Margarita Nelken
Margarita Nelken Mansberger | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Margarita Nelken 07.05.1894 |
| Died | 05.03.1968 (aged 73) |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Occupation(s) | Art critics, writer |
Margarita Nelken (5 July 1894 – 5 March 1968) was a Spanish feminist and writer. She was a well known intellectual and a central figure in the earliest Spanish women's movement in the 1930s.
Early life and education
[edit]Nelken was born María Teresa Lea Nelken y Mansberger[1] in Madrid in 1894.[2] Her parents were of German-Jewish origin and owners of a jewellery store.[2] She studied music, painting and languages,[2] and she learned to speak French, German and English besides her native Spanish.[1] Her sister, Carmen Eva Nelken, was an actress and writer.[3]
Career and views
[edit]Nelken wrote books of fiction with a socio-political orientation in the 1920s, including La trampa del arenal (The sand trap, 1923).[4] Her other works include La condición social de la mujer en España (The social condition of women in Spain, 1922)[5][6] and La mujer ante las cortes constituyentes (1931).[7] She also wrote books about Spanish women writers and Spanish women politicians as well as short stories.[5] She held militant perspective of feminism, claiming that exploitation of women workers had negative effects on both male workers and women.[8]
Political career
[edit]In 1931, she became a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)[9] and ran for office in the partial elections in October 1931 as a candidate for the Agrupación Socialista in Badajoz.[3] She was elected to the Constitutive Parliament.[10][11] She also achieved a position in the Parliament in the elections of November 1933 and February 1936.[3] Although she was a feminist, she rejected the Spanish women's right to vote, arguing that they were not ready for it.[10][12] A fervent advocate of the Agrarian Reform, she was the victim of attacks from the right because of her ethnicity and her feminist background.[13] After the Asturian Revolution of 1934, she was accused of military rebellion and left Spain. While in exile, she lived in Paris and visited Scandinavia and the Soviet Union, raising funds for the victims of the repression.[14]
She returned to Spain in 1936. After the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, she remained in Madrid, organizing the transfer of the artistic treasures of Toledo to the vault of the Bank of Spain in order to protect them and giving radio speeches in order to raise the morale of the militiamen.[15] Then, disappointed by the leadership of Largo Caballero, she left the PSOE and joined the Communist Party (PCE).[16]
In March 1937, she published an article in the magazine Estampa interviewing Anita Carrillo, a captain in the Spanish Republican Army, who was injured in but survived the Málaga–Almería road massacre, (the Desbandá), an attack by Nationalists on the republican-dominated city of Málaga, Spain and its citizens on 8 February 1937. The article helped to record and publicise the atrocities.[17]
Exile and death
[edit]She served in the Cortes until the end of the war in 1939. Then she and her sister, as Republicans and socialists, went into exile in Mexico.[3] There she worked as an art critic.[2][5] She also wrote a book: Los judíos en la cultura hispánica ("The Jews in Hispanic Culture"), which was republished by AHebraica in Spain in 2009, over thirty years after her death.[3] Nelken died in Mexico on 9 March 1968.[3][18]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Preston 2002, p. 301.
- ^ a b c d Janet Pérez; Maureen Ihrie (2002). The Feminist Encyclopedia of Spanish Literature: N-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 439. ISBN 978-0-313-32445-1. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f "An essay by Margarita Nelken published for the first time in Spain" (PDF). Routes of Sepharad (5). March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- ^ Harriet Turner; Adelaida L Pez De Mart Nez (11 September 2003). The Cambridge Companion to the Spanish Novel: From 1600 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 167. ISBN 978-0-521-77815-2. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- ^ a b c Catherine Davies (1 December 2000). Spanish Women's Writing 1849-1996. Continuum. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-567-55958-6. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- ^ Preston 2002, p. 308–309.
- ^ "First-Wave Spanish Feminism" (PDF). PSU. Retrieved 13 July 2013.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Ackelsberg, Martha A. (1991). Free Women of Spain: Anarchism and the Struggle for the Emancipation of Women (PDF). Oakland: AK Press. ISBN 1-902593-96-0.
- ^ Preston 2002, p. 318.
- ^ a b "The Second Republic: The conquery of women's vote" (PDF). Comenius Project. 2006–2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- ^ Preston 2002, p. 319.
- ^ Preston 2002, p. 322.
- ^ Preston 2002, p. 319, 321, 354.
- ^ Preston 2002, p. 341–342.
- ^ Preston 2002, p. 357.
- ^ Preston 2002, p. 364.
- ^ Albéndiz, Manuel Almisas (19 September 2020). "Capitana Anita Carrillo, ejemplo de mujer republicana". Tribuna Feminista (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 June 2024.
- ^ Preston 2002, p. 406.
Bibliography
[edit]- Preston, Paul (2002). Doves of war. Four women of Spain. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780-00-638694-0.
- 1894 births
- 1968 deaths
- People from Madrid
- Spanish people of German-Jewish descent
- Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
- Communist Party of Spain politicians
- Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Second Spanish Republic
- Spanish women's rights activists
- Spanish feminists
- 20th-century Spanish women writers
- Spanish art critics
- Spanish women of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
- Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
- Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in Mexico
- Women in the Spanish Civil War
- Spanish women art critics
- Spanish socialist feminists
- Exiled Spanish politicians
- 20th-century Spanish women politicians