Massilia (bacterium)
The genus Massilia is an outdated genus name of bacteria within the family Oxalobacteriaceae. All Massilia species were reclassified in 2023 into one of the following genera: Duganella, Pseudoduganella, Janthinobacterium, Telluria, Rugamonas, Mokoshia, or Zemynaea.[2]
They may contain either peritrichous or polar flagella.[3][4][5] This genus was first described in 1998, after the type species, Massilia timonae, was isolated from the blood of an immunocompromised patient.[5] The genus was named after the old Greek and Roman name for the city of Marseille, France, where the organism was first isolated.[5] However, 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic trees in 2023 determined that many Massilia species actually belong within the Telluria genus, which was validly published first, having nomenclatural priority.
Massilia are a diverse group that reside in many different environments, have many heterotrophic means of gathering energy, and are commonly found in association with plants.
Culture of Massilia
[edit]Isolation of Massilia sp. commonly occurs on Reasoner's 2A (R2A) agar.[4][6] Colonies are often shades of white, yellow, or orange,[7][4] but may be blue-purple if producing the compound violacein.[6]
Phylogeny
[edit]Members of the genus Massilia have been re-classified into other genera as of 2023 using 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic trees. Originally, the Massilia genus existed within a polyphyletic group of the Oxalobacteriaceae, alongside other genera including Duganella, Pseudoduganella, Janthinobacterium, Telluria, and Rugamonas.[7] In 2023, it was discovered that the type species of the genus, Telluria mixta, had nomenclatural priority over the name "Massilia", having been validly published first.[2] Thus, all isolated Massilia species have been reclassified into the following genera: Duganella, Pseudoduganella, Janthinobacterium, Telluria, Rugamonas, or the novel genera Mokoshia and Zemynaea.[2]
Habitats
[edit]Massilia sp. are environmental organisms that are commonly associated with plants. They have been isolated from the soil,[3] flowers,[7] seeds,[8] and roots of many species of plants.[4] They are generally psychrophilic or mesophilic, preferring cool to moderate temperatures,[6] and they are generally either strict aerobes or microaerophiles.[7][6] Massilia are proficient at surface colonization, including the seed coat, emerging radicles, roots, and even the hyphae of Pythium.[9]
Massilia have been isolated from other, sometimes extreme, environments as well, including the Sahara Desert,[10] freshwater,[6] glaciers, rocks, and air samples.[6] Manganese-oxidizing Massilia have been isolated.[11] In rare cases, some Massilia sp. have caused infections in humans.[12] However, doctors presume that these infections were likely opportunistic, as Massilia sp. are generally considered environmental organisms, rather than animal-associated.[12]
Metabolism
[edit]Complex polymer degradation
[edit]Some Massilia sp. are able to degrade cellulose[13] or chitin,[14] two naturally occurring carbohydrate polymers, using cellulase and endochitinase enzymes, respectively. Many Massilia produce extracellular proteases, which can degrade proteins, producing carbon and nitrogen for the organism to consume,[15] Massilia have also been reported to hydrolyse gelatin, casein, starch, DNA, tyrosine, and more.[16] Massilia may play a crucial role in carbon cycling due to their broad range of degradative enzymes,[6]
Massilia also have the potential to degrade many pollutants present in the environment. Massilia sp. WF1 was able to degrade the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene, each when alone and when in co-culture with the fungal species Phanerochaete chrysosporium.[17]
Plant-growth-promoting traits
[edit]Some Massilia sp. are capable of phosphorus solubilization in the soil.[15] Phosphorus solubilization allows plants to take in more phosphorus, potentially promoting plant growth. Analysis of Massilia genomes has identified genes for producing auxins, plant hormones, which can promote or alter plant growth.[16][18][19] Their hydrolysis of extracellular compounds, such as proteins or DNA, can also release nutrients for the plant or other bacteria to utilize.
Antibiotic production is found in a few Massilia isolates, though many of these antibiotic compounds have not been identified. Massilia rhizosphaerae has antibacterial activity against the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum.[4]Massilia antibiotica has antibacterial activity against the pathogens Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[16]
Quorum-regulated traits
[edit]Some Massilia sp. are known to produce violacein, a pigment also prouduced by Chromobacterium violaceum.[20][6] This produces blue-purple pigmented colonies. Violacein production is regulated by quorum-sensing.[21] a mechanism by which bacteria alter their gene expression in response to the population density.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Parte, A.C. "Massilia". LPSN.
- ^ a b c Bowman, John P. (2023). "Genome-wide and constrained ordination-based analyses of EC code data support reclassification of the species of Massilia La Scola et al. 2000 into Telluria Bowman et al. 1993, Mokoshia gen. nov. and Zemynaea gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 73 (8): 005991. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005991. ISSN 1466-5034.
- ^ a b Baek, Ju Hye; Baek, Woonhee; Ruan, Wenting; Jung, Hye Su; Lee, Sung Chul; Jeon, Che OkYR 2022 (2022). "Massilia soli sp. nov., isolated from soil". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 72 (2): 005227. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005227. ISSN 1466-5034. PMID 35119982. S2CID 246557115.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e Li, Chenxu; Cao, Peng; Du, Chuanjiao; Zhang, Xue; Bing, Hui; Li, Lei; Sun, Peng; Xiang, Wensheng; Zhao, Junwei; Wang, XiangjingYR 2021 (2021). "Massilia rhizosphaerae sp. nov., a rice-associated rhizobacterium with antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 71 (9): 005009. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005009. ISSN 1466-5034. PMID 34520338. S2CID 237514633.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c La Scola, B.; Birtles, R. J.; Mallet, M. N.; Raoult, D. (October 1998). "Massilia timonae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from blood of an immunocompromised patient with cerebellar lesions". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 36 (10): 2847–2852. doi:10.1128/JCM.36.10.2847-2852.1998. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 105075. PMID 9738031.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Sedláček, Ivo; Holochová, Pavla; Busse, Hans-Jürgen; Koublová, Vendula; Králová, Stanislava; Švec, Pavel; Sobotka, Roman; Staňková, Eva; Pilný, Jan; Šedo, Ondrej; Smolíková, Jana; Sedlář, Karel (2022-03-24). "Characterisation of Waterborne Psychrophilic Massilia Isolates with Violacein Production and Description of Massilia antarctica sp. nov". Microorganisms. 10 (4): 704. doi:10.3390/microorganisms10040704. ISSN 2076-2607. PMC 9028926. PMID 35456753.
- ^ a b c d Heo, Jun; Won, Miyoung; Lee, Daseul; Han, Byeong-Hak; Hong, Seung-Beom; Kwon, Soon-WoYR 2022 (2022). "Duganella dendranthematis sp. nov. and Massilia forsythiae sp. nov., isolated from flowers". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 72 (8): 005487. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005487. ISSN 1466-5034. PMID 35972883. S2CID 251591902.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Johnston-Monje, David; Gutiérrez, Janneth P.; Lopez-Lavalle, Luis Augusto Becerra (2021-10-22). "Seed-Transmitted Bacteria and Fungi Dominate Juvenile Plant Microbiomes". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12: 737616. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.737616. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 8569520. PMID 34745040.
- ^ Ofek, Maya; Hadar, Yitzhak; Minz, Dror (2012-07-11). "Ecology of Root Colonizing Massilia (Oxalobacteraceae)". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e40117. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040117. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3394795. PMID 22808103.
- ^ Manni, Amina; Filali-Maltouf, Abdelkarim (2022-01-20). "Diversity and bioprospecting for industrial hydrolytic enzymes of microbial communities isolated from deserted areas of south-east Morocco". AIMS Microbiology. 8 (1): 5–25. doi:10.3934/microbiol.2022002. ISSN 2471-1888. PMC 8995190. PMID 35496990.
- ^ Chen, Sheng-Chung; Chiu, Chuen-Huey; Chiu, Pin-Tzu; Chen, Yo-Chia; Lin, Yong-Hong; Young, Chiu-Chung; Chiu, Juei-Yu (2019-08-08). "Draft Genome Sequence of Manganese-Oxidizing Bacterium Massilia sp. Strain Mn16-1_5, Isolated from Serpentine Soil in Taitung, Taiwan". Microbiology Resource Announcements. 8 (32): e00694–19. doi:10.1128/MRA.00694-19. ISSN 2576-098X. PMC 6687930. PMID 31395643.
- ^ a b Ali, Gawahir A.; Ibrahim, Emad B.; Doiphode, Sanjay H.; Goravey, Wael (2022-08-02). "Massilia timonae bacteremia: An unusual pathogen of septic abortion". IDCases. 29: e01592. doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01592. ISSN 2214-2509. PMC 9356259. PMID 35942257.
- ^ Du, Chuanjiao; Li, Chenxu; Cao, Peng; Li, Tingting; Du, Dandan; Wang, Xiangjing; Zhao, Junwei; Xiang, Wensheng (2021-10-01). "Massilia cellulosiltytica sp. nov., a novel cellulose-degrading bacterium isolated from rhizosphere soil of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its whole genome analysis". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 114 (10): 1529–1540. doi:10.1007/s10482-021-01618-3. ISSN 1572-9699. PMID 34324104. S2CID 236333057.
- ^ Adrangi, Sina; Faramarzi, Mohammad Ali; Shahverdi, Ahmad Reza; Sepehrizadeh, Zargham (2010-02-11). "Purification and characterization of two extracellular endochitinases from Massilia timonae". Carbohydrate Research. 345 (3): 402–407. doi:10.1016/j.carres.2009.11.015. ISSN 0008-6215. PMID 19962135.
- ^ a b Zheng, Bang-Xiao; Bi, Qing-Fang; Hao, Xiu-Li; Zhou, Guo-Wei; Yang, Xiao-RuYR 2017 (2017). "Massilia phosphatilytica sp. nov., a phosphate solubilizing bacteria isolated from a long-term fertilized soil". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 67 (8): 2514–2519. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001916. ISSN 1466-5034. PMID 28853679.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Dahal, Ram Hari; Chaudhary, Dhiraj Kumar; Kim, Jaisoo (2021-03-23). "Genome insight and description of antibiotic producing Massilia antibiotica sp. nov., isolated from oil-contaminated soil". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 6695. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86232-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7988111. PMID 33758279.
- ^ Gu, Haiping; Yan, Kang; You, Qi; Chen, Yuanzhi; Pan, Yunhui; Wang, Haizhen; Wu, Laosheng; Xu, Jianming (2021-08-10). "Soil indigenous microorganisms weaken the synergy of Massilia sp. WF1 and Phanerochaete chrysosporium in phenanthrene biodegradation". Science of the Total Environment. 781: 146655. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146655. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 33798893. S2CID 232773839.
- ^ Ahmed, Ambreen; Hasnain, Shahida (2014). "Auxins as one of the factors of plant growth improvement by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria". Polish Journal of Microbiology. 63 (3): 261–266. doi:10.33073/pjm-2014-035. ISSN 1733-1331. PMID 25546935.
- ^ Holochová, Pavla; Mašlaňová, Ivana; Sedláček, Ivo; Švec, Pavel; Králová, Stanislava; Kovařovic, Vojtěch; Busse, Hans-Jürgen; Staňková, Eva; Barták, Miloš; Pantůček, Roman (2020-09-01). "Description of Massilia rubra sp. nov., Massilia aquatica sp. nov., Massilia mucilaginosa sp. nov., Massilia frigida sp. nov., and one Massilia genomospecies isolated from Antarctic streams, lakes and regoliths". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 43 (5): 126112. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2020.126112. ISSN 0723-2020. PMID 32847787. S2CID 221344838.
- ^ Park, HyunA; Park, SeoA; Yang, Yung-Hun; Choi, Kwon-Young (2021-08-18). "Microbial synthesis of violacein pigment and its potential applications". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 41 (6): 879–901. doi:10.1080/07388551.2021.1892579. ISSN 0738-8551. PMID 33730942. S2CID 232304130.
- ^ Antônio, Regina Vasconcellos; Creczynski-Pasa, Tânia B. (2004-03-31). "Genetic analysis of violacein biosynthesis by Chromobacterium violaceum". Genetics and Molecular Research. 3 (1): 85–91. ISSN 1676-5680. PMID 15100990.