Michael Flannery
Michael Flannery | |
|---|---|
 Flannery in 1921 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 7 January 1903 Cangort, near Brosna, County Offaly, Ireland |
| Died | 30 September 1994 (aged 91) New York City, New York, United States of America |
| Resting place | Mount Saint Mary's Cemetery in Flushing, New York. |
| Political party | Sinn Féin, Republican Sinn Fein |
| Spouse |
Margaret Mary Egan ("Pearl")
(m. 1969; died 1991) |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | Irish Republican Army Anti-Treaty IRA |
| Unit | Tipperary No. 1 Brigade |
| Battles/wars | Irish War of Independence Irish Civil War |
Michael Flannery (7 January 1903 – 30 September 1994) was an Irish republican who fought in the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War. He supported the Provisional IRA during The Troubles and was a founder of NORAID and Cumann na Saoirse after Republican Sinn Féin and Provisional Sinn Féin split in 1986.
Irish revolutionary period
[edit]Flannery was born in Cangort, near Brosna, right on the border of County Offaly and County Tipperary, on 7 January 1903.[citation needed]
In 1916 he joined the Irish Volunteers alongside his brother Peter, although he did not take part in the Easter Rising.[1] However, he did participate in the Irish War of Independence. Following the outbreak of the Irish Civil War, he fought as part of the Anti-Treaty IRA until his capture by the National Army on 11 November 1922 in Roscrea, County Tipperary. He was imprisoned for nearly a year and a half in Dublin's Mountjoy Prison (C Wing). While there he witnessed the execution of Anti-Treaty IRA leaders Richard Barrett, Joe McKelvey, Liam Mellows and Rory O'Connor from his cell window. Following Flannery going on a 28-day hunger strike, he was placed in the Curragh Prison Camp until 1 May 1924 when he was finally released, a full year after the end of the civil war.[2]
Moving to New York
[edit]In February 1927 he immigrated to the United States of America, settling in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City. In 1928 he married Margaret Mary Egan, a Tipperary-born research chemist, who had been educated at University College Dublin and University of Geneva.[2]
Following the creation of Fianna Fáil and their entry into the Irish Parliament Dáil Éireann, Flannery became affiliated with Sinn Féin, who had voted to retain their abstentionist policy towards the Dáil and their refusal to acknowledge it as the legitimate government of Ireland. Sinn Féin tasked Flannery with drumming up support for the party in New York. However, following the start of the Great Depression Flannery found it difficult to focus on politics in the face of mounting poverty. By 1933 finding support for Sinn Féin and the IRA became particularly tough when Fianna Fáil expanded greatly the range of people eligible for military pensions, which under the previous government had been biased against members of the Anti-Treaty IRA.[2]
For the next 40 years Flannery would work for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.
During the Troubles
[edit]Upon the onset of The Troubles in Northern Ireland, Flannery was once again drawn into the world of Irish Republicanism. In a response to the mounting violence, Flannery set up the Irish Northern Aid Committee, or as it became better known as NORAID. The official purpose of NORAID was to provide funds to the families of imprisoned Irish Republicans and victims of violence. However, opponents levelled the accusation against the organisation that it was also a front for the Provisional Irish Republican Army by using donations to supply firearms.[citation needed]
In 1970 he travelled around America and set up 62 chapters of NORAID. In 1971 he said: "The more coffins sent back to Britain, the sooner this will be all over", referring to British soldiers.[1]
In 1982 he was indicted, with four other Irish immigrants (Thomas Falvey, Daniel Gormley, George Harrison and Patrick Mullin), for arms smuggling, but all defendants were acquitted after their legal defence was able to successfully argue their actions had been sanctioned by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). During the trial, Flannery said himself that:
I came [to the US] directly from Ireland. I was a member of the Irish Republican Army until I left Ireland. When I came here, there had been a general exodus of young Irishmen and women from Ireland from 1924 to 1927 and I came here purposely to organise these people so they would be a help to the militant movement, to the IRA at home, to complete the freedom of Ireland.
In spite of the men's acquittal, the indictment led to severe disruption of the IRA arms procurement in America so the IRA focused much on importing commercial weapons from mainland Europe and the Middle East.[3][4]
Four months after the verdict of the arms trial, Flannery was named by the Ancient Order of Hibernians (the largest Irish Catholic fraternal organization in America) as Grand Marshall of the St. Patrick's Day Parade in New York City.[5][6] His appointment was widely condemned by the Irish American majority, the press, and the U.S. government. Figures and institutions boycotted the parade that year, including the Archbishop of New York Terence Cooke, Irish American politicians such as "The Four Horsemen" (Ted Kennedy, Tip O’Neill, Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Hugh Carey) and members of the Friends of Ireland, and U.S. Army and high school bands.[7][5][8]
In 1986 Flannery quietly resigned from NORAID following the decision by Sinn Féin to drop its abstentionist policy in the Republic of Ireland and to recognise Dáil Éireann as the legitimate governing body of Ireland.Michael Flannery joined with veteran Republicans, including Joe Stynes and George Harrison to form Cumann na Saoirse. [9]
He opposed the Northern Ireland peace process, believing that Sinn Féin and the Provisionals had "sold out", and believed the removal of British troops from Northern Ireland was the only starting point upon which negotiations could begin.[10]
He died on 30 September 1994, aged 91.[10] From 1970 to 1991, NORAID was estimated to have raised $3.6 million: $3 million by 1986 and $600,000 by 1991.[11][12][13][14] Historians, scholars, and IRA veterans said the total amount raised in America for the Provisional cause had been exaggerated and only formed a small portion of IRA income, pointing out that nearly all of the IRA money came from legitimate and criminal activities within the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.[11][15][16][17][18]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Michael Flannery, an Advocate Of a United Ireland, Dies at 92". The New York Times. 2 October 1994. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ^ a b c "Michael Flannery". Flannery Clan website. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ Holland, Jack (1 February 2001). The American Connection, Revised: U.S. Guns, Money, and Influence in Northern Ireland. Roberts Rinehart Publishers. p. 108. ISBN 9-7815-6833-1843.
- ^ Andrew Sanders and F. Stuart Ross (2020). "The Canadian Dimension to the Northern Ireland Conflict". The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies. 43: 201. JSTOR 27041321.
- ^ a b Linda Dowling Almeida (22 March 2001). Irish Immigrants in New York City, 1945-1995. Indiana University Press. p. 133. ISBN 9780253108531.
- ^ Frieda Klotz (10 March 2012). "New York's Irish parade grapples with march of time". The Irish Times.
- ^ Ted Smyth (Winter 2020). "Journal of American Ethnic History".
- ^ Brophy, Éanna (24 March 2019). "The year the Archbishop refused to bless the NYC parade due to growing 'IRA influence'". The Journal.ie. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ Hampson, Rick (11 February 1990). "Irish Nationalism Effort Hurt by Split Into Factions in American Camp : Northern Ireland: The hijacking of the NORAID office last July reduced the flow of dollars to Ireland and raised doubts that the cause could ever win much support in the United States". LA Times. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
The 41 signers included leading Irish dissenters, but the big surprise was the first name: Michael Flannery, at 88 still the most respected Irish nationalist in America. Flannery, it turned out, had quietly resigned from NORAID in 1986, after Sinn Fein declared itself willing to take seats in the Irish parliament, which he regards as the equivalent of the illegitimate Free State parliament.
- ^ a b "IRA Ceasefire: Patriarch expects a republican split: IRA veteran who". Independent.co.uk. 2 September 1994. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ^ a b Gearóid Ó Faoleán (15 March 2019). A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980. Irish Academic Press. p. 112. ISBN 9-7817-8537-2476.
- ^ Andrew Mumford (6 August 2012). The Counter-Insurgency Myth: The British Experience of Irregular Warfare. Taylor & Francis. p. 119. ISBN 9-7811-3664-9387.
- ^ Nicholas Sambanis and Paul Collier (January 2005). Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis · Volume 2. World Bank. p. 171. ISBN 9-7808-2136-0507.
Estimated to have sent at total of $3.6 million to Ireland from 1970 to 1991, NORAID's contributions represented a small, but not [politically] insignificant, part of the IRA's income, which is estimated to have amounted to approximately $10 million a year.
- ^ T. Wittig (26 July 2011). Understanding Terrorist Finance. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 154-155. ISBN 9-7802-3031-6935.
From its founding in 1969 until 1991, NORAID raised approximately $3.6 million for Irish republican causes, through a combination of testimonial fundraising dinners and an extensive campaign to solicit donations through direct mail, dinner-dance benefits, and "passing the hat" in Irish American-owned businesses (such as bars) in major US cities.' This money was ostensibly to provide support for any number of causes related to Ireland and Irish republicanism, ranging from political activities to support to the families of imprisoned PIRA members
- ^ Isabel Woodford and M.L.R. Smith (2018). "The Political Economy of the Provos: Inside the Finances of the Provisional IRA – A Revision" (PDF). 41 (3). Taylor & Francis: 9-10.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ John Manley (6 April 2019). "Support in Republic during Troubles 'key for IRA', book claims". The Irish News.
- ^ Laura K. Donohue (2006). "Anti-Terrorist Finance in the United Kingdom and United States". 27 (2). Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation: 8.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Select Committee on Northern Ireland Affairs - Part One: The continuing threat from paramilitary organisations. UK Parliament (Report). 26 June 2002.
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