98]
Commercial Bank of Canada 1831 1868 Founded in 1831 as the Commercial Bank of the Midland District, the name changed to the Commercial Bank of Canada in 1856.[99] Merged with the Merchants Bank in Montreal to form the Merchants' Bank of Canada.[100]
Commercial Bank of Manitoba 1885 1893 Failed.[101]
Commercial Bank of Montreal 1835 1837 Failed.[102]
Commercial Bank of New Brunswick 1834 1868 Failed.[103]
Commercial Bank of Newfoundland 1857 1894 Failed.[104]
Commercial Bank of Windsor 1864 1902 Merged into the Union Bank of Halifax.[68][105]
Consolidated Bank of Canada 1876 1879 Failed.[106][107]
Continental Bank of Canada 1980 1986 Acquired by Lloyds Bank and became Lloyds Bank Canada.
Crown Bank of Canada 1904 1908 Merged with the Northern Bank to form the Northern Crown Bank.[108]
The Dominion Bank 1869 1955 Established in 1869. Opened in 1871. Merged with the Bank of Toronto in 1955 to form the Toronto-Dominion Bank.[109]
Eastern Bank of Canada 1928 1934 Failed.[110]
Eastern Townships Bank 1855 1912 Merged into the Canadian Bank of Commerce.[111]
Exchange Bank of Canada (1st) 1872 1883 Failed.[112]
Exchange Bank of Toronto 1855 1858 Founded in 1855 as the Banking House of R.H. Brett, the name changed to the Exchange Bank of Toronto in 1856. Closed in 1858.[113]
Exchange Bank of Yarmouth 1867 1903 Merged into the Bank of Montreal.[114]
Farmers Bank of Canada 1906 1910 Failed.[115]
Farmers' Bank of Malden 1840s 1840s Failed.[116]
Farmers' Bank of Rustico 1862 1894 Failed.[117]
Farmer's Joint Stock Bank 1835 1854 Failed.[118]
Federal Bank of Canada 1874 1888 Failed.[119]
Goderich Bank 1834 1834 Closed.[120]
Gore Bank 1835 1870 Merged into the Canadian Bank of Commerce.[121]
Grenville County Bank 1850s ? Issued banknotes in the 1850s.[122]
Halifax Banking Company 1825 1903 Merged into the Canadian Bank of Commerce.[123]
Hart's Bank 1835 1847 Closed.[124]
Henry's Bank 1837 1837 Failed.[125]
Home Bank of Canada 1903 1923 Incorporated in 1903.[126] Opened in 1904.[127] Failed in 1923.[128]
Home District Savings Bank, Toronto 1830 1837 Founded 1830 for trades persons with deposits with Bank of Upper Canada but was alternative to those not aligned with the Family Compact which controlled the Bank of Upper Canada. Ceased to exist sometime after the Rebellion of 1837.
Imperial Bank of Canada 1873 1961 Merged with Canadian Bank of Commerce to form the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC).[129]
International Bank of Canada 1858 1859 Failed.[130]
Lloyds Bank Canada 1986 1990 Became Hongkong Bank of Canada, now known as HSBC Bank Canada in 1990.
Macdonald and Company 1859 1864 Failed.[131]
The Maritime Bank of the Dominion of Canada 1872 1887 Failed.[132]
Mercantile Bank of Canada 1953 1985 Merged into the National Bank of Canada.
Mechanics Bank of Montreal 1865 1879 Failed.[133]
Mercantile Banking Corporation 1870s ? Issued banknotes in the 1870s.[134]
Merchants' Bank of Canada 1868 1923 Failing in 1921, taken over by the Bank of Montreal in 1922, and merger completed in 1923.[135][136]
Merchants' Bank of Halifax 1864 1901 Merged into the Royal Bank of Canada.[137]
Merchants Bank in Montreal 1864 1868 Merged with the Commercial Bank of Canada to form the Merchants Bank of Canada.[138]
Merchants' Bank of Montreal 1830s ? Issued banknotes in the 1830s.[139]
Merchants Bank of Prince Edward Island 1871 1906 Merged into the Canadian Bank of Commerce.[140]
Metropolitan Bank of Montreal 1871 1876 Failed.[141]
Metropolitan Bank of Toronto 1902 1914 Merged into the Bank of Nova Scotia.[142]
Molson Bank 1837 1925 Merged into the Bank of Montreal.[143][144]
Montreal City and District Savings Bank Converted from a savings bank to a regular bank and changed its name to Laurentian Bank of Canada.
National Westminster Bank of Canada 1982 1998 Became Hongkong Bank of Canada, now known as HSBC Bank Canada in 1998.
Newcastle Banking Company 1830s ? Issued banknotes in the 1830s.[145]
Newcastle District Loan Company 1830s ? Issued banknotes in the 1830s.[146]
Newfoundland Savings Bank 1834 1962 Merged into the Bank of Montreal.
Niagara District Bank 1853 1875 Merged into the Imperial Bank of Canada.[147]
Niagara Suspension Bridge Bank 1836 1841 Closed.[148]
Northern Bank 1905 1908 Merged with the Crown Bank of Canada to form the Northern Crown Bank.[149]
Northern Crown Bank 1908 1918 Merged into the Royal Bank of Canada.[150]
Northland Bank 1974 1985 Failed
Ontario Bank 1857 1906 Merged into the Bank of Montreal.[151]
Peoples Bank of Halifax 1864 1905 Merged into the Bank of Montreal.[68][152]
Peoples Bank of New Brunswick 1864 1907 Merged into the Bank of Montreal.[68][153]
Pictou Bank of Nova Scotia 1873 1887 Closed.[154]
Provincial Bank of Canada 1861 1979 Founded as la Banque Jacques Cartier,[155] before renaming in 1900 as la Banque Provinciale du Canada in 1900.[156] Merged with Banque Canadienne Nationale to become National Bank of Canada.[82]
Provincial Bank of Canada in Stanstead 1856 1863 Closed.[157]
Quebec Bank 1818 1917 Merged into the Royal Bank of Canada.[158]
Royal Canadian Bank 1864 1876 Merged with the City Bank to form the Consolidated Bank of Canada.[159]
St. Stephen's Bank 1836 1910 Merged into the Bank of British North America.[68][160]
Sovereign Bank of Canada 1901 1908 Failed.[161]
Stadacona Bank 1874 1879 Failed.[162]
Standard Bank of Canada 1872 1928 Founded as the St. Lawrence Bank, before renaming in 1876.[163] Merged into Canadian Bank of Commerce.[164]
Standard Chartered Bank of Canada 1969 1990s
Sterling Bank of Canada 1905 1924 Merged into Standard Bank of Canada.[165]
Summerside Bank 1866 1901 Merged into the Bank of New Brunswick.[68][166]
Traders Bank of Canada 1885 1912 Acquired by the Royal Bank of Canada.[167]
Union Bank of Canada 1865 1925 Founded as the Union Bank of Lower Canada, the name changed to the Union Bank of Canada in 1886.[168] Merged into the Royal Bank of Canada.[169]
Union Bank of Halifax 1856 1910 Merged into the Royal Bank of Canada.[170]
Union Bank of Montreal 1830s 1840s Founded as the Union Bank, the name changed to the Union Bank of Montreal about 1841. Closed.[171]
Union Bank of Newfoundland 1854 1894 Failed.[172]
Union Bank of Prince Edward Island 1860 1883 Merged into the Bank of Nova Scotia.[173]
United Empire Bank of Canada 1906 1911 Founded as the Pacific Bank of Canada before renaming in 1906. Merged into the Union Bank of Canada.[174]
Unity Bank of Canada 1972 1977 Failed and merged into the Provincial Bank of Canada.[175]
Western and Pacific Bank of Canada 1982 1988 Merged with the Bank of Alberta to form the Canadian Western Bank.
Western Bank of Canada 1882 1909 Merged into the Standard Bank of Canada.[176]
Westmorland Bank 1854 1867 Failed.[177]
Weyburn Security Bank 1910 1931 Merged into the Imperial Bank of Canada.[178]
Zimmerman Bank of Elgin 1854 1859 Reestablished as the Bank of Clifton.[179]

Credit agencies

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Pelletier, Martin (30 July 2018). "Our nation of oligopolies not good for consumers, but great for investors". Financial Post. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  2. ^ "The Big Five Banks in Canada". Investopedia. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  3. ^ "Royal Bank of Canada (RY) Stock Price & News". Google Finance. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  4. ^ "Royal Bank of Canada Annual Report 2022" (PDF). Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  5. ^ "Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD) Stock Price & News". Google Finance. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  6. ^ "Bank of Montreal (BMO) Stock Price & News". Google Finance. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  7. ^ "Bank of Nova Scotia (BNS) Stock Price & News". Google Finance. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  8. ^ "Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CM) Stock Price & News". Google Finance. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  9. ^ "What Are the Big Six Banks in Canada Today?". Investopedia. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  10. ^ a b "How big banks dominate Canada's financial landscape - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  11. ^ "Royal Bank of Canada signs deal to buy HSBC Canada for $13.5B". CTVNews. 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  12. ^ "Annual Report 2023" (PDF). Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  13. ^ "EQB Inc (EQB) Stock Price & News". Google Finance. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  14. ^ a b "Annual Report 2022" (PDF). Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  15. ^ "Laurentian Bank of Canada (LB) Stock Price & News". Google Finance. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  16. ^ "Annual Report 2023" (PDF). Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  17. ^ a b "Large Banks (D-SIBs)". cdic.ca. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  18. ^ "Notice related to designation of Desjardins Group as a domestic systemically important financial institution" (PDF). Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  19. ^ "Global systemically important bank (G-Sib) definition - Risk.net". www.risk.net. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  20. ^ "2023 List of Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs)". www.fsb.org. 27 November 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  21. ^ a b c d "Who We Regulate". Osfi-bsif.gc.ca. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  22. ^ "About". Bridgewater Bank. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  23. ^ "DirectCash Bank Announces Approval of Name Change to Digital Commerce Bank". Financial Post. 2 November 2020.
  24. ^ "2012 Direct Cash Payments Annual Report" (PDF). p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  25. ^ "Equitable Bank at 50: Canada's Challenger Bank™ celebrates milestone with a view to the future".
  26. ^ "New banks in Canada look to target niche markets". Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  27. ^ "Canada Gazette – Government Notices". Archived from the original on 20 December 2010.
  28. ^ "Duo Bank". Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  29. ^ "Our Services". Duo Bank. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  30. ^ "Who We Regulate". Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  31. ^ "Stephen Smith and Centerbridge Partners, L.P. Complete Acquisition of Walmart Canada Bank". Canada Newswire. CISION. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  32. ^ "Fairstone Bank of Canada".
  33. ^ Hasselback, Drew (24 February 2012). "How to build a bank". Financial Post. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  34. ^ "Equity Financial Trust Company applies to convert to Schedule I Bank – General financial discussion – Discussion forum – Canadian High Interest Savings Bank Accounts". highinterestsavings.ca.
  35. ^ "MonCana Bank of Canada renamed CFF Bank following acquisition by Canadian First Financial Group Inc". CNW. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  36. ^ "CFF Bank changes its name to Home Bank". newswire.ca.
  37. ^ "Street Capital to transition under the RFA Brand with a fresh new look!". rfa.ca.
  38. ^ "Street Capital Financial Receives Schedule I Bank Licence". CNW. 13 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  39. ^ "Quick to the Frontier – RBC". rbc.com.
  40. ^ "ING completes sale of ING Direct Canada". Reuters. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  41. ^ Greenwood, John (5 November 2013). "ING Direct renames itself Tangerine". Financial Post. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  42. ^ "Vancity Community Investment Bank". Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  43. ^ "First Bank". First Bank. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  44. ^ "About Maple". Maple Financial Group. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  45. ^ "Canada's Credit Unions and Caisses Populaires – March 2003". Fin.gc.ca. 13 November 2008. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  46. ^ "Largest 100 Credit Unions 2021 4Q" (PDF). Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  47. ^ "Credit Unions in Canada". ccua.com. Canadian Credit Union Association. 1 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  48. ^ "Largest 100 Credit Unions / Caisses Populaires" (PDF). Cucentral.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  49. ^ "Largest 100 Credit Unions 2022 4Q" (PDF). 29 March 2023.
  50. ^ "About Desjardins Bank - Desjardins Bank". Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  51. ^ https://www.desjardins.com/ressources/pdf/2016022501-e.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  52. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Accommodation Bank of Kingston, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  53. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Agricultural Bank of Toronto, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  54. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Arman's Bank of Montreal, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  55. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of Acadia of Liverpool Nova Scotia, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  56. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of Brantford, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  57. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of British Columbia of Victoria, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  58. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of British North America, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  59. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of Canada in Montreal". canadacurrency.com.
  60. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of Clifton, Province of Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  61. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of the County of Elgin in St. Thomas, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  62. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of Fredericton New Brunswick, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  63. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of Hamilton, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  64. ^ "Hamilton Spectator". www.newspapers.com. 31 December 1923. p. 20.
  65. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of Liverpool, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  66. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of London in Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  67. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of Lower Canada in Quebec". canadacurrency.com.
  68. ^ a b c d e f g h i Frost, James D. "The "Nationalization" of the Bank of Nova Scotia, 1880–1910". lib.unb.ca. p. 27 (29).
  69. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of New Brunswick in Saint John, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  70. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of Ottawa, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  71. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of the People in Toronto, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  72. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of Prince Edward Island in Charlotte Town, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  73. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of Toronto, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  74. ^ "Daily Colonist". archive.org. 8 February 1955. p. 8.
  75. ^ Baskerville, Peter A. "The Canadian Encyclopedia: Bank of Upper Canada". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.
  76. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of Vancouver, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  77. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of Victoria, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  78. ^ "Daily Colonist". archive.org. 4 November 1875. p. 1.
  79. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of Western Canada in Clifton". canadacurrency.com.
  80. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Bank of Yarmouth in Nova Scotia, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  81. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from La Banque De Boucherville, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  82. ^ a b "Value of Old Banknotes from The Banque Canadienne Nationale of Montreal, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  83. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Banque D'Hochelaga of Montreal, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  84. ^ a b "Evening Mail". www.newspapers.com. 2 January 1924. p. 1.
  85. ^ "Hamilton Times". www.newspapers.com. 9 May 1859. p. 2.
  86. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from La Banque Du Peuple in Montreal, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  87. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from La Banque De St. Hyacinthe, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  88. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Banque Internationale Du Canada in Montreal". canadacurrency.com.
  89. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from La Banque De St. Jean, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  90. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from La Banque Ville-Marie in Montreal, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  91. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The British Canadian Bank of Toronto, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  92. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Canadian Bank of Commerce in Toronto, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  93. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Central Bank of Canada in Toronto". canadacurrency.com.
  94. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Central Bank of New Brunswick in Fredericton, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  95. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Charlotte County Bank of St. Andrews, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  96. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The City Bank of Montreal, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  97. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The City Bank of St. John, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  98. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Colonial Bank of Canada in Toronto". canadacurrency.com.
  99. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Commercial Bank of the Midland District in Kingston, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  100. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Commercial Bank of Canada in Kingston". canadacurrency.com.
  101. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Commercial Bank of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  102. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Commercial Bank of Montreal, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  103. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Commercial Bank of New Brunswick in St. John, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  104. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Commercial Bank of Newfoundland in Saint Johns, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  105. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Commercial Bank of Windsor, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  106. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Consolidated Bank of Canada in Montreal". canadacurrency.com.
  107. ^ "Hamilton Spectator". www.newspapers.com. 27 October 1879. p. 1.
  108. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Crown Bank of Canada in Toronto". canadacurrency.com.
  109. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Dominion Bank of Toronto, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  110. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from Eastern Bank of Canada in St. John". canadacurrency.com.
  111. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from Eastern Townships Bank in Sherbrooke, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  112. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Exchange Bank of Canada in Montreal". canadacurrency.com.
  113. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Exchange Bank of Toronto, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  114. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Exchange Bank of Yarmouth, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  115. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Farmers Bank of Canada in Toronto". canadacurrency.com.
  116. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Farmers' Bank of Malden, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  117. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Farmers Bank of Rustico, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  118. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Farmer's Joint Stock Banking Company in Toronto, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  119. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Federal Bank of Canada in Toronto". canadacurrency.com.
  120. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Goderich Bank, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  121. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Gore Bank in Hamilton, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  122. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Grenville County Bank in Prescott, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  123. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Halifax Banking Company, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  124. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from Hart's Bank of Three Rivers, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  125. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from Henry's Bank in La Prairie and Montreal, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  126. ^ "Gazette". www.newspapers.com. 11 July 1903. p. 6. To incorporate the Home Bank of Canada
  127. ^ "Gazette". www.newspapers.com. 14 November 1904. p. 7.
  128. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Home Bank of Canada in Toronto". canadacurrency.com.
  129. ^ "Old Money from The Imperial Bank of Canada in Toronto". canadacurrency.com.
  130. ^ "Old Money from The International Bank of Canada in Toronto". canadacurrency.com.
  131. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from Macdonald & Co in Victoria Vancouvers Island, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  132. ^ "The Maritime Bank of the Dominion of Canada, 1872–1887". lib.unb.ca.
  133. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Mechanics Bank of Montreal, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  134. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Mercantile Banking Corporation in Halifax, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  135. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Merchants Bank of Canada in Montreal". canadacurrency.com.
  136. ^ "Daily News (Nelson)". library.ubc.ca. 9 February 1922. p. 2.
  137. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Merchants Bank of Halifax, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  138. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Merchants Bank in Montreal, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  139. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Merchants Bank of Montreal, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  140. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Merchants Bank of Prince Edward Island in Charlottetown, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  141. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Metropolitan Bank of Montreal, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  142. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Metropolitan Bank of Toronto, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  143. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Molsons Bank of Montreal, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  144. ^ "Daily News (Nelson)". library.ubc.ca. 24 January 1925. p. 6.
  145. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Newcastle Banking Company in Amherst, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  146. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Newcastle District Loan Company in Peterborough, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  147. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Niagara District Bank in St. Catherines, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  148. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Niagara Suspension Bridge Bank of Queenston, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  149. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Northern Bank of Winnipeg, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  150. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Northern Crown Bank of Winnipeg, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  151. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Ontario Bank of Bowmanville, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  152. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Peoples Bank of Halifax Nova Scotia, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  153. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Peoples Bank of New Brunswick in Fredericton, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  154. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Pictou Bank of Nova Scotia, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  155. ^ "Banque Nationale du Canada-BN (entreprise de services, banque)". canadacurrency.com.
  156. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from La Banque Provinciale Du Canada in Montreal". canadacurrency.com.
  157. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Provincial Bank of Canada in Stanstead". canadacurrency.com.
  158. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Quebec Bank, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  159. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Royal Canadian Bank in Toronto, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  160. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The St. Stephen's Bank, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  161. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Sovereign Bank of Canada in Toronto". canadacurrency.com.
  162. ^ Wolff, Annette R. "Dictionary of Canadian Biography: Joseph, Abraham". www.biographi.ca.
  163. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The St. Lawrence Bank of Toronto, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  164. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Standard Bank of Canada in Toronto". canadacurrency.com.
  165. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Sterling Bank of Canada in Toronto". canadacurrency.com.
  166. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Summerside Bank of Prince Edward Island, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  167. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Traders Bank of Canada in Toronto". canadacurrency.com.
  168. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Union Bank of Lower Canada in Quebec". canadacurrency.com.
  169. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Union Bank of Canada in Quebec City". canadacurrency.com.
  170. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Union Bank of Halifax Nova Scotia, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  171. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Union Bank of Montreal, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  172. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Union Bank of Newfoundland in Saint Johns, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  173. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Union Bank of Prince Edward Island in Charlottetown, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  174. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The United Empire Bank of Canada in Toronto". canadacurrency.com.
  175. ^ "Daily Colonist". archive.org. 15 February 1977. p. 11.
  176. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Western Bank of Canada in Oshawa". canadacurrency.com.
  177. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Westmorland Bank of New Brunswick Bend of Petitcodiac, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
  178. ^ "Weyburn Security Bank (CIBC)". weyburn.ca.
  179. ^ "Value of Old Banknotes from The Zimmerman Bank of Elgin, Canada". canadacurrency.com.
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