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List of birds of Alberta

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A great horned owl perched on a tree branch
The great horned owl is the provincial bird of Alberta

Alberta is a landlocked province within Canada, bordered by British Columbia to the west, Saskatchewan to the east, the North-West Territories to the north, and the U.S. state of Montana to the south.[1] The northern part of the province is largely boreal forest, leading into the Great Plains in the south-east. The south-west portion of the province is generally temperate coniferous forest, bordered by the Rocky Mountains.[2] These different ecosystems, along with the border formed by the Rocky Mountains, contribute to the diversity of birds in the province. Notably, several "eastern" and "western" pairs can be seen in Alberta, such as the eastern bluebird and western bluebird.[3] The Central Flyway passes through Alberta, along with a portion of the Prairie Pothole Region, contributing to the variety of bird species which breed in, or migrate through, the province.[4][5]

Unless otherwise noted, the information provided is from the Official List of the Birds of Alberta, produced by the Alberta Bird Record Committee, which contains 438 species as of April 2023.[6] Of these, 125 are accidentals, eight were introduced to Alberta, one species is extinct, and another is possibly extinct. This list is presented in the taxonomic sequence of the Check-list of North and Middle American Birds, 7th edition through the 62nd Supplement, published by the American Ornithological Society (AOS).[7] Common and scientific names are also those of the Check-list, except that Canadian English spellings are used and the common names of families are from the Clements taxonomy because the AOS list does not include them.

The following tags are used to describe some categories of occurrence.

  • (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Alberta
  • (B) Breeding - a species that currently breeds or has bred in Alberta
  • (E) Extinct - a recent species that no longer exists
  • (Ex) Extirpated - a species that no longer occurs in Alberta, but populations still exist elsewhere
  • (I) Introduced - a species that has been introduced to Alberta by the actions of humans, either directly or indirectly


Ducks, geese, and waterfowl

[edit]

Order: Anseriformes   Family: Anatidae

A Canada goose in low flight over snow
Canada goose
Refer to caption
Male mallard
A Barrow's goldeneye swimming
Barrow's goldeneye

Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water.[8]: 13–17 

Pheasants, grouse, and allies

[edit]

Order: Galliformes   Family: Phasianidae

A male spruce grouse displaying it's tail
Spruce grouse

Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings.[8]: 24–27  Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans.[9]

Grebes

[edit]

Order: Podicipediformes   Family: Podicipedidae

A horned grebe swimming
Horned grebe

Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.[8]: 30 

Pigeons and doves

[edit]

Order: Columbiformes   Family: Columbidae

Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. They have strong flight muscles, allowing them to take off almost vertically and fly for long distances.[8]: 32 

Cuckoos

[edit]

Order: Cuculiformes   Family: Cuculidae

A black-billed cuckoo perched on a branch
Black-billed cuckoo

The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs.[8]: 57–58 

Nightjars and allies

[edit]

Order: Caprimulgiformes   Family: Caprimulgidae

Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs, and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically coloured to resemble bark or leaves.[8]: 40 

Swifts

[edit]

Order: Apodiformes   Family: Apodidae

Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.[8]: 48 

Hummingbirds

[edit]

Order: Apodiformes   Family: Trochilidae

A male ruby-throated hummingbird on a post
Ruby-throated hummingbird

Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards.[8]: 52 

Rails, gallinules, and coots

[edit]

Order: Gruiformes   Family: Rallidae

An American coot standing on a log in water
American coot

Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. Many species occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.[8]: 61–63 

Cranes

[edit]

Order: Gruiformes   Family: Gruidae

refer to caption
Whooping crane

Cranes are large, long-legged birds who fly with their distinctive long necks outstretched. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances". The breeding grounds for the only wild population of whooping cranes is in Wood Buffalo National Park in northern Alberta.[8]: 67–69 

Stilts and avocets

[edit]

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Recurvirostridae

Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.[8]: 110 

Plovers and lapwings

[edit]

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Charadriidae

refer to caption
Killdeer

The family Charadriidae includes plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.[8]: 105 

Sandpipers and allies

[edit]

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Scolopacidae

A sanderling wading in the water
Sanderling
A willet wading through water
Willet

Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.[8]: 116–117 

Skuas and jaegers

[edit]

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Stercorariidae

A parasitic jaeger standing on ice
Parasitic jaeger

Skuas and jaegers are medium to large seabirds with strongly hooked talons, hooked beaks, and webbed feet. They are pelagic birds and feed on a variety of animals—such as fish, bird eggs, and lemmings—by hunting, scavenging, or kleptoparasitizing them.[15][16][17]

Auks, murres, and puffins

[edit]

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Alcidae

Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture, and some of their habits, however they are only distantly related to the penguins and are able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest.[8]: 123–125 

Gulls, terns, and skimmers

[edit]

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Laridae

A ring-billed gull
Ring-billed gull
A Franklin's gull on the shoreline
Franklin's gull

Laridae is a family of seabirds consisting of gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. Terns are generally smaller than gulls with more pointed wings and bills, many also having forked tails which help with aerial manoeuvrability. Both species can be found inland near lakes and rivers, however gulls have adapted well to human presence and can often be found in urban centers.[8]: 127–129  Skimmers have not been recorded in Alberta.[6]

Loons

[edit]
A common loon swimming
Common loon

Order: Gaviiformes   Family: Gaviidae

Loons are aquatic birds, the size of a large duck, to which they are unrelated. Their plumage is largely grey or black, and they have spear-shaped bills. Loons swim well and fly adequately, but are almost hopeless on land, because their legs are placed towards the rear of the body.[8]: 73–74 

Cormorants and shags

[edit]

Order: Suliformes   Family: Phalacrocoracidae

Cormorants are medium-to-large aquatic birds, usually with mainly dark plumage and areas of coloured skin on the face. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed.[8]: 102–103 

Pelicans

[edit]

Order: Pelecaniformes   Family: Pelecanidae

An American white pelican swimming
American white pelican

Pelicans are very large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak.[8]: 91  Like other birds in the order Pelecaniformes, they have four webbed toes.[8]: 88 

Herons, egrets, and bitterns

[edit]

Order: Pelecaniformes   Family: Ardeidae

A great blue heron standing on a frozen pond
Great blue heron

The family Ardeidae contains the herons, egrets, and bitterns. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more secretive. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills.[8]: 94–97 

Ibises and spoonbills

[edit]

Order: Pelecaniformes   Family: Threskiornithidae

A white faced ibis wading in water
White-faced ibis

The family Threskiornithidae includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings. Their bodies tend to be elongated, the neck more so, with rather long legs. The bill is also long, decurved in the case of the ibises, straight and distinctively flattened in the spoonbills.[8]: 97–98 

New World vultures

[edit]

Order: Accipitriformes   Family: Cathartidae

The New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures, but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution. Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers. However, unlike Old World vultures, which find carcasses by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carcasses.[8]: 131–133 

Osprey

[edit]

Order: Accipitriformes   Family: Pandionidae

An osprey hovering mid-air
Osprey

Pandionidae is a family of fish-eating birds of prey possessing a very large, powerful hooked beak for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. The family is monotypic.[8]: 135 

Hawks, eagles, and kites

[edit]

Order: Accipitriformes   Family: Accipitridae

A golden eagle in flight
Golden eagle in flight

Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight.[8]: 136–137 

Barn-owls

[edit]

Order: Strigiformes   Family: Tytonidae

Owls in the family Tytonidae are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces.[8]: 141–142 

Owls

[edit]

Order: Strigiformes   Family: Strigidae

refer to caption
Great grey owl

Typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.[8]: 143–145 

Kingfishers

[edit]

Order: Coraciiformes   Family: Alcedinidae

Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails.[8]: 180–181 

Woodpeckers

[edit]

Order: Piciformes   Family: Picidae

A female downy woodpecker on the ground
Downy woodpecker
refer to caption
Pileated woodpecker

Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.[8]: 164–165 

Falcons and caracaras

[edit]

Order: Falconiformes   Family: Falconidae

A peregrine falcon perched on a rock
Peregrine falcon

Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey, notably the falcons and caracaras. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.[8]: 184–185 

Tyrant flycatchers

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Tyrannidae

A willow flycatcher perched on a branch
Willow flycatcher
A least flycatcher perched on a branch
Least flycatcher

Tyrant flycatchers are passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, are rather plain. As the name implies, most are insectivorous.[8]: 215–217 

Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Vireonidae

A red-eyed vireo perched on a branch
Red-eyed vireo

Vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds mostly restricted to the New World, though few other members of the family are found in Asia. They are typically greenish in colour and resemble wood warblers apart from their heavier bills.[8]: 255–256 

Shrikes

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Laniidae

Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey.[8]: 270 

Crows, jays, and magpies

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Corvidae

A Canada jay perched on a branch
Canada jay

The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers, and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.[8]: 271–273 

Tits, chickadees, and titmice

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Paridae

A black capped chickadee perched on a branch
Black-capped chickadee

Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.[8]: 355–356 

Larks

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Alaudidae

Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.[8]: 339–340 

Swallows

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Hirundinidae

A tree swallow perched on a fencepost
Tree swallow

The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.[8]: 350–351 

Kinglets

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Regulidae

A ruby crowned kinglet on a branch
Ruby-crowned kinglet

Kinglets are a small family of birds which resemble the titmice. They are very small insectivorous birds. The adults have coloured crowns, giving rise to their name.[8]: 366–367 

Waxwings

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Bombycillidae

A cedar waxwing perched on a branch
Cedar waxwing

Waxwings are a group of passerine birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter.[8]: 368–370 

Nuthatches

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Sittidae

A red-breasted nuthatch clinging to a bird feeder
Red-breasted nuthatch

Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet.[8]: 374–375 

Treecreepers

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Certhiidae

Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees.[8]: 373–374 

Gnatcatchers

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Polioptilidae

These dainty birds resemble Old World warblers in their structure and habits, moving restlessly through the foliage seeking insects. The gnatcatchers are mainly soft bluish grey in colour and have the typical insectivore's long sharp bill. Many species have distinctive black head patterns (especially males) and long, regularly cocked, black-and-white tails.[8]: 377–378 

Wrens

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Troglodytidae

A marsh wren holding itself up between two thin sticks
Marsh Wren

Wrens are small and inconspicuous birds, except for their loud songs. They have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous.[8]: 376–377 

Mockingbirds and thrashers

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Mimidae

A grey catbird perched on a branch
Grey catbird

The mimids are a family of passerine birds which includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalization, especially their remarkable ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. The species tend towards dull greys and browns in their appearance.[8]: 380–381 

Starlings

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Sturnidae

Starlings and mynas are small to medium-sized Old World passerine birds with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct and most are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit. The plumage of several species is dark with a metallic sheen.[8]: 381–383 

Dippers

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Cinclidae

An American dipper on the shoreline
American dipper

Dippers are a group of perching birds whose habitat includes aquatic environments in the Americas, Europe and Asia. They are named for their bobbing or dipping movements. These birds have adaptations which allows them to submerge and walk on the bottom to feed on insect larvae.[8]: 385–386 

Thrushes and allies

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Turdidae

A western bluebird perched on a branch
Western bluebird

Thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.[8]: 391–393 

Old World flycatchers

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Muscicapidae

Old World flycatchers are a large family of small passerine birds. These are mainly small arboreal insectivores, many of which, as the name implies, take their prey on the wing.[8]: 387 

Accentors

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Prunellidae

Accentors are small, fairly drab species superficially similar, but unrelated to, sparrows. However, accentors have thin sharp bills, reflecting their diet of insects in summer, augmented with seeds and berries in winter.[8]: 289–291 

Old World sparrows

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Passeridae

A house sparrow perched on a fencepost
House sparrow

Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small plump brownish or greyish birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.[8]: 300–301 

Wagtails and pipits

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Motacillidae

Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws, and pipits. They are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country.[8]: 302–303 

Finches, euphonias, and allies

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Fringillidae

An evening grosbeak perched on a tree
Evening grosbeak
A common redpoll perched on a branch
Common redpoll

Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.[8]: 305–306 

Longspurs and snow buntings

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Calcariidae

A snow bunting in a field
Snow bunting

Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds which are mostly endemic to North America. They are primarily found in open fields, where their plumage helps them blend into their surroundings.[20]

New World sparrows

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Passerellidae

A white throated sparrow perched on a branch
White-throated sparrow
A fox sparrow perched on a branch
Fox sparrow

Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae.[21] Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns.[8]: 314–315 

Yellow-breasted chat

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Icteriidae

This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers (Parulidae) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there. It was placed in its own family in 2017.[22]

Troupials and allies

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Icteridae

A red-winged blackbird perched on a branch
Red-winged blackbird

Icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colourful passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Most species have black as a predominant plumage colour, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red.[8]: 322 

New World warblers

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Parulidae

An overbird on the ground
Ovenbird
A Tennessee warbler perched on a fencepost
Tennessee warbler

The New world warblers are a group of small often colourful passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are more terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.[8]: 319–320 

Cardinals and allies

[edit]
A rose-breasted grosbeak perched on a tree branch
Rose-breasted grosbeak

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Cardinalidae

The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.[8]: 327–328 

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Smith, Peter; Davidson, Robert Bruce; Harrison, Raymond O. "Alberta". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  2. ^ "Alberta". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation of Canada. 2008. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
  3. ^ McGillivray, W. B.; Semenchuk, G. P. (1998). The Federation of Alberta Naturalists Field Guide to Alberta Birds. Edmonton, Alberta: Nature Alberta. ISBN 0-9696134-2-3.
  4. ^ "Regional Ecosystems: The Prairie Pothole Region". National Biological Information Infrastructure. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  5. ^ Johnsgard, Paul (2012). Wings over the Great Plains: bird migrations in the central flyway. Lincoln, Nebraska: Zea Books. ISBN 978-1-60962-029-5. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  6. ^ a b "Official List of the Birds of Alberta". Royal Alberta Museum Collections. Alberta Bird Record Committee. 4 June 2021. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  7. ^ "Check-list of North and Middle American Birds". American Ornithological Society. June 29, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc Elphick, Jonathan (2019). The Handbook of Bird Families. Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books. ISBN 978-0-2281-0119-2.
  9. ^ Mozdziak, Paul (2024). "Species of meat animals: (d) Poultry". Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences: 1–7. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-85125-1.00129-0. ISBN 978-0-323-85198-5. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  10. ^ "Ectopistes migratorius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22690733A152593137.en.
  11. ^ Hudon, Jocelyn; Klauke, Richard; Knapton, Richard; Lein, M. Ross; Riddell, John; Ritchie, Brian; Wershler, Ray (2006). "Sixth Report of the Alberta Bird Record Committee" (PDF). NatureAlberta. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  12. ^ Acorn, John; Fisher, Chris (1998). Birds of Alberta. Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing. p. 197. ISBN 1772130672. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  13. ^ "Numenis borealis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693170A178901365.en.
  14. ^ The Atlas of breeding birds of Alberta. Federation of Alberta Naturalists. 1992. ISBN 978-0-9696134-0-4. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  15. ^ Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (2020-03-04), Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.), "Skuas and Jaegers (Stercorariidae)", Birds of the World, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, doi:10.2173/bow.sterco1.01, retrieved 2023-11-24
  16. ^ Cohen, B. L.; Baker, A. J.; Blechschmidt, K.; Dittmann, D. L.; Furness, H. D.; Gerwin, J. A.; Helbig, A. J.; De Korte, J.; Marshall, H. D.; Palma, R. L.; Peter, H.-U.; Ramli, R.; Siebold, I.; Willcox, M. S.; Wilson, R. H. (1997-02-22). "Enigmatic phylogeny of skuas (Aves: Stercorariidae)". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 264 (1379): 182. doi:10.1098/rspb.1997.0026. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1688246. PMID 9061968.
  17. ^ Carlos, Caio J. (2016). "How many genera of Stercorariidae are there?". Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia. 24 (2): 191–195. doi:10.1007/BF03544345. ISSN 2178-7875.
  18. ^ "Recovery Strategy for the Lewis' Woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis) in Canada" (PDF). Species at Risk Act. Recovery Strategy Series. Ottawa: Environment and Cliamte Change Canada. 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  19. ^ "Sage Thrasher" (PDF). Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  20. ^ Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (4 March 2020). Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.). "Longspurs and Snow Buntings (Calcariidae)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.calcar1.01. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  21. ^ Chesser, R. Terry; Burns, Kevin J.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Lovette, Irby J.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J. V.; Rising, James D.; Stotz, Douglas F.; Winker, Kevin (July 2017). "Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds". The Auk. 134 (3): 751–773. doi:10.1642/AUK-17-72.1.
  22. ^ Thompson, Charles F.; Eckerle, Kevin P. (21 January 2022). Rodewald, Paul G.; Keeney, Brooke K. (eds.). "Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.yebcha.02. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
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