The Legion of Honour[a] (French: Légion d'honneur) is the highest decoration in France and is divided into five degrees in ascending order: Chevalier (Knight), Officier (Officer), Commandeur (Commander), Grand Officier (Grand Officer) and Grand Croix (Grand Cross).[b]
Membership in the Legion is restricted to French nationals.[1] Foreign citizens who have served France or the ideals it upholds[2] may, however, receive a distinction of the Legion, which is broadly equivalent to membership, and can be awarded at any of the ranks. Foreign nationals who live in France are submitted to the same requirements as French nationals.[citation needed]
A complete list of the members of the Legion from 1802, when the award was established, does not exist. The number of awards is estimated at one million.[citation needed] Approximately 3,000 of these were awarded at the most senior rank of Grand Cross (including 1,200 French nationals).[3]
Patrick James Smyth, Irish revolutionary and politician. Smyth was made a Chevalier in recognition of his efforts organising an Irish ambulance service who serviced the French Army during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.[5]
Annie Mistrick (née Brewer). Nurse who served in a French hospital and ambulance group in Europe throughout World War I, often near the front line. Also awarded the Croix de Guerre.[11]
Lieutenant Colonel William Joseph Robert Cheeseman (1917). Awarded for gallantry during World War I while serving in France in the 53rd Battalion, AIF. Also awarded the MC and DSO[12][13]
Lieutenant Colonel James Waddell (1915), New Zealand born officer in the French Foreign Legion during World War I (Chevalier 1915, Officier 1917. Commandeur 1920)[8]
Colonel, later Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (1918, Commander) (US), Chief of Staff of the 42nd (Rainbow) Division and later the commander of the 84th Brigade of the 42nd Division. Awarded by Général d'ArméeHenri Gouraud for his leadership and bravery in the Second Battle of the Marne. Upgraded to Grand Cross in 1946 for his performance in World War II.
Lieutenant Colonel William Avery Bishop VC, DSO, MC, DFC (1918), (Canada), Air Marshal and highest scoring Canadian ace of the First World War; appointed Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur[24]
Lieutenant Colonel Charles Hellier Davies Evans DSO (1919), Commander of the New Zealand Cyclist Corps on the Western Front during World War I[25][26]
Colonel Robert Logan CB (1919), New Zealand Army officer and Administrator of Samoa during World War I in "recognition of valuable services"[32][33][34]
Edith Mary Pye Légion d'honneur (1919) for running maternity hospital in Châlons-sur-Marne for duration of WW I, OBE Officer of the British Empire – for services to Obstetrics & Gynecology as president of the Royal College of Obs & Gyny 1929–1949[35][36]
The Right Honourable William Fergusson Massey (1921), Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1912 to 1925, appointed Grand Officier in recognition of New Zealand's contribution during World War I[37][38][39]
Victor-Joseph-Adrien Boutilly (1925), Officer rank for service as Inspector, Head of the Technical Department for Water and Forests to the General Government of Algeria [44]
Karen Bramson (1927), a Danish author who lived in France and wrote plays and novels in French was appointed the Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur[45]
Mary Ryan (1873–1961, academic) (15 July 1935), Professor of French at University College Cork,[citation needed] first woman professor on island of Ireland. Awarded the Légion d'honneur for services to the French language.
Mohamed Haniff (1937), a Tamil born in Pondicherry of French India was accorded the Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. He was also the Deputy Mayor of Pondicherry during the French rule in India[citation needed]
Sir Carrick Hey Robertson (1938), Chief Medical Officer of the Mater Misericordiae Hospital of Auckland during the centenary of the Catholic Church in New Zealand[47]
Doctor William Marshall MacDonald CBE (1939), President of the Wellington French Club (subsequently the Alliance Française)[47]
Sir Archibald McIndoe (1946) pioneering New Zealand plastic surgeon who worked for the Royal Air Force rehabilitating badly burned aircrew during World War II[51]
Varian Fry (1967), (United States), operated a refugee network from Marseille which helped over 2,000 people escape the Holocaust in 1940–41. Chevalier.
Garo Vanian (1993), (Sudan), awarded Chevalier as President Director General of Ararat International for grand merits[citation needed]
Ivan Ceresnjes (1994), head of the Jewish community of Bosnia and Hercegovina, for non-sectarian humanitarian relief work during the Bosnian War.[63][64]
Arthur James Jerram awarded the Lègion d'honneur at 103 years in 1998 for service in WW1 campaign – Egyptian & Egyptian EF & Western European.
Frederick John Harris (1999) (UK), was awarded the Légion d'honneur at 102 years old for his service in the Royal Horse Artillery during the First World War. [citation needed]
Odile Schweisguth (1999), French physician and pioneer of cancer center devoted to children.[71]
Frank MacDonald awarded the Lègion d'honneur at 102 years in 1998 for service in 40th Battalion WW1 campaign – The French ambassador to Australia Dominique Girard flew to Tasmania on November 19th, 1998, to personally present Frank with the Legion of Honour.
Henry Allingham (2003) (UK), world's oldest man and oldest British First World War veteran at the time of his death (appointed Chevalier in 2003 and promoted to Officier in 2009)[75][76]
Vahid Halilhodžić (2004), former Bosnian football player, now successful football manager, received his Légion d'honneur on 23 July 2004, during his tenure as manager of PSG[77]
Martin Scorsese (2005) (US), film director and advocate of film preservation[78]
Dominique Warluzel (2005), Swiss lawyer, playwright, and television producer
George W. Lawn (2005) (US), Pharmacist's Mate 1st Class, US Navy, World War II. George was Presented the Légion d'honneur on June 30, 2005, by Ambassador Jean David Levitte.[79]
Cedric Prakash (2006) (India) ("Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur") Catholic Priest, Human Rights Activist, Peace Activist, and Journalist [80][81][82][83]
Lt. Col. Herbert E. Carter (2006) (US), Tuskegee Airman, for his outstanding service during the liberation of France during World War II; presented by former French President Jacques Chirac[87]
Professor John DunmoreCMNZ (2007), prominent New Zealand academic, author on French history in the Pacific and long-time president of the New Zealand Federation des Alliances Françaises[89]
Clint Eastwood (2007) (US), film actor and director[95]
Kent L Andersen (2007), chef, philanthropist feeding children in need
Rogerio Walter Carreira (2007) (Portugal), President de Societe, was awarded the Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by French President Jacques Chirac[96]
(Colombia), Colombian Armed Forces Chief of Staff, Leading the Operation Jaque with success leaving in liberty Colombian-French politician Ingrid Betancourt
David Cronenberg (2009) (Canada), film director whose credits include Crash and The Fly; appointed Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Milva (Maria Ilva Biolcati) (2009) (Italy), Italian singer and actress, received the title of Chevalier of the Légion of Honour on 11 September 2009 for her contributions to French culture[107]
Dame Carol Kidu (2009) (Papua New Guinea), received the title of Chevalier, for her efforts in promoting human rights. She was the first Papua New Guinean citizen to receive the award[108][109]
Veran Matić (2009) (Serbia), Serbian journalist and editor-in-chief of B92 "for the fight he has always led for independence and freedom of the media"[110]
Ružica Đinđić (2009) (Serbia), Serbian humanitarian, widow of Prime Minister of Serbia Zoran Đinđić "because of her active work at the foundation she heads"[110]
Ralph L. Bourgeois MD (2009) (US), Captain US Army 91st Medical Gas Treatment Battalion & Mobile Field Surgical Hospital, WW II D-Day at Utah Beach contributions to the liberation of the French Republic; and French language preservation via 'Council for Development of French in Louisiana' (CODOFIL)[114]
William "Bill" Bruce Overstreet, Jr. (2009) (US), USAAF, WW II fighter pilot, with the 357th FG, 363rd FS. The "Yoxford Boys". Flew a P-51 "Mustang", named "Berlin Express". Only known Allied fighter pilot to turn in a kill while flying under the "Eiffel Tower" in Paris chasing a German Me-109. Chevalier medal, presented by Ambassador to the US Pierre Vimont at the D-Day Memorial 8 December 2009, Bedford, VA US. Vimont said of Bill Overstreet in his speech that the Legion of Honour is "The sign of my country's exceptional recognition of Captain Overstreet's heroic contribution to the liberation of France."[116][117][118][119][120]
Robert O. Paxton (2009) (US), Historian recognised for his expertise on the Vichy regime in France during World War II[121]
Peter Sloboda (2009) (US), Army veteran of World War II – for valour and bravery during the D-Day landings, Chevalier of the Legion of Honour 2009[123]
Settimeo Tiberio (2009) (US), decorated World War II veteran recognised for his valour during the D-Day invasion[124][125]
Colonel Frederick C. Clinton, April 2009, Decorated World War II Army veteran recognized for his combat actions in the Colmar Pocket battles of January–February 1945 as a member of D Company, 254th Infantry Regiment attached to the 3rd Infantry Division.[citation needed]
Francis Culotta (2009) (US), decorated Second Lieutenant Army veteran of World War II – Recognized for "Operation Dragoon", the invasion of southern France on Aug. 15, 1944, called the "forgotten D-Day." As Platoon Leader in Cannon Company, 143d Infantry Regiment, 36th Infantry Division, Mr. Culotta was wounded four times in France, but he and his unit pushed on through the Siegfried Line, a massive defensive wall on the German border.[126][127]
Lulwah Al-QatamiLulwah Al-Qatami, educator and activist, first woman from Kuwait to attend university overseas, Nobel Peace Prize nominee, former Director of the Women's College of Kuwait University.[128][129]
Roy Alan McWilliams (born 1924) (2012) US WW II Battle of the Bulge for saving the lives of French villagers.
Marie Chatardová (born 1963). Czech Ambassador to France (2010–2016). Commander.[130]
Orlow "Buzz" Freeman Garrett (2010), American graphic artist; U.S. Army, 3rd Infantry Division, I Company, 30th Regiment (WW II)[131] Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur.
Toni Morrison (2010), "the greatest American woman novelist of her time" -Mitterrand 2010[132]
Jacinto Convit (2011) (Venezuela), physician and scientist, known for developing a vaccine in an attempt to fight leprosy and his studies to cure different types of cancer. He was nominated for a Nobel Prize in Medicine for his experimental anti-leprosy vaccine.
Carlos Cruz-Diez (2012) (Venezuela), kinetic and op artist. He lives in Paris. He has spent his professional career working and teaching between both Paris and Caracas. His work is represented in museums and public art sites internationally
Georg Baselitz (2012), German artist. Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur.
Nicholas Lamia, United States Navy for his service in France in WW II. He was in the first wave on Omaha Beach. Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur (13 February 2013) [citation needed]
Frances "Rusty" Rice, b. 1920, American, US Army Nurse in the Battle of the Bulge, Bastogne, France WW II, Chevalier presented 27 December 2014 [citation needed]
Johnie V. Arnold (2015), US Coast Guard, USS Bayfield (WW II), Normandy, Iwo Jima, Okinawa; Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur, presented in January 2015 at the Arkansas State Capitol by Sujiro Seam, the consul general of France in Houston[142]
Tommy Gooch (2015), US Army, 90th Infantry Division (WW II), Normandy; Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur, presented in January 2015 at the Arkansas State Capitol by Sujiro Seam, the consul general of France in Houston[142]
Greggory Swarz (2015) (US) USAF Staff Sgt. of the 492nd Aircraft Maintenance Unit, for saving three French Airmen from a fiery crash by pulling them from the wreckage and using a tourniquet to save the third airman whose hand was lost in the crash during a NATO training exercise at Los Llanos Air Base, Spain, where he also earned the USAF Airman's Medal.[145][146]
Yang Ho Cho chairman, Hanjin Group (South Korea), Grand Officier of the Légion d'honneur, presented in November 2015
Ronald Oxley (2015) (UK), b. 1923, former Petty Officer in the Royal Navy, for his role delivering ambulances to Omaha Beach on D-Day, in landing craft LCT 727.
Cedrik Wasser, a British veteran, was awarded Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 2015 by President François Hollande for taking part in the Battle of Normandy and helping the liberation of France.
Alan King, a British veteran, had been appointed to the rank of Chevalier in the Ordre National de la Légion d'Honneur in 2015 by President François Hollande in recognition of his involvement in the liberation of France during the Second World War.
Robert Vincent Eley was appointed Chevalier in the Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur in November 2015 in recognition of his acknowledged military engagement and steadfast involvement in the Liberation of France during the Second World War.
Robert M Gardner (awarded December 2015) for "Invaluable contribution to the liberation of France." Gardner landed on Gold beach during the Normandy Invasion as part of the 49th West Riding Infantry Division. (Polar Bear) and went on to Fontenay-Le-Pesnel where he was involved in a heavy battle with the 12th SS Panzer Division. During this battle he was badly wounded. During his recovery he was nursed by Q.A. Sister Mary, whom later became his wife, and was with him when he received his medal 71 years later. Died 27 December 2020 age 96
Lance Corporal William Sutherland (born 1921, died 2015) (awarded December 2015) For his contribution to the liberation of France. Posted with the Seaforth Highlanders (51st Division, 2nd Battalion) he was part of the invading forces at Normandy and saw action in Italy and Africa. Sutherland died before he could be presented with his award.
Frank Edward Whalley QPM (Queen's Police Medal), retired chief superintendent with Staffordshire Police and former commandant of Eynsham Hall Police Training Centre. A corporal in the Royal Irish Fusiliers during WW II, awarded the Légion d'honneur in 2015, aged 91, in recognition for his part in the D-Day Normandy Landings (Gold Beach).[149]
Derrick Dighton, a British veteran, was awarded Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 2016 for his efforts during the D-Day landings.
Nasser D. Khalili, British-Iranian scholar, collector and philanthropist awarded Officier 11 April 2016 for his work in the pursuit of peace, education and culture among nations[150]
John Mierzejewski, Chevalier, (awarded May 2016), Private 1st Class (US Army), 29th infantry division, 16th infantry regiment, Heavy artillery gunner. Landed on Omaha Beach as part of the second wave of the invasion of Normandy.[151]
Lionel Barber, Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, for European journalism[152]
Peter Chesney, Gunner, 109 Battery, 33 Field Regiment The Royal Artillery, Battle of Caen in the summer of 1944. Awarded Légion d'honneur at Hillingdon Hospital's Beaconsfield East Ward on Thursday, 3 November 2016, aged 92.
James Edward Clarke (19/01/1925-13/04/2020), Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, awarded 25 August 2016 for his part in the liberation of France on D-Day 6 June 1944, Royal Marine. Landing Craft. Juno Beach.
Frederick Ernest Hart (11 November 2016), from Surrey, aged 92 years, Signalman in the Royal Navy[153]
Geoffrey William Penn, appointed Chevalier on 18 November 2016 in recognition of his service during the liberation of France as an officer in the Royal Signals during the Normandy Landings.
Max S. Eagelfeld (30 March 2018) 12th Armored Division, 82nd Armored Medical Battalion, for service during the liberation of Alsace during World War II.[156]
LeRoy M Wagner was appointed Chevalier in the Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur in August 2018, in recognition of his acknowledged military engagement and steadfast involvement in the Liberation of France during the Second World War. Wagner was a Tech Sergeant. 45th Infantry Division, 157th Infantry Regiment, Anti Tank, "The Thunderbirds". Wagner died in December 2017 and was awarded posthumously.
Marcus "Stub" Bartusek (9 October 2018) US Army, 106th Infantry Division's 424th Regiment, Company H, 2nd Battalion with whom he participated, endured and survived the Battle of the Bulge and liberation of France in WW II.[157]
Nawab Ashiq Hussain Qureshi (October 2018) was appointed Chevalier in the Ordre National de la Légion D'honneur for ten years services as Honorary French Consul General in Lahore.[158]
Alvin Houston Perry (2019), 331st Infantry Regiment of the 83rd Infantry Division, prisoner of war (Stalag VII-A in Moosburg Germany), Purple Heart
Russell M. "Russ", "Buddy" Robinson, Roanoke, VA USA (b. April 6, 1923) 2nd and 1st Lt US Army Air Forces WW II bomber pilot. Captain US Army National Guard 30th Division, North Carolina, helicopter pilot until 1964. In WW II Russell was a combat B-24 Liberator Bomber pilot of the ship "Arrowhead". He flew with the 453rd BG (Heavy), 732nd BS (31 missions); 93rd BG (Heavy), 329th BS (3 missions). French President Emmanuel Macron of France signed to have the Rank of Chevalier (Knight) of the Legion de Honour bestowed upon Mr. Robinson for missions of a humanitarian nature. Russell and crew flew some missions not carrying bombs, but food stuffs/medicine/blankets for the French refugees returning from Denmark/Holland/Belgium. Missions were as dangerous as carrying bombs, as there was still German fighters and anti aircraft fire. In his absence French President Emmanuel Macron sent the French Military Attache General, and his delegation from the French Consulate in Washington, DC, US to the annual Bernard Marie WW II Dinner to Honor WW II Veterans, Roanoke, VA US. June 5, 2019.[159][160]
Fairuz (Monday, 31 August 2020), awarded the Légion d'honneur for the second time by President Emmanuel Macron.[70]
Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi (December 2020), awarded Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour by President Emmanuel Macron, during a visit, parts of which the French media were barred from attending.[84][163]
Edmund F. Lewis (Monday, 7 February 2022) (US), was awarded the Légion d'honneur at 97 years old for his service in L Company of the 259th Regiment of the 65th Division of Patton's 3rd Army during the Second World War by President Emmanuel Macron.
Martin E. Copenhafer (Friday, 1 April 2022) (US), was awarded the Légion d'honneur at 101 years old for his service in The United States Navy during the D-Day invasion of Normandy, France, on June 6, 1944, by President Emmanuel Macron.
Robert O'Brien (Thursday, June 9, 2022) former National Security Advisor, for his role in helping to free two French hostages.[164][165]
Samuel Meyer (awarded 27 February 2024), b. 1924, awarded the Légion d'honneur by Ambassador Laurent Bili for his service in the 485 Fighter Squadron of the 370th Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Force during the Second World War.[166]
^The full official name is National Order of the Legion of Honour (French: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre royal de la Légion d'honneur).
^The Grand Croix was issued as Grand Aigle (Grand Eagle) until 1814 and Grand Cordon until 1816.
^Les étrangers qui se seront signalés par les services qu’ils ont rendus à la France ou aux causes qu’elle soutient, Légion Code, art. 128.
^WATTEL Michel et Béatrice, Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur. De 1805 à nos jours, titulaires français et étrangers, Archives et Culture, 2009
^Bénézit, Emmanuel. "BARKER (Thomas-Jones)" in Dictionnaire des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs, Paris: Librairie Gründ, 1939, vol. I, p. 368.
^Murphy, David; McGee, Owen. "Smyth, Patrick James". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
^Axel Klein: O'Kelly. An Irish Musical Family in Nineteenth-Century France (Norderstedt: BoD, 2014), p. 79–80.
^Brewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: Officiers, Commandeurs and Dignites', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 35(3), March 2010, p. 132.
^ abcBrewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: Officiers, Commandeurs and Dignites', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 35(3), March 2010, p. 133.
^ abBrewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: The Great War, Part One', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 37(2), November 2011, p. 114.
^Brewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: The Great War, Part One', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 37(2), November 2011, p. 115.
^Brewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: The Great War, Part One', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 37(2), November 2011, pp. 119–120.
^Brewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: Officiers, Commandeurs and Dignites', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 35(3), March 2010, pp. 134–135.
^Brewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: The Great War, Part One', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 37(2), November 2011, p. 118.
^ abBrewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: Officiers, Commandeurs and Dignites', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 35(3), March 2010, p. 135.
^Brewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: The Great War, Part One', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 37(2), November 2011, p. 119.
^Supplement to the London Gazette, 2 November 1918, page 12977
^ abBrewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: The Great War, Part One', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 37(2), November 2011, p. 120.
^Brewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: The Great War, Part One', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 37(2), November 2011, p. 121.
^Brewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: The Great War, Part One', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 37(2), November 2011, p. 124.
^McDonald, Wayne, Honours and Awards to the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in the Great War 1914–1918, Napier: Helen McDonald, 2001, p. 183.
^Brewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: The Great War, Part One', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 37(2), November 2011, p. 113.
^Légion d'honneur Medal held at RCOG, certificate at Friends House, Euston Road
^Uglow, Jennifer (1998). The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography. Great Britain: Macmillan. p. 128. ISBN1-55553-421-X.
^ abBrewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: Officiers, Commandeurs and Dignites', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 35(3), March 2010, p. 136.
^ abBrewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: The Great War, Part Two', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 37(3), March 2012, p. 179.
^ abBrewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: The Great War, Part Two', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 37(3), March 2012, p. 178.
^Axel Klein: O'Kelly. An Irish Musical Family in Nineteenth-Century France (Norderstedt: BoD, 2014, p. 303).
^ abcdefghijBrewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: The Mid-War period', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, awaiting publication.
^"John Thomas Taylor Dies" (Press release). Indianapolis, Indiana: American Legion News Service. 28 May 1965. pp. 179–180. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
^Brewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: Officiers, Commandeurs and Dignites', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 35(3), March 2010, p. 137.
^Brewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: Officiers, Commandeurs and Dignites', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 35(3), March 2010, pp. 137–138.
^Brewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: Officiers, Commandeurs and Dignites', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 35(3), March 2010, p. 138.
^ abBrewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Légion d'honneur: Officiers, Commandeurs and Dignites', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 35(3), March 2010, p. 139.
^"Private Law 85-704"(PDF). United States Statutes at Large, Volume 72, 85th Congress, 2nd Session. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
^'Villaseñor, Víctor M. 1976, Memorias de un Hombre de Izquierda, vol. 2', Editorial Grijalbo, México, DF.
^Letter from the French embassy in Mexico, Segunda Consejera – Asuntos Políticos, dated Oct, 29 2012.
^McBride, Joseph, Whatever Happened to Orson Welles? The University Press of Kentucky, 2006 ISBN0-8131-2410-7 p. 207.
^Brewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Légion d'honneur: Officiers, Commandeurs and Dignites', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 35(3), March 2010, p. 140.
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