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List of invasive species in Florida

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Burmese python is considered an invasive species in Florida

Invasive species in Florida are introduced organisms that cause damage to the environment, human economy, or human health in Florida.[1] Native plants and animals in Florida are threatened by the spread of invasive species.[2] Florida is a major biodiversity hotspot in North America and the hospitable sub-tropical climate has also become a hotspot for invasive plants and animals due to anthropogenic introduction.[3][4]

Animals

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Mammals

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Birds

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Reptiles

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Amphibians

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Fish

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Invertebrates

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Plants

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The non-governmental organization FISC published the following list of invasive plant species in 2023.[171] Formerly known as Florida Exotic Plant Pest Council (FLEPPC), the council changed its name to Florida Invasive Species Council (FISC) to retire outdated terminology.[172][173]

Three species have been added to Category I since 2019, and Category II now includes four additional species.[174][175][176] The watch list from FISC highlights species of concern which are not yet included in the Category I or II lists.[177]

The FISC list is a recommendation for natural resource managers, environmental education, and volunteer removal, but is not regulatory by law.[173] State regulated plant species are listed in the State of Florida Noxious Weed List, and the State of Florida Prohibited Aquatic Plants List.[178] Many of the non-native plant species documented in Florida are assessed for invasive potential by UF/IFAS.[179]

FISC describes Category I species as plants which displace native species, disrupt ecological functions, or hybridize with native species.[180] Category II species have not yet altered Florida plant communities to the extent shown by Category I species, but may be assigned to Category I if enough negative impact is reported.[180]

Category I

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Category 2

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*Species added in 2023

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Florida's Exotic Fish and Wildlife". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.
  2. ^ Lieurance, Deah; Canavan, Susan; Behringer, Donald C.; Kendig, Amy E.; Minteer, Carey R.; Reisinger, Lindsey S.; Romagosa, Christina M.; Flory, S. Luke; Lockwood, Julie L.; Anderson, Patti J.; Baker, Shirley M.; Bojko, Jamie; Bowers, Kristen E.; Canavan, Kim; Carruthers, Kelly (December 2023). "Identifying invasive species threats, pathways, and impacts to improve biosecurity". Ecosphere. 14 (12). Bibcode:2023Ecosp..14E4711L. doi:10.1002/ecs2.4711. ISSN 2150-8925.
  3. ^ Dawson, Wayne; Moser, Dietmar; van Kleunen, Mark; Kreft, Holger; Pergl, Jan; Pyšek, Petr; Weigelt, Patrick; Winter, Marten; Lenzner, Bernd; Blackburn, Tim M.; Dyer, Ellie E.; Cassey, Phillip; Scrivens, Sally L.; Economo, Evan P.; Guénard, Benoit (12 June 2017). "Global hotspots and correlates of alien species richness across taxonomic groups". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (7): 0186. Bibcode:2017NatEE...1..186D. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0186. hdl:10256/14947. ISSN 2397-334X.
  4. ^ Kotala, Zenaida (26 February 2016). "Florida Declared a Global Biodiversity Hotspot". University of Central Florida News | UCF Today. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  5. ^ "Axis axis (Indian spotted deer)". www.cabi.org.
  6. ^ "Gambian Pouched Rat Flyer FWC" (PDF).
  7. ^ "WEC446/UW491: Nonnative Monkey Populations of Florida: History, Status, and Potential Impacts". Ask IFAS - Powered by EDIS. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  8. ^ "vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) - EDDMapS State Distribution - EDDMapS". EDDMapS.org. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  9. ^ Ober, Holly K.; DeGroote, Lucas W.; Mizell, Russell F. (2 November 2017). "Baiting the Nine-Banded Armadillo". UF/IFAS Extension. University of Florida. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  10. ^ Taulman, J F; Robbins, L W (1996). "Recent range expansion and distributional limits of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) in the United States". Journal of Biogeography. 23 (5): 635–648. Bibcode:1996JBiog..23..635T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.1996.tb00024.x.
  11. ^ "Domestic Cats Whitepaper" (PDF).
  12. ^ Parker, Brandon; Anderson, C. Jane; Romagosa, Christina M.; Wisely, Samantha M.; Pearson, Daniel; Seyjagat, John; Sayler, Katherine Ashley (22 January 2018). "Status of Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Rodentia: Hydrochaeridae) and Potential for Establishment in Florida: WEC393/UW438, 12/2017". EDIS. 2018 (1): 5. doi:10.32473/edis-uw438-2017. ISSN 2576-0009.
  13. ^ "rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) - EDDMapS State Distribution - EDDMapS". EDDMapS.org. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  14. ^ "Rhesus Macaque". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission.
  15. ^ "Land Mammals - House Mouse". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission.
  16. ^ Griffo, James V. (1957). "The Status of the Nutria in Florida". Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 20 (3): 209–215. ISSN 0015-3850. JSTOR 24314874.
  17. ^ "Nutria (Myocaster coypus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary" (PDF). United States Fish & Wildlife Service. 14 September 2017 [June 2015]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  18. ^ "Rattus norvegicus (brown rat)". www.cabi.org.
  19. ^ "Rattus rattus (black rat)". Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  20. ^ Tilmant, James T. (September 1980). Investigations of Rodent Damage to the Thatch Palms Thrinax morrisii and Thrinax radiata on Elliott Key, Biscayne National Park, Florida (PDF). Everglades National Park, South Florida Research Center (Technical report). National Park Service. M-589.
  21. ^ Palmer, Geoffrey H.; Koprowski, John L.; Pernas, Anthony J. (February 2014). "Distribution and spread of an introduced insular population of red-bellied squirrels (Sciurus aureogaster) in Florida". Mammalia. 78 (1): 67–73. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2012-0141. S2CID 53685731. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  22. ^ "Wild Hog". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission.
  23. ^ "Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)" (PDF). Florida State Parks. Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  24. ^ "Vulpes vulpes (red fox)". www.cabi.org.
  25. ^ Davis, Jim (28 December 2022). "Wildlife & Invasive Species Education™ (WISE) Species Profile: The Egyptian Goose". UF/IFAS Extension Sumter County. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  26. ^ "Muscovy Ducks". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC). Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024. Muscovy ducks can create problems through competition with native species, damage to property, and transmission of disease.
  27. ^ Johnson, Steve A.; Hawk, Michelle (30 April 2009). "Florida's Introduced Birds: Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata)". Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. Edis (3). University of Florida/IFAS: 1–4. doi:10.32473/edis-uw299-2009. Florida Cooperative Extension Service Publication WEC254. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024. p. 3: Muscovies are often found in large numbers, particularly in Florida, and produce a large quantity of droppings, which can seriously degrade water quality. In addition, domestic ducks are often responsible for the spread of several serious diseases to native ducks, and may also interbreed with native ducks, "muddying" the gene pools of those species and potentially decreasing their capacity to adapt, resist disease, and persist.
  28. ^ "rock pigeon (Columba livia) - EDDMapS State Distribution - EDDMapS". EDDMapS.org. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  29. ^ Philipps, R. Brand (29 May 2008). "Columba livia (pigeons)". CABI Compendium (87913). CABI International. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.87913. Rock pigeons are known to transmit pigeon ornithosis, encephalitis, Exotic Newcastle Disease, cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, salmonella food poisoning, and several other diseases. Rock pigeons and their nests are infested with ectoparasites, such as ticks, fleas, and mites, which can cause health problems for humans. [...] Large amounts of droppings may kill vegetation and produce an objectionable odour. Open access icon
  30. ^ Liker, Andras (4 October 2010). "Passer domesticus (house sparrow)". CABI Compendium (38975). CABI International. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.38975. House sparrows are known for displacing native species through competition by out-competing them for trophic resources. In rural areas they may evict native birds from their nests. Open access icon
  31. ^ Johnson, Steve A.; Violett, Heather (1 June 2009). "Florida's Introduced Birds: European House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)". Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. University of Florida/IFAS. pp. 1–7. Florida Cooperative Extension Service Publication WEC260. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024. p. 4: House Sparrows aggressively compete with native birds for food and nest sites and may reduce their nesting success. These invasive birds will use nest boxes intended for native birds and are known to evict other birds from nest sites, destroying eggs, killing nestlings, and sometimes killing incubating females.
  32. ^ "Domestic Peafowl". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC). Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  33. ^ Mazzei, Patricia (9 August 2023). "An Overrun Miami Suburb Will Snip Its Peacocks (and Not in the Feathers)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  34. ^ Tracey, John; Gehrke, Brandon (4 October 2010). "Sturnus vulgaris (common starling)". CABI Compendium (51979). CABI International. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.51979. S2CID 253611022. European starlings are extremely aggressive omnivores, and will compete with native fauna for food. [...] Usurping nests by contamination (as well as physical competition) is also a major problem (e.g. native parrots use little, if any, bedding, whereas starlings will rapidly fill and contaminate tree hollows). Open access icon
  35. ^ Johnson, Steve A.; Givens, Walter (31 May 2009). "Florida's Introduced Birds: European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)". Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. Edis (4). University of Florida/IFAS: 1–6. doi:10.32473/edis-uw300-2009. Florida Cooperative Extension Service Publication WEC255. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024. pp. 3–4: European Starlings feed in huge flocks, eating massive quantities of invertebrates and plant matter, and may have significant localized effects on invertebrate populations and thus on availability of food for other species. [...] European Starlings aggressively displace native cavity-nesting birds, evicting these species from their nest sites and destroying their eggs.
  36. ^ "Peter's rock agama (Agama picticauda) - EDDMapS State Distribution". EDDMapS.org. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  37. ^ "Leaping lizards! Does South Florida have an influx of new species?". news.miami.edu. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  38. ^ "Peter's Rock Agama". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  39. ^ "knight anole (Anolis equestris) - EDDMapS State Distribution". EDDMapS.org. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  40. ^ Camposano, Brian J.; Krysko, Kenneth L.; Enge, Kevin M.; Donlan, Ellen M.; Granatosky, Michael (1 December 2008). "The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida". Iguana. 15 (4): 212–219. ISSN 2330-3948.
  41. ^ "Brown anole". www.tsusinvasives.org. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  42. ^ "Boa constrictor imperator". Global Invasive Species Database.
  43. ^ "Boa constrictor (common boa)". www.nationalgeographic.com/animal/reptile/fact/boa-constrictor. 10 September 2010. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
  44. ^ "Range of American crocodiles and caimans in Florida".
  45. ^ "Adverse Encounters With Alligators in the United States/ An Update".
  46. ^ "veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) - EDDMapS State Distribution". EDDMapS.org. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  47. ^ a b c Maddox, Max; Beloyan, Karissa; Claunch, Natalie M.; Johnson, Steve A. (15 December 2022). "WEC456/UW501: Florida's Introduced Reptiles: Veiled Chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus), Oustalet's Chameleon (Furcifer oustaleti), and Panther Chameleon (Furcifer pardalis)". Ask IFAS - Powered by EDIS. University of Florida. doi:10.32473/edis-UW501-2022. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  48. ^ a b Townsend, Josiah H.; Krysko, Kenneth L. & Enge, Kevin M. (30 July 2003). Grillitsch, Heinz (ed.). "The identity of Spiny-tailed Iguanas, Ctenosaura, introduced to Florida, USA" (PDF). Herpetezoa. 16 (1/2): 67–72. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  49. ^ "Ctenosaura similis (black spiny-tailed iguana)". www.cabi.org.
  50. ^ "Green Anaconda". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  51. ^ "Yellow Anaconda". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  52. ^ a b Fieldsend, Thomas W.; Krysko, Kenneth L.; Sharp, Paul & Collins, Timothy M. (4 February 2021). "Provenance and genetic diversity of the non-native geckos Phelsuma grandis Gray 1870 and Gekko gecko (Linnaeus 1758) in southern Florida, USA". Biological Invasions. 23 (5). Springer Science+Business Media: 1649–1662. Bibcode:2021BiInv..23.1649F. doi:10.1007/s10530-021-02463-1. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  53. ^ "Hemidactylus frenatus (common house gecko)". www.cabi.org.
  54. ^ "Focal Species: Mediterranean Gecko" (PDF). ufl.edu. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  55. ^ Krysko, Kenneth L; Enge, Kevin M; Donlan, Ellen M; Seitz, Jason C (2007), "Distribution, Natural History, and Impacts of the Introduced Green Iguana in Florida", Iguana: Conservation, Natural History, and Husbandry of Reptiles, International Reptile Conservation Foundation, 14 (3): 142–151
  56. ^ "Green Iguana". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Archived from the original on 27 August 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  57. ^ "Reticulated Python". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  58. ^ "Burmese Python". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  59. ^ "Northern African Python". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  60. ^ "Python sebae (African rock python)". www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-snake-id/snake/african-rock-python/. 17 August 2020.
  61. ^ "Argentine Black and White Tegu". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  62. ^ "WEC295/UW340: Florida Invader: Tegu Lizard".
  63. ^ "Trachemys scripta elegans (red-eared slider)". www.cabi.org.
  64. ^ "Red-Eared Slider". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  65. ^ "Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) - EDDMapS State Distribution". EDDMapS.org. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  66. ^ "Welcome to Cape Coral, FL". www.capecoral.gov. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  67. ^ "Nile Monitor". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  68. ^ "Eleutherodactylus coqui (Caribbean tree frog)". www.cabi.org.
  69. ^ "Greenhouse Frog (Eleutherodactylus planirostris)". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission.
  70. ^ "WEC320/UW365: The Invasion of Exotic Reptiles and Amphibians in Florida".
  71. ^ IFAS Extension [dead link‍]
  72. ^ "Acanthogobius flavimanus". www.cabi.org.
  73. ^ "Midas Cichlid (Amphilophus citrinellus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary" (PDF). United States Fish & Wildlife Service. 30 March 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  74. ^ "Astronotus ocellatus (oscar)". www.cabi.org.
  75. ^ "Oscar (Astronotus ocellatus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary" (PDF). United States Fish & Wildlife Service. 20 July 2018 [February 2011]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  76. ^ "Pike Killifish (Belonesox belizanus) - Species Profile". nas.er.usgs.gov.
  77. ^ "Pike Killifish (Belonesox belizanus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary" (PDF). United States Fish & Wildlife Service. 30 August 2018 [February 2011]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  78. ^ "Goldline Snakehead (Channa aurolineata) - Species Profile". NAS - Nonindigenous Aquatic Species. United States Geological Survey (USGS). Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024. Channa aurolineata may outcompete native species for food and habitat. [...] Channa aurolineata is known to host the invasive Aphanomyces invadans, a disease causing epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) in fishes, in its introduced range in South Florida.
  79. ^ Nico, Leo G.; Neilson, Matthew E.; Robins, Robert H.; Pfeiffer, John M.; Kali, Matthew; Randall, Zachary S. & Johnson, Eric (16 September 2022). "Occurrence of a reproducing wild population of Channa aurolineata (Pisces: Channidae) in the Manatee River drainage, Florida" (PDF). Aquatic Invasions. 17 (4): 577–601. Bibcode:2022AqInv..17..577N. doi:10.3391/ai.2022.17.4.07. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2024. pp. 596–597: As a predator and competitor, introduced snakeheads are of particular concern because of their large size and highly aggressive nature, their broad tolerance to a range of environmental conditions, reproductive potential, and high dispersal abilities. [...] In addition, snakeheads traveling on land have the potential to invade naturally fishless, aquatic habitats and prey on native fauna.
  80. ^ "Clown Knifefish". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission.
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  83. ^ "black acara (Cichlasoma bimaculatum) - EDDMapS State Distribution - EDDMapS". EDDMapS.org. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  84. ^ "Black Acara". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission.
  85. ^ "walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) - EDDMapS State Distribution - EDDMapS". EDDMapS.org. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
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  89. ^ "Cyprinus carpio". Global Invasive Species Database.
  90. ^ "Cyprinus carpio". www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatic/fish-and-other-vertebrates/asian-carp.
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  92. ^ "Hemichromis letourneuxi (African jewelfish)". www.cabi.org.
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  98. ^ "Suckermouth Catfish (Hypostomus plecostomus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary" (PDF). United States Fish & Wildlife Service. 29 January 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
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  118. ^ "Amazon Sailfin Catfish (Pterygoplichthys pardalis) Ecological Risk Screening Summary" (PDF). United States Fish & Wildlife Service. 10 April 2018 [August 2014]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
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  120. ^ "Blackchin Tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) Ecological Risk Screening Summary" (PDF). United States Fish & Wildlife Service. 1 October 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
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  144. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/28432 [bare URL]
  145. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108923 [bare URL]
  146. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/30839 [bare URL]
  147. ^ http://www.nyis.info/index.php?action=invasive_detail&id=66 New York Invasive Species Information – New York State's gateway to science-based invasive species information
  148. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/40171 [bare URL]
  149. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/32526 [bare URL]
  150. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/75617 [bare URL]
  151. ^ http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1653/0015-4040(2008)091%5B0001%3APBLIFB%5D2.0.CO%3B2 Potential Biodiversity Loss in Florida Bromeliad Phytotelmata due to Metamasius callizona (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), an Invasive Species
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  153. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/45386 [bare URL]
  154. ^ https://www.invasive.org/gist/products/gallery/parlo1.html TNC Global Invasive Species Team page
  155. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/40133 [bare URL]
  156. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109097 [bare URL]
  157. ^ https://www.wptv.com/news/region-c-palm-beach-county/loxahatchee-acreage/toxic-new-guinea-flatworm-surfaces-in-south-florida Invasive New Guinea flatworm surfaces in PBC
  158. ^ "Giant applesnail (Pomacea maculata) - Species Profile".
  159. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108975 [bare URL]
  160. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/46792 [bare URL]
  161. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/50569 [bare URL]
  162. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/54310 [bare URL]
  163. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/34581 [bare URL]
  164. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109218 [bare URL]
  165. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/56704 [bare URL]
  166. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/44619 [bare URL]
  167. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/57038 [bare URL]
  168. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/57234 [bare URL]
  169. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/57235 [bare URL]
  170. ^ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/120728 [bare URL]
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  172. ^ Iannone, Basil; Carnevale, Shannon; Main, Martin; Hill, Jeff; McConnell, Julie; Johnson, Steven; Enloe, Stephen; Andreu, Michael; Bell, Emily; Cuda, James; Baker, Shirley (1 June 2020). "Invasive Species Terminology: Standardizing for Stakeholder Education". The Journal of Extension. 58 (3). doi:10.34068/joe.58.03.27. ISSN 1077-5315.
  173. ^ a b "Florida Invasive Species Council".
  174. ^ "List of invasive plant species" (PDF). Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council. 2013.
  175. ^ "2019 Plant list" (PDF). bugwoodcloud.org. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
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  177. ^ "2023 FISC Watch List - Florida Invasive Species Partnership". 15 April 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  178. ^ https://bugwoodcloud.org/CDN/fleppc/plantlists/ProperUses2.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  179. ^ "Assessments - UF/IFAS Assessment - University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science".
  180. ^ a b "Plant List - Florida Invasive Species Partnership". 31 May 2023.
  181. ^ Evans, Jason M. (2013). "Pistia stratiotes L. in the Florida Peninsula: Biogeographic Evidence and Conservation Implications of Native Tenure for an ′Invasive′ Aquatic Plant". Conservation and Society. 11 (3): 233. doi:10.4103/0972-4923.121026. ISSN 0972-4923.
  182. ^ "Invasive Species: Aquatic Species - Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes)". National Invasive Species Information Center. National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  183. ^ "Pinellas Chapter FNPS -- Florida Native Plant Society".
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