Maclura

Maclura; Temporal range: Paleogene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N (Molecular clock)
	M. pomifera foliage and fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Moraceae
Tribe:	Maclureae
Genus:	Maclura; Nutt.
Species
	13; see text
Synonyms
	Cardiogyne Bureau (1873); Chlorophora Gaudich. (1830); Cudrania Trécul (1847), nom. cons.; Cudranus Miq. (1859), orth. var.; Fusticus Raf. (1838); Ioxylon Raf. (1818); × Macludrania André (1905); Plecospermum Trécul (1847); Sukaminea Raf. (1838); Toxylon Raf. (1818); Vanieria Lour. (1790);

Maclura is a genus of flowering plants in the mulberry family, Moraceae. It includes the inedible Osage orange, which is used as mosquito repellent and grown throughout the United States as a hedging plant.^[3] It is dioecious, with male and female flowers borne on separate plants.^[4]

Maclura is closely related to the genus Cudrania, and hybrids between the two genera have been produced. Some botanists recognize a more broadly defined Maclura that includes species previously included in Cudrania and other genera of Moraceae.^{[citation needed]} The genus likely originated in South America during the Paleogene.^[5]

Species

13 species are accepted.^[2]

Maclura africana (Bureau) Corner – eastern Africa and Madagascar
Maclura andamanica (King ex Hook.f.) C.C.Berg – Vietnam, Laos to Andaman Islands
Maclura brasiliensis (Mart.) Endl. – Brazil, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, and Venezuela
Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner (Syn.: Cudrania cochinchinensis, Cudrania javanensis, Vanieria cochinchinensis) – China, Vietnam, Malesia, and northern Australia
Maclura fruticosa (Roxb.) Corner – China and Vietnam
Maclura mollis (Fernald) Carvajal – Mexico (Oaxaca)
Maclura montana Z.P.Lei, G.Y.Li & Z.H.Chen – China (Zhejiang)
Maclura orientalis G.Y.Li, W.Y.Xie & Z.H.Chen – China (Zhejiang)
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K.Schneid. (Raf.) C.K.Schneid. – Osage-orange; United States
Maclura pubescens (Trécul) Z.K.Zhou & M.G.Gilbert (Syn.: M. cochichinensis var. pubescens) – China
Maclura spinosa (Willd.) C.C.Berg – India to Sri Lanka
Maclura tinctoria (L.) D.Don ex Steud. – Mexico to northern Argentina
Maclura tricuspidata Carrière (Syn.: Cudrania tricuspidata, Cudrania triloba) – China, Vietnam, and Korea

Formerly placed here

Milicia excelsa (as Maclura excelsa)
Milicia regia (as Maclura regia)
Broussonetia greveana (as Maclura greveana and Maclura humbertii)

Etymology

The genus is named in honor of William Maclure (1763-1840), a Scottish-born American geologist and educational reformer. President of the American Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 22 years. Maclure made major contributions to his field, including the first true geological map of any part of North America, and was a strong advocate of universal education, especially for women.

Fossil record

Fossils similar to Maclura have been reported from the Middle Eocene of England.^[6]

References

^ "Maclura Nutt". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 16 January 2009. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c Maclura Nutt. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
^ Burton, J D (1990). "Maclura pomifera". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 3 March 2009 – via Southern Research Station.
^ C.C., Berg; Corner, E.J.H.; Jarrett, F.M. (2006). Moraceae - Genera other than Ficus. 1. Vol. 17. pp. 1–152. ISBN 9789071236648. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Gardner, Elliot M.; Sarraf, Paya; Williams, Evelyn W.; Zerega, Nyree J.C. (December 2017). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Maclura (Moraceae) and the origin of an anachronistic fruit". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 117: 49–59. Bibcode:2017MolPE.117...49G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.06.021. PMID 28698111.
^ "Broussonetia – Maclura clade, and its probable ancestral area… – Figure 2". Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2023.

External links

Media related to Maclura at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Maclura at Wikispecies

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[1] "Maclura Nutt". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 16 January 2009. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2009.

[powo-2] Maclura Nutt. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 22 April 2024.

[Silvics-3] Burton, J D (1990). "Maclura pomifera". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 3 March 2009 – via Southern Research Station.

[4] C.C., Berg; Corner, E.J.H.; Jarrett, F.M. (2006). Moraceae - Genera other than Ficus. 1. Vol. 17. pp. 1–152. ISBN 9789071236648. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[5] Gardner, Elliot M.; Sarraf, Paya; Williams, Evelyn W.; Zerega, Nyree J.C. (December 2017). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Maclura (Moraceae) and the origin of an anachronistic fruit". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 117: 49–59. Bibcode:2017MolPE.117...49G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.06.021. PMID 28698111.

[6] "Broussonetia – Maclura clade, and its probable ancestral area… – Figure 2". Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2023.

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